Saliva Content Research Articles

Erosion-Protective Capacity of the Salivary Pellicle of Female and Male Subjects Is Not Different

This study aimed to analyse if the erosion-protective potential of the salivary pellicle is different between female and male subjects. Bovine enamel and dentin specimens (each n = 3) were exposed to the oral cavity of healthy female or male volunteers (each n = 25, females: 25.8 ± 3.5 years, males: 26.7 ± 4.0 years) for 120 min to form a salivary pellicle. Subsequently, each 2 enamel and 2 dentin specimens were eroded with hydrochloric acid (pH 2.6, 60 s). Specimens of the control group (each n = 30) were eroded without presenting a salivary pellicle. Calcium release into the acid was determined photometrically. Additionally, total protein content in the pellicle (each n = 1 enamel and dentin specimen/volunteer) and different salivary parameters (flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, protein, albumin, calcium, phosphate, fluoride) were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA, t tests, multiple linear regressions and Pearson correlations (p < 0.05). The erosion-protective capacity was not significantly different among female (calcium release [% of control]: enamel: 82.6 ± 28.1, dentin: 80.7 ± 24.0) and male (enamel: 76.0 ± 27.5, dentin: 87.1 ± 34.9) subjects. The protein content of the pellicle was not different between female and male subjects. The protein content and pH of unstimulated saliva were significantly reduced in female compared to male volunteers. Calcium release was neither correlated with the protein content of the salivary pellicle nor with salivary parameters. Under the conditions of the present study, the erosion-protective capacity of the salivary pellicle of female and male subjects is not different.

Losartan and isoproterenol promote alterations in the local renin-angiotensin system of rat salivary glands.

Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) systemically or locally collaborates with tissue homeostasis, growth and development, which has been extensively studied for its pharmacological implications. This study was primarily aimed at finding and characterizing local RAS in rat parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands. It was also hypothesized that vasoactive drugs could affect the expression of RAS targets, as well as saliva flow and its composition. Therefore, another objective of this study was to compare the effects of losartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker) and isoproterenol (β-adrenergic receptor agonist). Forty-one Wistar rats were divided into three groups and administered a daily intraperitoneal dose of saline, losartan or isoproterenol solutions for one week. The following RAS targets were studied using qPCR: renin (REN), angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), ACE-2, elastase-2 (ELA-2), AT1-a and MAS receptors, using RPL-13 as a reference gene. Morphology of glands was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using REN, ACE, ACE-2, AT1, AT2 and MAS antibodies. The volume and total protein content of saliva were measured. Our results revealed that ACE, ACE-2, AT1-a, AT2 and MAS receptors were expressed in all salivary gland samples, but REN and ELA-2 were absent. Losartan decreased mRNA expression of RAS targets in parotid (MAS) and submandibular glands (ACE and both AT receptors), without affecting morphological alterations, and significantly decreased saliva and total protein secretions. Isoproterenol treatment affected gene expression profiles in parotid (ACE, ACE-2, AT1-a, MAS, AGT), and submandibular (ACE, AT2, AGT) glands, thus promoting acinar hypertrophy in serous acini, without significant changes in salivary flow or total protein content. These drugs affected mainly acini, followed by duct systems and myoepithelial cells, whereas blood vessels were not affected. In conclusion, there is a local RAS in major rat salivary glands and losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, affected not only the RAS-target gene expression but also decreased salivary flow and total protein content.

RNA-seq analysis of the salivary glands and midgut of the Argasid tick Ornithodoros rostratus

Ornithodoros rostratus is a South American argasid tick which importance relies on its itchy bite and potential as disease vector. They feed on a wide variety of hosts and secrete different molecules in their saliva and intestinal content that counteract host defences and help to accommodate and metabolize the relatively large quantity of blood upon feeding. The present work describes the transcriptome profile of salivary gland (SG) and midgut (MG) of O. rostratus using Illumina sequencing. A total of 8,031 contigs were assembled and assigned to different functional classes. Secreted proteins were the most abundant in the SG and accounted for ~67% of all expressed transcripts with contigs with identity to lipocalins and acid tail proteins being the most representative. On the other hand, immunity genes were upregulated in MG with a predominance of defensins and lysozymes. Only 10 transcripts in SG and 8 in MG represented ~30% of all RNA expressed in each tissue and one single contig (the acid tail protein ORN-9707) represented ~7% of all expressed contigs in SG. Results highlight the functional difference of each organ and identified the most expressed classes and contigs of O. rostratus SG and MG.

Word Enhancement of Tongue Depressor Hardness by Heat Treatment and Shot Peening

Tongue depressor is a tool commonly used in the medical world in health examinations especially in the mouth area. Tongue depressors generally is made by wood that is considered biodegradable. Currently, metal material has been used as a material tongue depressor like stainless steel because it is considered more easily sterilized so it can be used repeatedly. The main content of human saliva is acid which tend to corrode metal. For that, the use of stainless steel as a tongue depressor has a deficiency that is easily corroded. Therefore, other metal materials such as AISI 316L Stainless Steel which are stainless steel with low carbon content (0.03% C) are required and have high corrosive resistance. With low carbon content AISI 316L Stainless Steel is suitable for surgery tools and diagnostic tools. The reduction of metal corrosion rate can also be done by the shot peening process by hitting the surface of the material by using a steel ball medium (stainless steel ball). The balls are fired using a gun blaster with high pressure so that the material surface collides with the steel balls that cause a strong impact on the surface of the material. Due to the strong impact resistant material surface, the AISI 316L Stainless Steel grain structure will be softer that the material has better mechanical properties. Shot peening increase the material hardness, therefore heat treatment is required to reduce the hardness so that AISI 316L Stainless Steel material can be used as tongue depressor which need strong but flexible. AISI 316L Stainless Steel with dimensions 30 mm long, 30 mm wide and 2 mm thick is used as a test material. The stainless steel ball used in this study is 5 mm in diameter. The process of shot peening is done using a compressor and gun blaster. After the shot peening, the specimens are heated in an electric furnace with temperature variations of 750°C, 800°C, and 850°C and holding time for 2 hours then cooling process is full annealing and normalizing. Furthermore, a hardness test was conducted. In the heat shooting process the heat treatment and cooling method selection also influence the level of hardness, for heat treatment. Annealing temperature 750°C with cooling method in furnace, the hardness of material increased to 177.68 VHN, while in other heat treatment experience increase of hardness.

Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - a Systematic Review with Meta Analysis.

Whole saliva is mainly composed of fluid produced by major and minor salivary glands. Major salivary glands including parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, are known to secrete fluid transported from serum as well as surrounding glandular tissues [1]. Beside the secretions from salivary glands, oral mucosa, periodontium, as well as oral microflora also contribute to the final content of whole saliva [1]. Whole saliva therefore represents a complex balance among local and systemic sources [2]. This allows for the application of saliva in the diagnosis not only for salivary gland disorders but also for oral diseases and systemic conditions [2]. The role of saliva as a diagnostic tool in detecting Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Articles published in PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE, GOOGLE, manual search and back references of the articles for last 5years extracted 77 articles. Studies which considered saliva as a diagnostic tool were included. Statistical analysis with Receivers Operating Curve to establish sensitivity and specificity of the salivary biomarkers as a diagnostic tool to detect Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma were included for meta analysis. The measure of effect with 95% confidence interval were meta analysed for 9 articles in which 308 healthy individuals compared with 340 patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Highly sensitive salivary biomarkers for detecting Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma were MMP-9, Chemerin, Choline + Betaine + Pipecolinic Acid + I - Carnitine(confidence interval ranges from 0.83-1.0). The narrow confidence interval of 0.95 + (0.88-1.00) was seen for MMP-9 followed by 1.00 + (0.78-1.00) for chemerin. Highly specific biomarkers for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma were MMP-9 (specificity -100%,), Chemerin(specificity-100%), over expressed mi RNA 136 with specificity of 0.88(0.69-0.97), under expressed mi RNA 27B with specificity of 1.0(0.66-1.00). Saliva can be used as a diagnostic tool with highly sensitive and specific markers namely MMP-9, Chemerin for early detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

The Usefulness of Performing Biochemical Tests in the Saliva of Kickboxing Athletes in the Dynamic of Training.

The study aimed to determine the suitability of testing the saliva of kickboxing athletes to show changes in biochemical parameters in dynamic of training. 8 elite male athletes (mean age 17.29± 0.31 years, body mass 66.82± 3.46kg, with 5.62±0.96 years of training experience) participated in the study. Indicators of lipid peroxidation and glycolysis (the concentration of lactic acid and pyruvic acid) were defined before and after a training session. Significant increases in indicators of lipid peroxidation activity indicators and the concentration of lactic acid (4-fold) were observed; analysis of correlation matrices confirms the absence of expressed changes. At the same time, significant decreases in catalase (10-fold from 3.69 μkat/L to 0.39 μkat/L) and pyruvic acid (from 3.92 μl/l to 0.55 μl/l) were observed. Our results confirm the value of using saliva to determine training load in an individual. Moreover, the study provided information on the importance of indexes reflecting a correlation of various biochemical indicators to estimate the sufficiency of training loads. The ease of sampling and informational content of saliva are reasons to use such tests in monitoring athletes' functional state to prevent fatigue.

Metabolomic Status of The Oral Cavity in Chronic Periodontitis

Metabolomics analysis of mouth washout and tongue swab samples based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) method was employed to determine metabolic status of the oral cavity in chronic periodontal disease. Mouth washout extracts contained a total of 23 metabolites and tongue swab extracts contained 17. Identified metabolites partially overlap with the content of saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. The colonization of the oral cavity of patients with periodontitis by bacteria was manifested in the change in levels of eight metabolites. NMR-based metabolomics analysis is a potentially useful methodological approach for monitoring the pathological processes observed in the oral cavity in the course of periodontitis.

Association Between Saliva Quantity and Content Parameters with Caries Intensity Levels: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Subcarpathian Children

Objective: To evaluate saliva quantity and content parameters among children of 7 and 12 years old, who permanently living on the territory of Subcarpathia with the registered territory-associated fluoride deficiency in the water, and their association with the caries status of pediatric patients. Material and Methods: The study sample was formed of 48 children (22 of 7 years old and 26 of 12 years old). The content of calcium in the oral liquid was determined by the o-cresolphthalein complexone method. Estimation of concentration rate and fluoride activity in the oral liquid was carried out by using the ion-selective electrode ELIS-131 F and ionometer EV-74. The content of inorganic phosphorus in saliva was determined using the phosphorus reaction with molybdic acid. Results: Among all study samples, 18.8% were registered with low caries intensity level (DMF = 1.55 ± 0.16), 33.3% with moderate caries intensity level (DMF = 3.94 ± 0.29), and 47.9% with high caries intensity level (DMF = 9.05 ± 1.11). During the comparison of calcium content and mineralization coefficient values between children with low and high caries intensity levels registered difference was statistically significant (p 0.05). Between children with normal salivary flow rate, and children with a lowered salivary flow rate there was no statistical difference in such parameters as fluoride concentration, calcium content, phosphorus content and calcium-phosphorus balance (p>0.05). Conclusion: Caries intensity levels were more statistically associated with parameters of calcium content in saliva and related mineralization coefficient, rather than with the average salivary flow rate.

Hirudotherapy in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease: Past and present

The article summarizes and presents data on the historical experience of medical leeches, numbering more than 30 centuries. The paper reviews the historical and empirical basis of hirudotherapy in the clinical practice worldwide. The peculiarities of hirudotherapy in different countries (USA, Europe, Russia) have been studied at the present time. The therapeutic effects of hirudotherapy in clinical practice are due to the well-investigated saliva content of the medical leech, as well as the local and systemic reflex action on the body in response to the bloodsucking and hemorrhage. We analyze pathogenesis mechanisms of hirudotherapy. Hirudotherapy can reduce ischemia, hypoxia and normalize microcirculation. Hirudotherapy is effective in different groups of patients with cerebrovascular diseases. A number of studies confirm the effectiveness of hirudotherapy in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension, chronic impairment of cerebral circulation, acute stage of ischemic stroke, as well as in post-stroke rehabilitation. There is sufficient evidence for the use of hirudotherapy in cases of cerebrovascular disease for complementary method in the complex treatment and for the prevention of acute cerebrovascular events.

Quantitation of the cellular content of saliva and buccal swab samples

Buccal swabs and saliva are the two most common oral sampling methods used for medical research. Often, these samples are used interchangeably, despite previous evidence that both contain buccal cells and blood leukocytes in different proportions. For some research, such as epigenetic studies, the cell types contributing to the analysis are highly relevant. We collected such samples from twelve children and twenty adults and, using Papanicolaou staining, measured the proportions of epithelial cells and leukocytes through microscopy. To our knowledge, no studies have compared cellular heterogeneity in buccal swab and saliva samples from adults and children. We confirmed that buccal swabs contained a higher proportion of epithelial cells than saliva and that children have a greater proportion of such cells in saliva compared to adults. At this level of resolution, buccal swabs and saliva contained similar epithelial cell subtypes. Gingivitis in children was associated with a higher proportion of leukocytes in saliva samples but not in buccal swabs. Compared to more detailed and costly methods such as flow cytometry or deconvolution methods used in epigenomic analysis, the procedure described here can serve as a simple and low-cost method to characterize buccal and saliva samples. Microscopy provides a low-cost tool to alert researchers to the presence of oral inflammation which may affect a subset of their samples. This knowledge might be highly relevant to their specific research questions, may assist with sample selection and thus might be crucial information despite the ability of data deconvolution methods to correct for cellular heterogeneity.

Periodontal health status and biochemical study of Saliva among diabetics and non diabetics (Comparative study)

Background: The aim of this study is to determine the relative influence of diabetes mellitus on periodontal parameters and to correlate between glucose content of saliva and blood in diabetics and non diabeticsMaterial and method: Total samples composed of 105 participants. Group I composed from 35 healthy subjects, group II composed from 35 patients were well controlled diabetics and 35 patients were moderately and poorly controlled diabetics. The periodontal parameters which included Plaque Index (PL.I) and gingival index (G.I) were recorded.Whole saliva samples were collected for determination of glucose and total protein.Results: The mean value of glucose in saliva was higher in group II (1.769±0.972) and in group III (4.054±2.851) compared to group I (0.993±0.331). Inter group comparison for PL.I showed that there was a significant difference between group I and group II, while was no significant difference between group II and group III at P-value&gt;0.05.The mean G.I in group II and group III were elevated compared with group I. There was weak or no correlation between periodontal and biochemical parameters.Conclusion: Diabetic groups showed significant difference in periodontal parameters compared to control group with significant difference between group II and group III. Also significant increase in glucose and total protein of saliva in diabetic groups compared to control group.

Molecular-Genetic Mechanisms of Caries Development

This review analyzes the literature in the rapidly developing direction of genetic aspects of caries. The search by key words “genetic markers of caries” in the PubMed database was performed. Afterwards, an analysis of the literature lists of found publications was completed and additional sources were studied. Search by “caries” on the platform of elibrary.ru was performed. From the published data, the role of markers by spectrum of genes in caries development is obvious; however, the development of caries is influenced not only by genetic factors but also by environmental factors. The established molecular-genetic markers of caries development, including genes connected with immunity, saliva content, and rate of saliva formation and also connected with formation of teeth, dentin, and tooth enamel are considered. Social demographic factors and environmental factors (dietary peculiarities, hygiene of mouth cavity, contamination of environment, content of mouth microbiota) influencing caries development are considered. Information from literature sources will help to characterize the modern understanding of caries development and will also make it possible to perform both individual and population screening aiming to develop novel methods of caries prevention taking into account the detected markers of caries, establish groups of risk, and apply a personalized approach in the treatment of the disease.

Production of antibody against elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) unveils tissue tropisms and routes of viral transmission in EEHV-infected Asian elephants

Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is one of the most devastating viral infectious diseases in elephants worldwide. To date, it remains unclear how elephants get infected by the virus, where the virus persists, and what mechanisms drive the pathogenesis of the disease. The present study was aimed to develop an antibody against glycoprotein B (gB) of EEHV, investigate the EEHV tissue tropisms, and provide the possible routes of EEHV transmission in Asian elephants. Samples from elephant organs that had died from EEHV1A and EEHV4 infections, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from EEHV4- and non-EEHV-infected calves were used in this study. The results of western immunoblotting indicated that the antibody can be used for detection of gB antigens in both EEHV1A- and EEHV4-infected samples. Immunohistochemical detection indicated that the EEHV gB antigens were distributed mainly in the epithelial cells of the salivary glands, stomach and intestines. Immunofluorescence test of PBMC for EEHV gB in the EEHV4-infected calf indicated that the virus was observed predominantly in the mononuclear phagocytic cells. The findings in the present study unveil tissue tropisms in the EEHV1A- and EEHV4-infected calves and point out that saliva and intestinal content are likely sources for virus transmission in EEHV-infected Asian elephants.

The biochemical indicators of a cow organizm at the prevention of microelementosis

Correction of cattle feed, taking into account the physiological needs of their organism in the mineral substances of the corresponding biogeochemical zone or the province, where the farm is located, as well as the conditions that accompany the emergence of the deficit, promotes the obtaining of quality livestock products. An urgent task of the present is the search for eco-friendly, non-toxic and highly effective, preventive drugs of complex action, which positively affect the metabolism of mineral substances in the animal organism. The research was carried out on the farm of Kyiv region (central biogeochemical zone). We studied the biochemical parameters of blood and saliva using biochemical analyzer «Labline-010» with standard sets of reagents. The content of chemical elements in blood and saliva was investigated by the method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma using Optima 210 DV device. The paper presents the research on determining the biochemical status of an organism of lactating cows at the prevention of microelementosis using new experimental eco-friendly drug. The content of total protein, albumin, glucose, total calcium, non-organic phosphorus, cholesterol, total bilirubin, aluminium, chrome, copper, zinc, nickel and activity of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT in cow blood and saliva in the first and 28th day for the use of the drug oxyminkor. The diagnostic informativity of saliva content according to the content of mineral substances is determined. In cow blood at the use of the drug oxyminkor for 28th day of the experiment, the content of total protein was determined to be 17% higher, albumin was 19% higher, total calcium was 36 % higher and creatinine concentration was 25% lover, compared with the indicators of the control group. In the cow saliva at the use of the drug oxyminkor on the 28th day of the experiment, the content of zinc was 2.1 times higher, compared with the control animal group. The correlation coefficient for zinc content in cow blood and saliva was 0.80, which points the informativity of this indicator. We defined the positive influence of the prophylactic agent on the metabolism of proteins, minerals and functional state of the cow liver. The introduction of new methods of non-invasive diagnosis and the development of ecological, non-toxic agents for the prevention of mineral disbolism among cows is a promising area of research.

The host defense peptide LL-37 is detected in human parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva and expressed in glandular neutrophils.

The human host defense peptide, LL-37, is an important player in the first line of defense against invading microorganisms. LL-37 and its precursor, hCAP18, have been detected in unstimulated whole saliva but no reports showing hCAP18/LL-37 in isolated, parotid, and/or submandibular/sublingual saliva have been presented. Here, we measured the levels of hCAP18/LL-37 in human parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva and investigated the expression of hCAP18/LL-37 in parotid and submandibular gland tissue. Parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva was collected from healthy volunteers, and the levels of hCAP18/LL-37 in saliva were analyzed by dot blot, ELISA, and western blotting. Cellular expression of hCAP18/LL-37 in human parotid and submandibular glands was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity for hCAP18/LL-37 was detected in both parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva of all individuals. The concentration of hCAP18/LL-37 was similar in parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva, and was determined by densitometric scanning of each dot and normalization to the total protein concentration of each sample, and by ELISA. Double immunohistochemistry revealed that intravascular neutrophils of both parotid and submandibular glands express hCAP18/LL-37. For the first time, we demonstrate hCAP18/LL-37 in isolated human parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva and expression of hCAP18/LL-37 in glandular intravascular neutrophils, indicating that neutrophils of the major salivary glands contribute to the LL-37 content of whole saliva.

Chronobiological aspects in the formation of caries resistance

The parameters of oral fluid and enamel state of teeth in 130 children aged 8 to 11 years in Kemerovo during different seasons of the year were studied. The winter period is the most unfavorable for all indicators of homeostasis of the oral cavity in children: enamel resistance, calcium and phosphorus content in the oral fluid, mineralizing potential of saliva. Autumn and summer periods are the most favorable for children: enamel resistance, mineralizing potential of saliva, calcium and phosphorus content in the oral fluid.

A comparative analysis of salivary factors and maxillary denture retention in different arch forms: An in vivo study.

Aims:This study aims to find the effect of change in different salivary factors before and after complete denture insertion and to measure the maxillary denture retention in different arch forms.Materials and Methods:Thirty completely edentulous individuals (10 each of square, tapered, and ovoid arch form of maxilla) belonging to the age group of 40–70 years were selected. Salivary factors (flow, density, pH, viscosity, and total protein) were evaluated before and after denture insertion. Retention of maxillary denture was measured in all the different arch forms.Statistical Analysis:Student's independent sample's t-test was applied. The correlation was analyzed by Pearson's correlation analysis.Results:While mean flow rate and pH of saliva increased, mean viscosity, total protein, and density of saliva decreased after maxillary complete denture insertion. A positive correlation was found between retention and total maxillary basal surface area. Retention value was found to be greatest in square type and least in tapered type.Conclusions:Complete denture acts as a mechanical stimulant thus increasing flow rate and pH immediately after complete denture insertion. Density, total protein, and viscosity of saliva decreased after complete denture insertion which may be due to increase in water content of saliva. The retention of maxillary complete denture does not seem to depend on the rate of change of the salivary factors, before and after complete denture insertion. Total basal surface area and maxillary denture retention values were highest in square arch form and least in tapered arch form.

Correlation between pH, buffering capacity, calcium and dental caries in schoolchildren

The aim of this study was to determine salivary pH, buffering capacity and calcium levels in caries-free and caries-active children. We examined 80 children of both genders, 15 years of age. Subjects were divided into four groups as follows: caries-free females, caries-active females, caries-free males, caries-active males; each group consisted of 20 subjects. The unstimulated saliva sample was collected by the spitting method and then pH, buffering capacity and calcium in saliva was measured. The results showed that mean level of buffering capacity of saliva was decreased significantly in the caries-active group as compared to caries-free group. The obtained data showed that the mean levels of pH and calcium were decreased in the caries-active group as compared to the caries-free group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The saliva with its constituents plays an important role in maintaining oral and especially dental health. Salivary pH values were found to be higher in the caries-free group. In our study, there was no significant correlation of pH values and caries activity with gender. Buffer capacity values were significantly lower in the caries-active group than in the caries-free group. There were significant differences when the groups were compared in the caries-active group where buffer capacity values were higher in boys than in girls. Calcium content of saliva was higher in the caries-free group. The results obtained in this study related to the values of the pH, buffering capacity and calcium in saliva, may serve as parameters for determining the caries risk patients, and accordingly to plan and carry appropriate caries preventive measures. Keywords: saliva, dental caries, pH, buffer capacity, calcium

Higher prevalence of FTO gene risk genotypes AA rs9939609, CC rs1421085, and GG rs17817449 and saliva containing Staphylococcus aureus in obese women in Croatia

Obesity is composed of multifunctional interactions of eating habits, behaviors, microbiota, genetics, and other unknown factors. We hypothesize that correlations occur between the fat mass and obesity-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (FTO SNPs), the composition of microorganisms in the saliva, and life habits in obese women from Zagreb County. Our results of the analysis of 3 FTO SNPs showed a statistically significant positive correlation among the frequencies of the high-risk genotypes AA rs9939609 (P = .0367), CC rs1421085 (P = .0367), and GG rs17817449 (P = .0065) of the FTO gene in obese cases. Interestingly, 39.13% of obese women were triple homozygous for all 3 risk alleles. Furthermore, the composition of the oral microbiota in the obese group showed a higher occurrence of a major human pathogen, bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, but a significantly low presence of bacteria Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, and Serratia ureilytica compared with the control group. The investigation also revealed that obese women prefer to consume candy and snacks and more meat and meat-derived products, sleep less than 6 hours per day, and had higher hypertension in comparison with the control group. These results support the hypothesis that female obesity is strongly related to all 3 variants of the FTO gene and perhaps a specific composition of microbiota in saliva due to dietary habits. Considering the bimodal distribution of the SNPs and bacterial content of saliva in obese women taken together are factors to consider for risk of obesity.

Oral cavity health among cystic fibrosis patients: Literature overview.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in which the mutation of the Cystis Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene that codes the protein forming a chloride channel of epithelial cells results in its distorted functioning. The manifestations of the disorder are mainly observed in the respiratory and digestive system. Accumulation of sticky and thick mucus is the dominant clinical symptom; it leads to chronic infections and gradual tissue destruction. Although cystic fibrosis remains incurable, it is currently feasible to extend patients' life expectancy thanks to modern therapy possibilities. As cystic fibrosis is no longer the domain of pediatricians, health care to CF patients needs to be provided by doctors of various specializations. The multidisciplinary team of doctors should include a dentist aware of specific prevention and treatment needs of this group of patients. It results from the fact that in the course of cystic fibrosis it is possible to observe a variety of changes in the oral cavity environment. The study presents dental issues observed in CF patients and reported in literature. Particular attention was paid to dental caries, mineralization disorders of hard dental tissues, gingivitis and the change in the content and properties of saliva; moreover, prevention and treatment options regarding oral cavity health is this group of patients were taken into consideration.