Oral Candida Carriage and Morphotype Differentiation in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with and without Diabetes in the Indian Sub-Continent.

Gomathinayagam Venkatesan,David Kadkampally,Ashita Uppoor,Dilip Naik,Abhiram Maddi

doi:10.3390/dj3040123

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the oral Candida carriage and morphotype differentiation of Candida species in chronic periodontitis patients, with and without diabetes mellitus. This cross sectional study included 30 subjects in the age range of 40–60 years, who were divided into two groups: 15 chronic periodontitis only (CP) patients, and 15 chronic periodontitis patients with diabetes (CPD). Clinical measurements included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and fasting blood sugar level (FBS). The unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected for fungal analysis. Candida carriage was analyzed by measuring colony forming units (CFU) following the culture of samples. Qualitative morphotype differentiation of Candida species from yeast to hyphal form was analyzed using Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. There was no statistically significant difference between CP and CPD groups for the periodontal parameters. However, a significantly higher Candida species CFU count was found in CPD (0.33 ± 0.23) as compared to CP (0.05 ± 0.04) group. This pilot study suggests that the occurrence of Candida species is higher in the saliva of chronic periodontitis patients with diabetes as compared to patients with chronic periodontitis alone.

Highlights

Periodontal disease is caused by the interaction between microorganisms, their products, and an exacerbated host immune response, resulting in the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues.This process is associated with a widely diverse and complex subgingival microbiota, including both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria that are either facultative or anaerobic organisms [1]
We investigate whether increased glucose levels due to diabetes affect oral Candida carriage, and the morphological differentiation to hyphae in chronic periodontitis
There were no significant differences between chronic periodontitis only (CP) and chronic periodontitis patients with diabetes (CPD) patients with respect to the periodontal parameters including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI)

Summary

Introduction

Periodontal disease is caused by the interaction between microorganisms, their products, and an exacerbated host immune response, resulting in the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. This process is associated with a widely diverse and complex subgingival microbiota, including both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria that are either facultative or anaerobic organisms [1]. Past studies have shown that Candida species are part of the subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis patients [2,4,5] It is not clear if they contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease

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Conclusion