Saliva Of Chronic Periodontitis Patients Research Articles

The Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the activity of salivary peroxidase in periodontitis patients

Background:The technology of nanoparticles has been expanded to many aspects of modern life. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were of many nanomaterials utilized in biomedical applications. The interactions between nanoparticles and proteins are believed to be the base for the biological effect of the nanoparticles. The oxidation reaction of many substances is catalyzed by oxidizing enzymes called peroxidases. The activity of salivary peroxidase is elevated with periodontal diseases. the aim ofthis study is to examine the action of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on salivary peroxidase activity.Material and method75 participants were enrolled in this study—Periodontitis group with 44 participants and the non-periodontitis group with 31 participants. The participants' age range was 35 to 50 years for both groups. The clinical parameters of plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were used in this study to determine the presence or absence of the periodontal disease. Unstimulated saliva was collected from all participants and analyzed for the activity of peroxidase enzyme under the effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. ResultsThe Periodontitis group showed higher peroxidase enzyme activity than the non-periodontitis group and the activity of salivary peroxidase showed no correlation with the clinical parameters. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increased salivary peroxidase activity. ConclusionThis study demonstrated that the solid surface of nanoparticles could induce changes in the attached protein molecule which in turn causes changes in the effect of the nanoparticles on living tissue or organism. The titanium dioxide nanoparticles Play a role in increasing the activity of salivary peroxidase within the saliva of chronic periodontitis patients.

Monitoring and Analysis of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Saliva of Chronic Periodontitis Patients Based on Internet of Things Technology

Monitoring and Analysis of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Saliva of Chronic Periodontitis Patients Based on Internet of Things Technology

Bone Turnover Markers in Chronic Periodontitis: A Literature Review.

Chronic periodontitis (CP) is a multifactorial oral inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of bone and ultimate tooth loss. The alarming rise in the prevalence of periodontitis has led to the development of innovative diagnostic techniques. Several quantifiable biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of chronic periodontitis patients have been detected in the field of oral fluid diagnostics. Bone turnover biomarkers hold a valuable diagnostic potential in determining the extent of alveolar bone destruction and the risk of future bone loss. This review article highlights the importance of bone turnover markers in facilitating earlier detection, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment strategies, leading to optimal clinical management of chronic periodontitis.

Comparison of salivary level of leptin in chronic periodontitis patients and healthy controls

Objectives Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition of the tooth-supporting structures. Leptin is a hormone produced by the human body under different circumstances such as infection. It affects the production of cytokines, phagocytosis and the inflammation process. This study aimed to compare the salivary level of leptin in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and healthy controls.Methods In this case-control study, saliva samples were collected from 43 subjects including 22 CP patients and 21 healthy controls. The salivary level of leptin was determined using the ELISA. Data were analyzed by the independent t-test.Results Despite the presence of leptin in the saliva of CP patients and healthy controls, no significant difference was noted in its salivary concentration between the two groups (p>0.05).Conclusion The salivary level of leptin in CP patients was not significantly different from that in healthy controls. Further studies with larger sample size are required to confirm the results of this study

Effect of smoking on the DNA methylation pattern of the SOCS1 promoter in epithelial cells from the saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the methylation pattern in the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) gene in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP). Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the methylation status of the SOCS1 promoter in 45 saliva samples from smokers and non-smokers with CP. Cells from the saliva of CP patients who smoked were 7.08 times more likely to have a methylated SOCS1 promoter than cells from the saliva of non-smoking patients. SOCS1 gene promoter methylation, with its potential effects on the expression of this gene, seems to be a consequence of exposure to tobacco and not to periodontal disease. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between the epigenetic control of immune response gene expression, exposure to environmental factors, and the development, progression, and prognosis of CP.

Oxidative stress-related biomarkers in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid associated with chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers have been detected in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during chronic periodontitis (CP) progression; however, the relationship between OS biomarkers and CP progression remains elusive. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to investigate the relationship between local OS biomarkers and CP. This review was conducted through a systematic search from three databases. Studies on CP participants were included as an experimental group, and studies on periodontally healthy (PH) participants were included as a control. Mean effects were expressed as standardized mean difference with their associated 95% confidence intervals. From a total of 2,972 articles, 32 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. We found a significant decrease of total antioxidant capacity and a significant increase of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide, total oxidant status (TOS), and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine levels in the saliva of CP patients. Moreover, we also found an elevation of MDA level in GCF of CP group when compared with the PH group. There were no significant differences of salivary and GCF superoxide dismutase levels, salivary glutathione peroxidase level, and GCF TOS level between two groups. However, a high heterogeneity was observed among evaluated studies. Despite the limitations of this study, the result of our meta-analysis supported the rationale that there was a direct link between CP and OS-related biomarkers' levels in the local site, indicating the important role of OS in the onset and development of CP.

Total anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in chronic periodontitis patients: A biochemical study

Background: Periodontitis is an infectious disease of the oral cavity involving the inflammation of the sustaining tissues of teeth. Anti-oxidant has an important role in protection of host against inflammation and infection. Hence, this study evaluated the salivary total anti-oxidant capacity in chronic periodontitis patients and healthy patients. Methods: A total of 40 patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (healthy) consisted of 20 individuals with healthy gingiva of probing depth ≤3mm, GI =<1, PI=<1 and CAL=0 and Group 2 (chronic periodontitis) consisted of 20 individuals who had signs of clinical inflammation and a diagnosis of CP with PPD ≥ 5 mm, GI >1, PI> 1and CAL≥ 3mm. Whole saliva were collected and samples were analyzed for total anti-oxidant capacity (TAOC). The results were analyzed by student t test and Mann– Whitney analysis. Results: The result revealed that the total anti-oxidant capacity of saliva in the healthy group had significantly higher levels than periodontitis group. Conclusion: The level of total anti-oxidant capacity was lower in the saliva of chronic periodontitis patients, which results in early diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis.

Serum and salivary ferritin and Hepcidin levels in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus

BackgroundIron disorder and abnormal expression of hepcidin play important roles in many diseases, but it is still unclear in chronic periodontitis (CP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to assess ferritin and hepcidin levels in serum and saliva of CP patients with or without T2DM.MethodsSerum and unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 88 participants, who were categorized into 4 groups based on the presence or absence of CP or T2DM. Demographics and general health parameters were recorded. Full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters including probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, bleeding index, and plaque index were recorded. Chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect ferritin and hepcidin concentrations, respectively, in serum and saliva.ResultsSerum ferritin and hepcidin levels in the CP and CP with T2DM groups were higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). Serum hepcidin and serum ferritin are linear correlated (P < 0.001). Serum hepcidin/ferritin values in the CP with T2DM group were significantly lower than those in the T2DM and control groups. Moreover, salivary ferritin levels in the CP and T2DM groups were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). There was positively correlation between salivary ferritin and serum ferritin (P = 0.017). Hepcidin concentrations were relatively low in saliva.ConclusionsThese results suggest that iron overload and hepcidin inadequacy existed in CP with T2DM patients. Salivary ferritin might provide a reference for body iron load.Trial registrationChiCTR-ROC-17012780

Analysis of salivary protease spectrum in chronic periodontitis

This study aimed to investigate the difference in salivary protease expression in patients with chronic periodontitis and normal individuals. The stimulating saliva in patients with chronic periodontitis and normal individuals were collected. Protein chip technology was adapted to analyze salivary protease spectrum. Among the 34 proteases in the chip, disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-12, neprilysin/CD10, and uridylyl phosphate adenosine/urokinase showed a significantly increased concentration in the saliva of chronic periodontitis patients compared with those in the saliva of normal individuals (P<0.01). By contrast, the concentrations of ADAM9, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)1, ADAMTS13, cathepsin B, E, L, V, X/Z/P, kallikrein 6, 7, 11, 13, MMP-9, proteinase 3, presenilin-1, and proprotein convertase 9 sharply decreased (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that protease spectrum in the saliva of chronic periodontitis patients and normal individuals significantly differed. Analysis of salivary protease spectrum is a potential clinical method to examine, diagnose, and monitor chronic periodontitis.

Effect of Cigarette Smoking and Body Mass Index on Salivary Calcium and Phosphate Concentration in Chronic Periodontitis Patients

Background: Periodontitis is a multi-factorial disease related to the formation of dental plaque. Saliva composition plays a role in plaque formation and in the development of periodontal disease. Objectives: This study was designed to compare the salivary concentrations of calcium and phosphate between patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy individuals and to assess the effect of smoking status in this regard. Patients and Methods: This case control study was conducted on 50 healthy subjects and 56 patients with CP. The two groups were matched in terms of age, sex, and smoking status. After obtaining written informed consents from the subjects, periodontal parameters such as calculus index (CI), plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) as well as body mass index (BMI) were calculated and recorded. Non-stimulated saliva was collected by the spitting method, and the concentration of calcium and phosphate was measured by spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using independent t-test. Pearson correlation was utilized to correlate the periodontal parameters with the salivary concentrations of calcium and phosphate in the CP group. Confidence interval and P value were set to 95% and ≤ 0.05, respectively. Results: The mean concentration of phosphate in the saliva of CP patients was significantly higher than that in healthy individuals (P = 0.008). No significant difference was found between the two groups in the mean concentration of calcium in the saliva (P = 0.145). The mean concentrations of calcium and phosphate were not significantly different between non-smoker CP patients and healthy subjects. However, the concentrations of calcium and phosphate in the saliva of smoker CP patients were significantly lower and higher, respectively, than the corresponding values in the healthy smoker group (P = 0.016 and P = 0.037, respectively). In subjects with BMI < 25, the mean concentration of salivary phosphate in CP patients was significantly higher than that in healthy individuals (P = 0.005). Among the periodontal parameters, only CI had a significant correlation with the concentration of phosphate in the saliva of patients with CP (P = 0.029). Conclusions: Cigarette smoking and BMI are two main confounding factors affecting the correlation of calcium and phosphate concentrations in the saliva and periodontal status.

Oral Candida Carriage and Morphotype Differentiation in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with and without Diabetes in the Indian Sub-Continent.

The aim of this study was to assess the oral Candida carriage and morphotype differentiation of Candida species in chronic periodontitis patients, with and without diabetes mellitus. This cross sectional study included 30 subjects in the age range of 40–60 years, who were divided into two groups: 15 chronic periodontitis only (CP) patients, and 15 chronic periodontitis patients with diabetes (CPD). Clinical measurements included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and fasting blood sugar level (FBS). The unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected for fungal analysis. Candida carriage was analyzed by measuring colony forming units (CFU) following the culture of samples. Qualitative morphotype differentiation of Candida species from yeast to hyphal form was analyzed using Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. There was no statistically significant difference between CP and CPD groups for the periodontal parameters. However, a significantly higher Candida species CFU count was found in CPD (0.33 ± 0.23) as compared to CP (0.05 ± 0.04) group. This pilot study suggests that the occurrence of Candida species is higher in the saliva of chronic periodontitis patients with diabetes as compared to patients with chronic periodontitis alone.

The effects of periodontal therapy on serum and salivary leptin levels in chronic periodontitis patients with normal body mass index

Summary. Leptin concentrations are altered in favour of pro health after periodontal therapy. Background. Leptin, a non-glycosylated peptide hormone, not only maintains fat stores, but is also an integral part of host defense repertoire. Leptin levels have been found to be altered in an array of inflammatory diseases including chronic periodontitis (CP), but the role of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in altering the leptin concentrations in saliva and serum of CP patients is yet to be ascertained. The aim of the present study is to quantify leptin levels in CP patients having normal body mass index (BMI) pre-therapy as compared to periodontally healthy controls and to address whether successful NSPT alters leptin concentration in serum and saliva. Materials and methods. Twenty-two saliva (modified draining method) and serum samples (by venipuncture) were collected from CP patients with normal BMI (n = 22), before and at 4 and 12 weeks after completion of NSPT, and periodontally healthy, age- and gender-matched controls (n = 22). Leptin levels were estimated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results. At baseline, CP patients had significantly different periodontal clinical parameters and the leptin concentrations in saliva of CP patients were found to be significantly lower than periodontally healthy volunteers (4710.10 ± 1133.21 vs 8721.10 ± 1019.58 pg/ml) (p < 0.05), whereas in serum the leptin concentrations were significantly higher than healthy controls (10749 ± 2062.24 vs 8085.00 ± 2859.68 pg/ml). Significant improvement in periodontal parameters, serum and salivary leptin levels were observed in CP patients at 4 and 12 weeks post-therapy (p < 0.01). Conclusion. Altered concentrations of leptin in serum and saliva are observed in CP patients which can be restored in favor of health after periodontal therapy.

Detection of HCMV DNA in Chronic Periodontitis Patients by Real time PCR and its relation with the severity of disease

Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that extends into the tissues supporting the teeth. Recent studies have demonstrated that various human herpes viruses especially human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may play a part in the pathogenesis of human chronic periodontitis. The aim of this study is to detect HCMV DNA in saliva of chronic periodontitis patients by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, measure its copy number and find its relation with severity of the disease. The study sample consisted of fifty – three chronic periodontitis patients of both genders (27 males and 26 females) with agesranged from 25 to 45 years and all the selected patients have not any systemic diseases. Periodontal parameters used in this study were [plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL)]. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all subjects and examined by real time PCR test for HCMV DNA detection. The results of this study observed that the percentage of study group who were positive for HCMV DNA was (22.6%). The present study observed that there was no relation between PLI and GI with HCMV DNA salivary level. Concerning BOP and PPD there was no relation found between BOP and PPD with HCMV DNA level. For CAL there was a significant relation found between CAL and HCMVDNA level.

Estimation of levels of salivary mucin, amylase and total protein in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients.

Periodontal diseases are a group of inflammatory conditions resulting from interaction between a pathogenic bacterial biofilm and susceptible host's inflammatory response eventually leading to the destruction of periodontal structures and subsequent tooth loss. Hence, investigation of salivary proteins in individuals with periodontal diseases may be useful to enhance the knowledge of their roles in these diseases. This case-control study was conducted at A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore. The study comprised of 90 patients of age between 25-60 years who were clinically examined and divided into three groups of 30 each: namely clinically healthy, gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. These were classified according to the values of gingival index score, clinical attachment loss and probing pocket depth. Unstimulated saliva was collected and salivary mucin, amylase and total protein levels were determined. RESULTS obtained were tabulated and statistically analyzed using ANOVA test and Karl pearson's correlation test. The results of the study showed an increased concentration of salivary mucin, amylase and total protein in gingivitis patients and increased levels of amylase and total protein in saliva of chronic periodontitis patients compared to healthy individuals which were statistically significant. A decrease in mucin concentration was observed in the periodontitis group compared to gingivitis group. A positive correlation was present between salivary mucin, amylase and total protein levels in the three groups. Salivary mucin, amylase and total protein may serve as an important biochemical parameter of inflammation of the periodontium. Also, it can be hypothesized that various enzyme inhibitors might be useful as a part of host modulation therapy in the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Frequency of Salivary Human Cytomegalovirus in Iraqi Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which is initiated by an infection of the oral microorganisms and it involves the humoral and cellular characteristics of the host response. The periodontal disease is found to develop due to a series of interactions among the periodontotrophic herpes viruses, the periodontopathic bacteria and the host immune reactions.Recent studies have demonstrated that various human viruses, especially human cytomegalovirus seems to play a part in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontitis is an infectious disease involving specific bacteria and viruses.Objectives: The present study was initiated to evaluate the percentage of human cytomegalovirus in periodontitis patients and determine the correlation between levels of human cytomegalovirus IgG and each of plaque index, gingival index and oral hygiene.Subjects and Methods: Thirty five periodontitis patients and eighteen healthy control subjects were included in this study. Saliva samples were taken from all subjects (patients and healthy). Salivary IgG agianst human cytomegalovirus was estimated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.Results: The current study showed that the frequency of human cytomegalovirus in chronic periodontitis patients was significantly higher than in healthy control group p&lt;0.05. On the other hand the current study failed to observe any significant correlation between salivary IgG and each of plaque index and gingival index, whereas higher significant correlation was observed with oral hygiene, (P&lt;0.05).Conclusion: Findings of the present study suggest that the frequent present of human cytomegalovirus in saliva of chronic periodontitis patients could have a crucial role in development of this disease.

The prevalence of human herpes viruses in the saliva of chronic periodontitis patients compared to oral health providers and healthy controls

The causative agents in periodontal disease are periopathogenic bacteria; however, viruses have been implicated. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of different HHVs in the saliva of chronic periodontitis patients and to compare it to two groups of healthy controls. Three groups were included: chronic periodontitis patients (CP), periodontally healthy patients (NP) and oral health providers with a healthy periodontium (NPOHP). For each subject, 1 ml of unstimulated whole saliva was collected and mixed with 2 ml lysis buffer. HHVs assays were performed using real-time PCR. Fifteen percent of the subjects in the CP group tested positive for CMV compared to none in the NP and NPOHP groups (p = 0.04). Recurrent herpes was more frequent in females (51.7 %) than in males (33.3 %), and this was statistically significant (p = 0.038). The higher prevalence of CMV in the unstimulated saliva of CP patients suggests that CMV may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis.

Detection of specific IgG and IgA anti Epstein-Barr virus in saliva of chronic periodontitis patients and healthy subjects

Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that extends into the tissues supporting the teeth. Recent studies have demonstrated that various human herpesviruses especially Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may play a part in the pathogenesis of human chronic periodontitis. This study aimed to detect anti EBV IgG and IgA in saliva of chronic periodontitis patients and healthy control subjects by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and to determine the differences between males and females regarding the periodontal condition and the levels of anti EBV IgG and IgA . Materials and methods: The study sample consisted of sixty chronic periodontitis patients of both gender (32 males and 28 females) and thirty healthy control subjects of both gender (16 males and 14 females) with age ranged from 30 to 50 years. Both groups without any systemic disease. Periodontal parameters used in this study were plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all subjects and examined by ELISA test for EBV IgG and IgA antibodies detection. Results: The results of the present study observed that there was no significant difference of PLI and GI between males and females in chronic periodntitis patients. Concerning BOP the number of bleeding sites in females was more than in males. For PPD and CAL, there was increased PPD with its different scores (0, 1, 2) in males compared with females and there was increased CAL with its different scales (scales 0, 1, 2, 3) in males than females. The percentage of control group who were positive for anti- EBV IgG was (36.7%) and in chronic periodontitis was ( 81.7%). Concerning IgA, 40.0% of healthy group and 68.3% of chronic periodontitis patients showed a positive reaction for anti- EBV IgA . Conclusions: The present study showed that EBV Abs (IgG and IgA) were detectable in saliva from healthy individuals but they were significantly more frequently found in saliva of chronic periodontitis patients. The present study showed that there was no significant gender difference regarding the salivary level of anti- EBV IgG and IgA. Keyword: chronic periodontitis, EBV, IgG,IgA. (J Bagh Coll Dentistry 2011; 23(sp. issue):125-128).

Assessment of aprotinin influence on periodontal clinical status and matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2 and their tissue inhibitors saliva concentrations in patients with chronic periodontitis

Assessment of the effect of treatment with aprotinin-containing drug on the clinical status of the periodontal tissue and on the concentrations of metalloproteinases released in the course of periodontitis (MMP-1, MMP-2) as well as their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) in the saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). The study involved 25 subjects with CP (39-68 years), including 16 women and 9 men. The patients were prescribed aprotinin preparation to be taken for 2 weeks. The control group (C) involved 14 healthy subjects (41-65 years), including 10 women and 4 men. Two periodontal indices were assessed: the approximal plaque index (API) and bleeding on probing index (BOP). Periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level were also evaluated. The concentrations of MMP-1 and MMP-2 as well as TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were determined by the ELISA method. The mean salivary MMP-1 concentration in patients with CP was significantly higher before and after treatment, as compared to healthy subjects. The mean salivary MMP-2 concentration in CP patients at baseline was also higher as compared to the C group and increased after treatment. The mean salivary TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 concentration in CP patients was higher as compared to C group and increased after treatment. Since the mean MMPs levels were found to be growing it can be assumed that aprotinin has no significant effect on the regulation of MMPs in the saliva of CP patients. It thus seems that aprotinin application after scaling has no additional therapeutic effect.

Cleaved inflammatory lactoferrin peptides in parotid saliva of periodontitis patients

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a member of the transferrin family of iron-binding anti-bacterial proteins, present in most exocrine secretions, such as saliva, and plays an important role in mucosal defense. In this study, we identified small Lf peptides with Con A low-affinity in the parotid saliva of chronic periodontitis patients by Con A two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, Con A affinity chromatography and Western blotting using anti-human Lf polyclonal Ab. N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the four Con A low-affinity Lf peptides confirmed them to be fragments of intact Lf. The detection ratio of the proteinase 3 (PR3)-like activity was elevated in the parotid saliva of periodontitis patients and was associated with the severity of clinical symptoms. PR3 protein was also detected in the parotid saliva of periodontitis patients, and PR3, but not human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G, degraded intact Lf. Con A low-affinity saliva Lf peptides showed no anti-bacterial activity against Escherichia coli, and had a reduced iron-chelating capacity. Con A low-affinity saliva Lf peptides, PR3-treated Lf preparation and two of four synthetic polypeptides induced the production of interleukin IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and IL-8, and the activation of NF-κB in human oral epithelial HSC-2 cells. Furthermore, concentrations of the Lf peptides in the parotid saliva of periodontitis patients were increased with a correlation to the severity of clinical symptoms. These results suggest that Lf in the parotid saliva of periodontitis patients was degraded into small peptides by the PR3-like activity with the capability to induce inflammatory mediators.