Salivary Amylase Concentrations Research Articles

Heart Rate Variability and Salivary Biomarkers Differences between Fibromyalgia and Healthy Participants after an Exercise Fatigue Protocol: An Experimental Study.

Previous studies showed that people with Fibromyalgia (FM) suffer from dysautonomia. Dysautonomia consists of persistent autonomic nervous system hyperactivity at rest and hyporeactivity during stressful situations. There is evidence that parameters reflecting the complex interplay between the autonomic nervous system and the cardiovascular system during exercise can provide significant prognostic information. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the differences between people with FM and healthy controls on heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary parameters (such as flow, protein concentration, enzymatic activities of amylase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in two moments: (1) at baseline, and (2) after an exercise fatigue protocol. A total of 37 participants, twenty-one were people with fibromyalgia and sixteen were healthy controls, participated in this cross-sectional study. HRV and salivary samples were collected before and after an exercise fatigue protocol. The fatigue protocol consisted of 20 repetitions of knee extensions and flexions of the dominant leg at 180 °·s−1 (degrees per second). Significant differences were found in the HRV (stress index, LF and HF variables) and salivary biomarkers (with a higher concentration of salivary amylase in people with FM compared to healthy controls). Exercise acute effects on HRV showed that people with FM did not significantly react to exercise. However, significant differences between baseline and post-exercise on HRV significantly induce alteration on the HRV of healthy controls. Catalase significantly increased after exercise in healthy controls whereas salivary flow significantly increased in women with FM after an exercise fatigue protocol. Our study suggests that a higher α-amylase activity and an impaired HRV can be used as possible biomarkers of fibromyalgia, associated with a reduction in salivary flow without changes in HRV and catalase activity after a fatigue exercise protocol. More studies should be carried out in the future to evaluate this hypothesis, in order to find diagnostic biomarkers in fibromyalgia.

Evaluation of salivary alpha-amylase level in patients undergoing surgical extraction of impacted lower wisdom teeth

Objectives: to evaluate changes in the level of salivary alpha amylase following surgical removal of impacted lower wisdom teeth. Methodology: this is a prospective cohort study, which included patients submitted for surgical extraction of impacted lower wisdom teeth, three samples of saliva were taken from each patient (preoperative, 48 hours, and 7 days postoperatively). The concentration of salivary amylase is assessed using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit, the difference between salivary amylase level pre- and postoperatively were assessed and correlated with the variables which are age, gender and side of impaction. Results: 36 impacted lower wisdom teeth were removed from 34 patients (19 females 55.88%, and 15 males 44.12%) with mean age of 24.85 years and a standard deviation of 4.93 years, 19 impacted lower wisdom teeth were in the right side (53%) and 17 (47%) were in the left side. The mean ± SD of preoperative salivary amylase concentration was 126.2 ± 31.97, 48 hours postoperatively it was 131.8 ± 48.99, and 7 days postoperatively it was 127.0 ± 32.09. The difference between pre- and postoperative salivary amylase level was non-significant. Conclusion: salivary alpha amylase level rises but non-significantly after surgical removal of impacted lower wisdom teeth.

Relationship Between the Surgical Difficulty of Mandibular Third Molar Extraction Under Local Anesthesia and the Postoperative Level of Salivary Alpha Amylase

Objective: To assess the relationship between the surgical difficulty of lower third molar removal using time and technique, and the postoperative salivary amylase concentration. Methods: patients submitted for surgical removal of impacted lower wisdom teeth for any indication were included in this prospective cohort study. Three samples of saliva were taken from each patient (preoperative, 48 hours postoperative, and 7 days postoperatively) and the concentration of salivary amylase is measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. The surgical difficulty was assessed using time of operation and the technique for extraction and correlated with the postoperative level of salivary amylase to test if there is any relationship between them, and correlated with other variables including Age, gender, and classification of the impacted lower wisdom tooth (Winter’s and Pell and Gregory’s). Results: 34 patients participated in this study. 15 [44.12%] males and 19 [55.88%] females; 36 impacted teeth were removed (19 in right side [53%], and 17 in the left side [53%] ). The mean ± SD of preoperative, 48 hours and 7 days postoperative salivary amylase concentration were 126.2 ± 31.97, 131.8 ± 48.99, and 127.0 ± 32.09 respectively. 17 impacted teeth were mesioangular, 11 were vertical and 8 were horizontal according to Winter. The surgical difficulty according to time was low in 7, moderate in 14, and high in 15 cases. While difficulty according to technique was low in 5, moderate in 11, and high in 20 cases. The correlation of amylase concentration with the surgical difficulty was (r = 0.23, P= 0.176). Conclusions: there was non-significant correlation between the surgical difficulty (measured by time and technique) and the change in salivary amylase concentration.

The Saliva Cortisol and Amylase Levels Related with Stress Response Compared by Different Analytical Methods.

Sampling of salivary cortisol and amylase is a non-invasive method and important for the evaluation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and stress levels. This study aimed to compare the values of the salivary cortisol and amylase levels which were measured by three different analytical methods to discuss the alterations of stress levels of samples. The saliva samples of young adults (n = 23) were collected between 08.00 and 09.00 a.m., noon at 12.00 (before exam) and between 14.00 and 15.00 p.m. (after unaware exam).The samples were measured within the first 48h, and no freezing/thawing was done. Salivary cortisol and amylase levels of subjects were measured by three different analytical methods as ELISA, chemiluminescence and biosensor methods. Comparison of ELISA and biosensor methods in order to determine thesalivary cortisol levels showed a good correlation y = 2.971 + 0.748x (R2 = 0.839). Salivary amylase concentrations were only detected by ELISA method. Biosensor can be offered as an alternative analytic method to the conventional determination method ELISA. It can be preferred because of the detection/information effectiveness, low cost, fast results and specificity characteristics.

The Effect of Continuous Intake of Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 on Mild to Moderate Delayed Gastric Emptying: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Probiotics have been suggested to be effective for functional dyspepsia, but their effect on gastric motility is not clear. We evaluated the effect of Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 (LG21 strain) on mild to moderate delayed gastric emptying by a double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Participants (n = 28) were randomly assigned to ingest LG21 strain-containing yogurt (LG21 strain group) or LG21 strain-free yogurt (placebo group) for 12 weeks. The 13C gastric emptying breath test was performed to measure the gastric emptying rate over time following ingestion of a liquid meal, and the time to reach the peak (Tmax) was used as an indicator of gastric emptying. We also measured the salivary amylase concentration, an indicator of autonomic dysfunction under stress. The per-protocol population (n = 27, male n = 4, female n = 23) was evaluated for efficacy. When a ≥30% reduction in the difference between participant’s Tmax and the Japanese mean Tmax was defined as an improvement, the odds ratio of improvement in delayed gastric emptying compared to placebo after 12 weeks was 4.1 (95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 20.2). Moreover, salivary amylase concentrations were significantly lower than in the placebo group, indicating an improvement in autonomic function. The present data were not enough to support the beneficial effects of the LG21 strain on delayed gastric emptying. However, if we define the odds ratio in further study investigated with a larger number of participants, LG21 strain might be expected to have some impact on delayed gastric emptying.

Changes in Salivary Amylase and Glucose in Diabetes: A Scoping Review.

Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common long-term disease which can be related with salivary amylase levels. DM has recently been associated with salivary amylase diagnostics that could further impair diagnoses in the diabetic population, as well as being an interesting alternative to traditional methods of determine glucose levels. The main advantage of this method is related to the fact that it is a fast diagnostic method. The DM population experiences changes to their metabolism which affects their salivary parameters, making this an alternative procedure for diagnosis and follow-up of the illness due to the non-invasive nature of salivary analyzes. The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence regarding the changes in salivary amylase and glucose levels, and their relationship with blood markers of glycemic control used in clinical settings such as blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. The differences in salivary amylase levels depending on the method of saliva collection under fasting or non-fasting conditions. The changes in salivary amylase depends on the type of diabetes, the type of insulin treatment or the quality of glycemic control. Conclusions: Salivary amylase concentration is increased in diabetic patients in most of the studies and salivary glucose concentration in all studies in both fasting and non-fasting (post-prandial) conditions. Salivary amylase and glucose concentration represent potential non-invasive biomarkers to evaluate glycemic control and clinical management of diabetic patients, although it is necessary to evaluate the influence of potential modulating factors such as age, duration diseases, sex and the effects of pharmacological treatments in these outcomes which remained to be elucidated.

Impact of subglottic secretion drainage on microaspiration in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study.

Microaspiration is a major factor in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) pathophysiology. Subglottic secretion drainage (SSD) aims at reducing its incidence. Single-center prospective observational study, performed in a French intensive care unit (ICU) from March 2012 to April 2013, including adult patients mechanically ventilated for at least 24 hours divided in two groups: patients in the SSD group intubated using tracheal tubes allowing SSD and patients in the control group intubated with standard tracheal tubes. Pepsin and salivary amylase concentrations were measured for 24 hours in all tracheal aspirates. Primary objective was to determine the impact of SSD on gastric or oropharyngeal microaspiration using pepsin or amylase concentration in tracheal aspirates. Fifty-five patients were included in the SSD group and 45 in the control group. No difference was found between groups regarding the incidence of microaspiration defined as at least one tracheal aspirate positive for either pepsin or amylase [49 (89%) vs. 37 (82%), P=0.469]. Percentage of patients with VAP [16 (29%) vs. 11 (24%), P=0.656], ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) [7 (13%) vs. 4 (9%), P=0.750] or early airway colonization [15 (35%) vs. 8 (18%), P=0.219] were not significantly different in study groups. SSD did not reduce the incidence of microaspiration, VAP, VAT or airway colonization in this observational study.

Physiological and self-assessed psychological stress induced by a high fidelity simulation course among third year anesthesia and critical care residents: An observational study

IntroductionThe use of high fidelity simulators in Medicine can improve knowledge, behaviour and practice but may be associated with significant stress. Our objective was to measure physiological and psychological self-assessed intensity of stress before and after a planned simulation training session among third year anaesthesia and critical care residents. MethodsA convenience sample of 27 residents participating in a simulation training course was studied. Stress was evaluated by self-assessment using a numerical scale and by salivary amylase concentration before and after the session. Technical and non-technical (using the Aberdeen Anaesthetists’ Non Technical Skills scale) performances were assessed through videotapes analysis. ResultsThe median stress score was 5 (2–8) before and 7 (2–10) after the simulation session (P<0.001). For 48% of residents studied, the stress score after the session was superior or equal to 8/10. Salivary amylase concentration increased significantly after the session compared to before the session, respectively (1,250,440±1,216,667 vs. 727,260±603,787IU/L, P=0.008). There was no significant correlation between stress parameters and non-technical performance. DiscussionSimulation-induced stress, as measured by self-assessment and biological parameter, is high before the session and increases significantly during the course. While this stress did not seem to impact performance negatively, it should be taken into account.

Kiwifruit actinidin digests salivary amylase but not gastric lipase.

Kiwifruit contains the cysteine proteinase actinidin whose strong activity allows kiwifruit to be used as a meat tenderiser. This raises the possibility digestive enzymes, also proteins, are themselves susceptible to degradation by actinidin. Salivary amylase and gastric lipase are exposed to the highest concentrations of actinidin whereas duodenal enzymes are less likely to be inactivated by actinidin due to dilution and inactivation of actinidin by gastric juice. The saliva of six volunteers was exposed to Actinidia deliciosa homogenate and then examined for loss of the starch digesting enzyme, alpha-amylase. In agreement with the known distribution of salivary amylase concentration in saliva, the range of amylase activity within the group of volunteers varied by around 100 fold. Within 5 minutes of incubation of 3 parts saliva to one part green kiwifruit at 37 °C, approximately 85% of the amylase activity was lost. The use of E-64, a selective inhibitor of cysteine proteinases, confirmed that the loss of amylase function was due to actinidin. Amylase protein degradation was followed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Recombinant human gastric lipase resisted digestion with kiwifruit even after 30 minutes incubation and remained functionally active after this time period. However, both mountain papaya and pineapple extracts degraded gastric lipase fully during a 30 minutes digestion period. Under conditions where cooked starch is consumed along with kiwifruit it is possible that starch digestion may be retarded whereas lipid digestion in the stomach is unlikely to be affected by kiwifruit consumption.

Relaxation Effect of a 2-Hour Walk in Kumano-Kodo Forest

Background: Studies have shown that walking in forests can have a relaxation effect, but the participants only walked for about 15 minutes. Methods and findings: The study adopted an open crossover design, in which 22 healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group walked the Kodo forest course first and the urban course second, while the second group completed the walks in the reverse order. The Kodo course was 4 km from the foot to the pass and back, and took around 2 hours. The participants walked the urban course at an exercise intensity equal to that of the Kodo course. We used both physiological and psychological measures to examine the relaxation effect of walking. Salivary amylase concentrations significantly increased from the start to the end of the urban course, and were significantly higher at the end of the urban course than at the end of the Kodo course. Saliva cortisol concentrations decreased from the start to the end of both courses, and were significantly lower at the end of the Kodo course than the urban course. Analysis of the Profile of Mood State data showed significant decreases in “Tension-Anxiety”, “Depression-Dejection depression”, “Anger-Hostility” and “Confusion” after walking both courses, and a significant decrease in “Vigor” after the urban course. Visual analog scores were significantly higher on the Kodo course, but decreased significantly on the urban course. The electrocardiogram analysis showed no noticeable change in the HF component time series for the urban course, although it tended to be higher on the Kodo course than the urban course. The LF/HF ratio was slightly higher for the urban course than for the Kodo course throughout. Conclusions: The physiological and psychological measures indicate that walking for 2 hours in the forest is effective for relaxation.

Glycemic Response after Starch Consumption in Relation to Salivary Amylase Activity and Copy-number Variation of AMY1 Gene

Salivary amylase activity is partially determined by genetic factors and is possibly related with postprandial plasma glucose levels. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of salivary amylase activity with plasma glucose and insulin levels after consumption of a gelatinized starchy model food (80% amylopectin; 70% gelatinization), as well as to assess the influence of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) copy-number variation in amylase activity and concentration. Our results show a strong and significant relation between copy-number variation of AMY1 gene measured through qPCR with salivary amylase concentration, with an enhanced correlation with amylase activity when corrected by salivary flow (r = 0.83, P-value = 0.003). Subjects with high salivary amylase activity tend to have a higher early increase in plasma insulin concentration and a lower glycemic response after starch ingestion compared to subjects with low salivary amylase activity, although these observations did not achieve statistical significance (r = 0.41; P-value = 0.23). In conclusion, we found a strong association between copy-number of AMY1 gene with salivary amylase activity and concentration. However, we did not find evidences for a major role of salivary amylase activity on glycemic response after starch consumption.

PARADOXICAL IMPACT OF WIDOWHOOD ON INCIDENCE OF DEMENTIA IN SUBJECTS WITH MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

concentration of male AD patients with FAST&f 4 (n1⁄412) was 134657 kU/L at home and 3156213 kU/L in hospital (p<0.01). Male patients with early stage AD showed significantly elevated activation of a-amylase in hospital. There was no significant difference in salivary amylase concentration between female AD patients and male AD patients with FAST&x 5. Conclusions: It was suggested that early stage AD male patients felt stress in hospital. It was suspected that male patients experience stress in hospital due to examination by a female doctor. Gender difference should be taken into consideration when female patients are examined by a male doctor.

Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV-VIS) and SALIgAE® Qualitative and Semi-quantitative Tools for the Analysis of Salivary Amylase

The goal of this research was to quantitatively measure the amount of salivary amylase in a sample by using UVVIS and the SALIgAE® reagent. The samples included serial dilutions of standard human salivary amylase, human saliva, as well as other body fluids from human and animals. These were added to the SALIgAE® reagent and the absorbances of the solutions were monitored by the UV-VIS at 403 nm every 30 seconds over a 10 minute period. The lowest concentration of salivary amylase detected by UV-VIS was 1 ppm (parts per million), or 0.0010 units of amylase, while the color of the reagent was clear upon visual observation at this dilution. The absorbance change and kinetics of the reaction between the amylase and the SALIgAE® reagent were determined to be proportional to the concentration of the salivary amylase in a dilution. This relationship can be used to quantify the amount of amylase from items of evidence.

Botulinum toxin A inhibits salivary secretion of rabbit submandibular gland

Botulinum toxin A (BTXA) has been used in several clinical trials to treat excessive glandular secretion; however, the precise mechanism of its action on the secretory function of salivary gland has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of BTXA on secretion of submandibular gland in rabbits and to identify its mechanism of action on the secretory function of salivary gland. At 12 weeks after injection with 5 units of BTXA, we found a significant decrease in the saliva flow from submandibular glands, while the salivary amylase concentration increased. Morphological analysis revealed reduction in the size of acinar cells with intracellular accumulation of secretory granules that coalesced to form a large ovoid structure. Expression of M3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 receptor) and aquaporin-5 (AQP5) mRNA decreased after BTXA treatment, and distribution of AQP5 in the apical membrane was reduced at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after BTXA injection. Furthermore, BTXA injection was found to induce apoptosis of acini. These results indicate that BTXA decreases the fluid secretion of submandibular glands and increases the concentration of amylase in saliva. Decreased expression of M3 receptor and AQP5, inhibition of AQP5 translocation, and cell apoptosis might involve in BTXA-reduced fluid secretion of submandibular glands.

High Endogenous Salivary Amylase Activity Is Associated with Improved Glycemic Homeostasis following Starch Ingestion in Adults1–3

In the current study, we determined whether increased digestion of starch by high salivary amylase concentrations predicted postprandial blood glucose following starch ingestion. Healthy, nonobese individuals were prescreened for salivary amylase activity and classified as high (HA) or low amylase (LA) if their activity levels per minute fell 1 SD higher or lower than the group mean, respectively. Fasting HA (n= 7) and LA (n= 7) individuals participated in 2 sessions during which they ingested either a starch (experimental) or glucose solution (control) on separate days. Blood samples were collected before, during, and after the participants drank each solution. The samples were analyzed for plasma glucose and insulin concentrations as well as diploidAMY1gene copy number. HA individuals had significantly moreAMY1gene copies within their genomes than did the LA individuals. We found that following starch ingestion, HA individuals had significantly lower postprandial blood glucose concentrations at 45, 60, and 75 min, as well as significantly lower AUC and peak blood glucose concentrations than the LA individuals. Plasma insulin concentrations in the HA group were significantly higher than baseline early in the testing session, whereas insulin concentrations in the LA group did not increase at this time. Following ingestion of the glucose solution, however, blood glucose and insulin concentrations did not differ between the groups. These observations are interpreted to suggest that HA individuals may be better adapted to ingest starches, whereas LA individuals may be at greater risk for insulin resistance and diabetes if chronically ingesting starch-rich diets.

Flow experience and health‐related quality of life in community dwelling elderly Japanese

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between mental state (especially flow experience [Flow Experience Checklist of Ishimura]) health-related quality of life (Medical Outcome Study 8-Item Short-Form Health Survey), and stress (salivary amylase concentrations). The subjects were 119 healthy elderly persons living in rural areas who participated in a "meeting for the elderly" at a nursing home in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. The subjects were classified into apathetic, anxious, relaxed, and flow groups. It was found that physical health was significantly better when performing important daily activities in the group who experienced flow and the relaxed group than in the group that was in an apathetic state. However, no significant relationship was observed between the degree of flow experience and stress. The present findings suggested that interventions which make the activities of daily life either "high-challenge, high-skill" situations or "low-challenge, high-skill" situations could have a positive influence on the physical health of community-living elderly Japanese. A longitudinal study should be performed in the future.

Individual Differences in AMY1 Gene Copy Number, Salivary α-Amylase Levels, and the Perception of Oral Starch

BackgroundThe digestion of dietary starch in humans is initiated by salivary α-amylase, an endo-enzyme that hydrolyzes starch into maltose, maltotriose and larger oligosaccharides. Salivary amylase accounts for 40 to 50% of protein in human saliva and rapidly alters the physical properties of starch. Importantly, the quantity and enzymatic activity of salivary amylase show significant individual variation. However, linking variation in salivary amylase levels with the oral perception of starch has proven difficult. Furthermore, the relationship between copy number variations (CNVs) in the AMY1 gene, which influence salivary amylase levels, and starch viscosity perception has not been explored.Principal FindingsHere we demonstrate that saliva containing high levels of amylase has sufficient activity to rapidly hydrolyze a viscous starch solution in vitro. Furthermore, we show with time-intensity ratings, which track the digestion of starch during oral manipulation, that individuals with high amylase levels report faster and more significant decreases in perceived starch viscosity than people with low salivary amylase levels. Finally, we demonstrate that AMY1 CNVs predict an individual's amount and activity of salivary amylase and thereby, ultimately determine their perceived rate of oral starch viscosity thinning.ConclusionsBy linking genetic variation and its consequent salivary enzymatic differences to the perceptual sequellae of these variations, we show that AMY1 copy number relates to salivary amylase concentration and enzymatic activity level, which, in turn, account for individual variation in the oral perception of starch viscosity. The profound individual differences in salivary amylase levels and salivary activity may contribute significantly to individual differences in dietary starch intake and, consequently, to overall nutritional status.

Salivary Amylase Activity of the Aged

Previous studies from America and Japan have reported that salivary amylase activity was reduced in the elderly. In contrast to these studies, a recent Chinese study reported an increase in salivary amylase activity in the aged. Our study examined approximately equal numbers of Chinese and non-Chinese Americans. The concentration of salivary amylase was estimated from the activity obtained with a colormetric coupled assay utilizing 4NP-G7. Activity was found to be increased in the aged. Our data are discussed with respect to the claims of the previous studies.

PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVATION OF AMYLASE SECRETION IN THE INTACT AND SYMPATHETICALLY DENERVATED RAT PAROTID GLAND

Observations were made on amylase secretion from the rat parotid gland induced by parasympathetic nerve stimulation in vivo. In spite of a low salivary amylase concentration a large total amylase output, equivalent to 36% of initial gland content, was found on prolonged activation (5 Hz, 120 min). However, no decrease in gland amylase content was found, which indicates that the output of amylase was balanced by synthesis. We suggest that prolonged, parasympathetically induced amylase secretion is dependent on activation of amylase synthesis and that the secretion is mainly of non-granular origin. Parasympathetic nerve stimulation produced an even larger amylase output from sympathectomized glands. Even under these conditions gland amylase content was unchanged and no obvious degranulation was found when the glands were examined after stimulation. This is in marked contrast to the decrease in amylase content and to the degranulation which are found after sympathetic activation.

Parotid Gland Salivary Secretion in Tourette's Syndrome and Attention Deficit Disorder: A Model System for the Study of Neurochemical Regulation

The neurochemical regulation of parotid gland secretion of amylase and fluid has been well-studied and provides a model system for the study of receptor functioning in children and adults. Salivary amylase concentration, total amylase. and salivary volume were studied in children with Tourette's syndrome (TS) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) using a method for stimulating salivary secretion by citric acid swishes. Patients who were drug-free or on maintenance clonidine for treatment of TS were studied following single doses of clonidine or placebo. Drug-free TS patients had higher salivary amylase concentration and total salivary amylase than did TS patients who were chronically being treated with clonidine or ADD patients. Clonidine elicited a fall in salivary amylase secretion. The implications of these results and the use of salivary measures as an index of receptor functioning are discussed.