Salinomycin Sodium Research Articles

A derivatization method to improve the assay of salinomycin sodium and its application in the liposomal formulation

A derivatization method to improve the assay of salinomycin sodium and its application in the liposomal formulation

Safety and efficacy of Alterion NE® (Bacillussubtilis DSM 29784) as a feed additive for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying.

The additive Alterion NE ® is a preparation containing viable spores of a strain of Bacillus subtilis. The additive is intended for use in feed for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying at the proposed dose of 1 × 108 CFU/kg complete feedingstuffs. B. subtilis is considered by EFSA to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety approach to establish safety. As the identity of the active agent was established and the lack of toxigenic potential and of resistance to antibiotics of human or veterinary clinical significance demonstrated, the additive is presumed safe for the target species, consumers and the environment. Alterion NE ® is not a dermal irritant but is irritant to eyes and should be considered a potential respiratory sensitiser. In the absence of data, no conclusion can be drawn on the dermal sensitisation of the additive. Alterion NE ® at the recommended dose 1 × 108 CFU/kg feed has the potential to improve the zootechnical performance of chickens for fattening. This conclusion can be extended to chickens reared for laying when used at the same dose. B. subtilis DSM 29784 is compatible with monensin sodium, narasin/nicarbazin, salinomycin sodium, lasalocid sodium, diclazuril, narasin, maduramicin ammonium, robenidine hydrochloride and decoquinate at the highest authorised levels.

Safety and efficacy of Sacox® microGranulate (salinomycin sodium) for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying.

Salinomycin sodium (SAL‐Na) is active against certain Gram‐positive bacteria, while Gram‐negative species are resistant. SAL‐Na at the proposed concentration is unlikely to increase shedding of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter and or induce resistance and cross‐resistance to antimicrobials important in human and animal therapy. SAL‐Na is safe for chickens for fattening at 70 mg/kg complete feed, for chickens reared for laying at 50 mg/kg complete feed in the first 12 weeks of life. The simultaneous use of SAL‐Na and certain antibiotic drugs (e.g. tiamulin) is contraindicated. SAL‐Na is absorbed and extensively metabolised. Metabolites have reduced ionophoric activity. SAL is the marker residue (MR). No residues in eggs are expected. SAL‐Na is not genotoxic and not a carcinogen. A NOAEL of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day is derived from a cardiovascular study in dogs as well as from a 12‐month dog study. Consumer exposure complies with an acceptable daily intake of 0.005 mg SAL/kg bw after 1 h withdrawal. A withdrawal time and maximum residue limits are not considered necessary. SAL‐Na from Sacox® is not an irritant to skin and eyes; it is a potential sensitiser to skin and the respiratory tract. A toxicological risk by inhalation for persons handling the additive cannot be excluded. SAL‐Na in feed for chickens will not pose a risk for the aquatic environment. A risk for the terrestrial ecosystem is considered unlikely due to metabolisation and the rapid degradation of SAL in the environment. SAL‐Na at a minimum concentration of 50 mg/kg complete feed is an effective coccidiostat for chickens for fattening. This conclusion is extended to chickens reared for laying. SAL‐Na in Sacox® 120 microGranulate and Sacox® 200 microGranulate is considered bioequivalent with respect to its anticoccidial effect.

Fate and Transport of Salinomycin Sodium in Sandy soil

Salinomycin sodium (BIO COX) is a polyether ionophore, commonly used in the poultry industries for the prevention of coccidial infections and promotion of growth. Salinomycin sodium (SAL-Na) is very toxic, and may be fatal, if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin than many other antibiotics, thus evaluating its fate in the soil environment is of importance. Mobility of SAL-Na was measured in sandy soil. Soil column leaching experiments indicated that the strongly sorbed SAL-Na was not detected in the leachate of sandy soils, indicating that the amount added to each column was not leached off the soil fractions. When compared to the sterile soil, non sterile soil has more movement of SAL-Na. Leachate collected from the soil column (75% hydraulic conductivity) passed with phosphate buffer showed higher concentration (0.48 mg/L) of SAL-Na and the movement was also observed higher in non sterile soil. About 35% of SAL-Na was found in leachate of sandy soil.

Safety and efficacy of microorganism DSM11798 as a technological additive for all avian species.

Biomin® BBSH 797 is the trade name for a feed additive containing viable cells of an unnamed bacterium (DSM 11798). The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) produced an opinion on the safety and efficacy of this additive when used with pigs concluding that the additive itself did not raise any safety concern. It was confirmed that the additive could reduce the trichothecene, deoxynivalenol (DON), producing the less toxic de‐epoxy metabolite. The applicant is now seeking authorisation for the use of the additive in feed for all avian species and, since the current authorisation only covers DON, the amending of this authorisation to include all trichothecene mycotoxins. Chickens and turkeys for fattening and laying hens showed no adverse effects when the additive was added to diets at 1000 times the recommended dose. Consequently, the additive is considered safe for these species/categories when used at the recommended dose of 1.7 × 108 colony‐forming units (CFU)/kg complete feed. This conclusion is extended to all avian species. The use of the additive in feed for all avian species is not expected to introduce concerns for consumers, users or the environment not previously considered. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that the inclusion of the additive at the recommended dose of 1.7 × 108 CFU/kg was effective in reducing contaminating DON in feed when given to avian species with a concomitant production of the less toxic de‐epoxy metabolite. The additive was shown to reduce the 12,13‐epoxide group of representative trichothecenes. It would be reasonable to assume a similar reaction with other mycotoxins of the same structural type independent of the animal species or category receiving contaminated feed. The additive is compatible with the coccidiostats monensin sodium, salinomycin sodium, narasin, narasin/nicarbazin, nicarbazin, robenidine hydrochloride and diclazuril.

Safety and efficacy of B‐Act® (Bacillus licheniformis DSM 28710) for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying

The additive B-Act® is a preparation containing viable spores of a strain of Bacillus licheniformis. The additive is intended for use in feed for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying at the proposed dose of 1.6 × 109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg complete feedingstuffs. B. licheniformis is considered by EFSA to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety approach for establishing safety. As the identity of the active agent was established and the lack of toxigenic potential and resistance to antibiotics of human or veterinary clinical significance were demonstrated, the additive is presumed safe for the target species, consumers and the environment. In the absence of data, no conclusion can be drawn on the skin/eye irritation or skin sensitisation potential. The dustiness of the preparations tested indicated a potential for users to be exposed via inhalation. B-Act® should be considered to have the potential to be a respiratory sensitiser. B-Act® at the recommended dose 1.6 × 109 CFU/kg feed has some potential to improve the feed to gain ratio of chickens for fattening. This conclusion can be extended to chickens reared for laying when used at the same dose. B. licheniformis DSM 28710 is compatible with decoquinate, diclazuril, halofuginone, nicarbazin, robenidine hydrochloride, lasalocid A sodium, maduramicin ammonium, monensin sodium, narasin and salinomycin sodium.

Safety and efficacy of Enviva® PRO 202 GT (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PTA‐6507, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NRRL B‐50013 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NRRL B‐50104) for chickens for fattening, chickens reared for laying and minor poultry species for fattening and to point of lay

The additive Enviva® PRO 202 GT is a preparation containing viable spores of three strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The additive is intended for use in feed for chickens for fattening, chickens reared for laying and minor poultry species for fattening and to point of lay at a minimum dose of 30 mg/kg feed, which corresponds to 7.5 × 107 CFU/kg complete feedingstuffs. B. amyloliquefaciens is considered by EFSA to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety approach to establishing safety. As the identity of the active agents was established and the lack of toxigenic potential and of resistance to antibiotics of human or veterinary clinical significance demonstrated, the additive is presumed safe for the target species, consumers and the environment. Enviva® PRO 202 GT is non-irritant to skin and eyes and is not a dermal sensitiser. Given the proteinaceous nature of the additive, there is a potential for respiratory sensitisation, although the risk is low due the low dusting potential. Data from three trials provide evidence that the inclusion of Enviva® PRO 202 GT at the recommended dose has the potential to improve the performance of chickens for fattening. This conclusion extends to the additive when used with chickens reared for laying and is extrapolated to minor avian species for fattening and to point of lay when used at the same dose. The three active agents are compatible with narasin/nicarbazin, maduramicin ammonium, lasalocid A sodium, salinomycin sodium, monensin sodium, diclazuril, robenidine hydrochloride, decoquinate and semduramycin sodium and nicarbazin.

Comparison of fatty acid profile in the chicken meat after feeding with narasin, nicarbazin and salinomycin sodium and phyto-additive substances

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was an experimental investigation and a statistical evaluation of the influence of various additives in feed mixtures of broiler chickens on fatty acids content and their ratio in breast and thigh muscles. First feed additive consisted of narasin, nicarbasin and salinomycin sodium, and other five additives were of phytogenic origin. In vivo experiment was realized on the poultry experimental station with deep litter breeding system. A total of 300 one-day-old hybrid chickens Cobb 500 divided into six groups were used for the experiment. The experimental period was divided into four phases, i.e. Starter, Grower 1, Grower 2 and Final, according to the application of commercial feed mixture of soy cereal type. Additive substances used in feed mixtures were different for each group. Basic feed mixtures were equal for all groups. Fatty acid profile of breast and thigh muscles was measured by the method of FT IR Nicolet 6700. Investigated additive substances in the feed mixtures did not have statistically significant effect on fatty acid content and omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio in breast and thigh muscles. Strong statistically significant relation between omega-6 PUFAs and total PUFAs were proved by experiment. A relation between omega-3 PUFAs and total PUFAs was found only in the group with Biocitro additive.

In vivo screening of four phytochemicals/extracts and a fungal immunomodulatory protein against an Eimeria acervulina infection in broilers

Background: Besides the anticoccidial drug resistance problem, increasing consumer concerns about food safety and residues have propelled the quest for alternative prevention and control strategies amongst which phytotherapy has gained appeal due to a renewed interest in natural medicine.Objective: The objective was in vivo screening of four phytochemicals/extracts and a fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP) against an Eimeria acervulina infection in broilers.Animals and methods: Four phytochemicals/extracts (extract from Echinacea purpurea, betaine (Betain™), curcumin, carvacrol (two different doses)), and a recombinant FIP from Ganoderma lucidum cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli were investigated for their anticoccidial potential. The experiment was conducted in a battery cage trial with 54 cages of eight birds each. Broilers infected with E. acervulina (a low and high infection dose of 104 and 105 sporulated oocysts, respectively) and treated with the phytochemicals/extracts or the FIP were compared with broilers treated with the anticoccidial salinomycin sodium (Sacox®) and with an untreated uninfected and an untreated infected control group. Coccidiosis lesion scores, body weight gains and oocyst shedding were used as parameters.Results: The results showed a coccidiosis infection dose effect on the mean coccidiosis lesion scores. The phytochemicals/extracts and the FIP failed to reduce coccidiosis lesion scores and oocyst shedding, while salinomycin efficiently controlled the E. acervulina infection and enabled significantly higher body weight gains.Conclusion: In conclusion, the selected phytochemicals/extracts and the FIP did not reduce the lesions of an experimentally induced E. acervulina infection.

Trace Level Determination of Polyether Ionophores in Feed

A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric method was developed and validated to determine six polyether ionophores (lasalocid sodium, monensin sodium, salinomycin sodium, narasin, maduramicin ammonium alpha, and semduramicin sodium) in feed samples. The method developed was very straightforward, involving extraction with 84% acetonitrile of the coccidiostats from the feed samples and filtration of the raw extract prior to chromatographic analysis. Method validation included the determination of selectivity, linearity, specificity, repeatability, the limit of detection, limit of quantification, decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ), and recovery. Feed samples from the Finnish national feed control programme and suspected carry-over samples from a feed manufacturer were analysed in parallel with an existing liquid chromatography method coupled with ultraviolet detection. All feed control samples were negative in LC-UV, but with the developed MS method, monensin, salinomycin, and narasin were detected at concentrations of <0.025–0.73 mg/kg, <0.025–0.027 mg/kg, and <0.025–1.6 mg/kg, respectively. In suspected carry-over samples after an output of 2.0 tonnes of unmedicated feed in the pelletizer line, the concentrations of monensin, salinomycin, and narasin varied from undetected to 16 mg/kg. In the mixer line, after 3.2 tonnes of unmedicated feed output, the concentrations of monensin, salinomycin, and narasin varied from undetected to 2.4 mg/kg.

English

A concern about enhancing the natural defense mechanisms of animals and reducing the massive use of antibiotics led to the banning of studies in this field. So, this research was done to investigate the effect of butyric acid glycerides and salinomycin sodium on the performance of the broiler chickens (strain Ross 308). A total of 800 chickens were reared for 42 days. A 3 factor statistical design was conducted with 4 replicates, and each factor contained 2 levels (25 broilers in each pen). The factors were butyric acid glycerides (0 and 0.3% of diet), salinomycin sodium - an anticoccidial drug (0 and 0.5% of diet) - and litter moisture (normal litter with average moisture of 35% and wet litter with average moisture of 75%). Data were collected and analyzed by SAS with GLM procedure. The results showed that butyric acid glycerides had no significant effect on feed intake. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by the mentioned factors. The effect of the treatments on the number of Eimeria oocytes excreta in the second and fourth week of breeding and feed intake were significant (p&lt;0.05). Diet acidification with butyric acid glycerides caused an increase in ash, calcium and phosphorus of the chicken tibia, but this increase was not significant (p&gt;0.05). Considering the result of this experiment, the use of butyric acid glycerides and salinomycin sodium in the aforementioned levels had no positive effect on the performance of broiler chickens (p&gt;0.05). &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Butyric acid glycerides, salinomycin sodium, ross, performance and broilers.

Sorption and desorption of salinomycin sodium in clay, loamy sand, and sandy soils

Salinomycin sodium (BIO-COX) is polyether ionophore, commonly used in the poultry industries for the prevention of coccidial infections and promotion of growth. Salinomycin sodium (SAL-Na) is very toxic, and may be fatal, if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin than many other antibiotics, thus evaluating their fate in the soil environment is of importance. Sorption of SAL-Na was measured in clay, loamy sand, and sandy soil at different pH 4, 7, and 9, and desorption with phosphate buffer (pH 7) using batch equilibration technique. SAL-Na was sorbed by all the soils studied, the sorption of SAL-Na by the sandy soil increased as the pH decreased, while the sorption of salinomycin in clay and loamy sand soil increased as the pH increased. Desorption of salinomycin from the soil with phosphate buffer (pH 7) over the 24 h period was 80-95% of the amount added. The similar trend was observed in desorption with pH 4, 7 and at different concentrations and slight less desorption was observed in pH 9. When compared to clay and loamy sand soil, sandy soil was recorded maximum (95%) desorption.

English

&nbsp; A worldwide concern about&nbsp;the&nbsp;development of antimicrobial resistance led to&nbsp;thebanning of the use of antibiotics as growth promoters. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of butyric acid glycerides and salinomycin sodium on serum lipids and carcass characteristics in Ross 308 broiler chickens.&nbsp;800&nbsp;broiler chickens were raised for 42 days. The experiment was conducted in a 2 &times; 2 &times; 2 factorial design with 4 replicates of 25 broilers each. The experimental factors were butyric acid glycerides in two levels (0 and 0.3% of the diet), salinomycin sodium- an anticoccidial drug in two levels (0 and 0.5% of the diet) and litter moisture in two levels (normal litter with average moisture of 35% and wet litter with average moisture of 75%). The level serum cholesterol decreased at 14 and 35 days of age, but this reduction was only significant at 35 days of age (p&lt;0.05). The use of butyric acid glycerides in diet caused a significant increase in blood triglycerides at 14 days of age (p&lt;0.05). The effect of the experimental treatments on carcass percentage, thigh, abdominal fat, pregastric and gizzard, pancreas and intestine were significant (p&lt;0.05). Using butyric acid glycerides caused a significant increase in carcass percentage and a significant reduction in intestine weight (p&lt;0.05). Salinomycin sodium caused a significant increase in carcass percentage and a significant reduction in the percentage of pregastric and gizzard, and also pancreas (p&lt;0.05). &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Butyric acid glycerides, salinomycin sodium, Ross, carcass, broiler chickens.

A comparison study of the cytotoxicity of salinomycin and salinomycin sodium toward human breast cancer stem cells as well as breast cancer cells

A comparison study of the cytotoxicity of salinomycin and salinomycin sodium toward human breast cancer stem cells as well as breast cancer cells

Scientific Opinion on the modification to the formulation of GalliPro® and compatibility with formic acid

EFSA JournalVolume 9, Issue 3 2112 OpinionOpen Access Scientific Opinion on the modification to the formulation of GalliPro® and compatibility with formic acid EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP)Search for more papers by this author EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP)Search for more papers by this author First published: 29 March 2011 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2112Citations: 2 Panel members: Gabriele Aquilina, Georges Bories, Andrew Chesson, Pier Sandro Cocconcelli, Joop de Knecht, Noël Albert Dierick, Mikolaj Antoni Gralak, Jürgen Gropp, Ingrid Halle, Reinhard Kroker, Lubomir Leng, Anne-Katrine Lundebye Haldorsen, Alberto Mantovani, Miklós Mézes, Derek Renshaw and Maria Saarela Correspondence: feedap@efsa.europa.eu Acknowledgement: The Panel wishes to thank the members of the Working Group on Micro-organisms, including Guido Rychen, for the preparatory work on this scientific opinion. Adoption date: 15 March 2011 Published date: 29 March 2011 Question number: EFSA-Q-2010-01151 On request from: European Commission AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2006. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substance used in Animal Feed on the microbiological product “035”, a preparation of Bacillus subtilis DSM 17299 as a feed additive for chickens for fattening in accordance with Regulation (EC) 1831/2003. EFSA Journal (2006) 406, 1– 11 www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/406.htm. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2007. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the compatibility of the microbial product 035, a preparation of Bacillus subtilis, with lasalocid sodium, maduramycin ammonium, monensin sodium, narasin, salinomycin sodium and semduramycin sodium. EFSA Journal (2007) 575, 1– 7 www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/575.htm. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2008. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the compatibility of the microbial product 035 (Bacillus subtilis) with decoquinate and narasin/nicarbazin. EFSA Journal (2008) 840, 1– 7 www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/840.htm. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) on a request from the European Commission on the compatibility of the microbial products 035 (Bacillus subtilis) with lasalocid sodium, maduramycin ammomium, monensin sodium, narasin, salinomycin sodium and semduramycin sodium. RFSA Journal (2009) 1096, 1– 7 www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/1096.htm. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2010a. EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP); Scientific Opinion on the compatibility of the microbial product 035 (Bacillus subtilis) with lasalocid sodium, maduramycin ammonium, monensin sodium, narasin, salinomycin sodium and semduramycin sodium. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(3): 1552. [7 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1552. www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/1552.htm. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2010b. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ); Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2010 update. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(12):1944. [ 56 pp.] doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1944. www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1944.htm. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011. EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP); Scientific Opinion on the compatibility of BioPlus$ 2B (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) with semduramycin and formic acid in turkeys for fattening. EFSA Journal 2011; 9(1):1953. [ 7 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1953. www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1953.htm. Citing Literature Volume9, Issue3March 20112112 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Determination of ionophore coccidiostats in feeding stuffs by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Part II. Application to cross-contamination levels and non-targeted feed

A fit to purpose multi-analyte method for the official control of six coccidiostats (monensin sodium, salinomycin sodium, narasin, lasalocid sodium, semduramicin sodium and maduramicin ammonium alpha) at cross-contamination concentration levels in poultry, cattle, pig and calf compound feed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) has been developed and in-house validated. The corresponding maximum levels have been recently introduced by European legislation. The method developed involved a simple extraction of the coccidiostats from the feed samples followed by centrifugation and filtration of the supernatants for all matrices. For calf feed an additional de-fattening step of the filtrated supernatants with n-hexane was necessary. The resulting supernatants were submitted to chromatographic analysis. The analytes were quantified by a modified approach of the standard additions technique applied to the extracts, hence allowing a workload comparable to matrix-matched standard calibration curves. A further simplification of this technique was reached by applying the same addition levels of the target analytes for different concentration ranging from 0.5× maximum level up to 2.5× maximum level (universal approach). The concentration independent intermediate precision expressed in terms of relative standard deviation varied between 3 and 12% (except for maduramicin ammonium alpha and semduramicin sodium up to 21%) and the recovery rates ranged from 80 to 111%, depending on the target analyte and matrix. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were different for the various analyte/matrix/instrument combinations but all LOQs were in the 0.01–0.65 mg kg −1 range, hence well below the target concentrations of each analyte. Based on the obtained method performance characteristics the method is considered fit for the intended purpose.

Multi-residue method for detecting coccidiostats at carry-over level in feed by HPLC–MS/MS

A multi-residue HPLC–ESI–MS/MS method has been developed for the simultaneous extraction, detection and confirmation of the 11 coccidiostats referenced by Regulation 2009/8/EC (lasalocid sodium, narasin, salinomycin sodium, monensin sodium, semduramicin sodium, maduramicin ammonium alpha, robenidine hydrochloride, decoquinate, halofuginone hydrobromide, nicarbazin, and diclazuril) in feedstuffs at carry-over level. The sensitivity of the method allows quantification and confirmation for all coccidiostats below target concentration. The method was in-house validated and meets all criteria of European legislation (2002/657/EC). The precision of the method was determined under repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility conditions; RSDr and RSDR were below the maximum permitted values for every tested concentration. The specificity was checked by analysing representative blank samples and blank samples fortified with potentially interfering substances (benzimidazoles, corticosteroides, triphenylmethane dyes, quinolones, nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles, phenicols); no interference were found. Concerning quantification, a quadratic regression model was fitted to every calibration curve with a regression coefficient r 2 above 0.99 on each data set. Finally, the expanded uncertainty U was calculated with data obtained within the laboratory while applying the method during validation and in routine tests.

Anticoccidial activity of Curcuma longa L. in broilers

Comparative efficacy of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) crude powder and salinomycin sodium on the occurrence of coccidiosis and growth performance of broiler was evaluated. A total of 90, day-old chicks were randomly divided into six groups. From first day onward, ration was supplemented with 1, 2 and 3 % turmeric powder in groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively, group 1 received salinomycin sodium @ 12 g 50 kg-1 feed while groups 5 and 6 were kept as infected un-medicated and uninfected un-medicated controls. First five groups were infected with Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts @ 1,00,000/chick at the age of 20 days. Body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio were investigated throughout the experimental period, and bloody diarrhea and oocysts excretions were investigated at the first and the second week after infection. Maximum coccidiostatic effect was observed with turmeric (3%) showing mild bloody diarrhea as compared to other infected groups receiving turmeric containing rations. This effect was comparable with a standard coccidiostat i.e., salinomycin sodium. Similarly, the weight gain in the groups treated with salinomycin sodium (2280g) and 3% turmeric (2293g) were also significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of infected control group (1955g). In the groups treated with ration supplemented with 3% turmeric powder and salinomycin sodium, the peak excretion of oocysts was delayed about 1 or 2 days relative to the control infected group. Concentration-dependent coccidiostatic effect of turmeric suggested that further studies should be carried out to determine the possible maximum safe levels of turmeric with least toxic effects to be used as coccidiostat.

D-Xylose absorption test: A tool for the assessment of the effect of anticoccidials on the intestinal absorptive capacity of broilers during experimental coccidiosis

Coccidiosis in chickens causes intestinal mucosal lesions and disrupts its integrity leading to a disturbance in absorption of dietary components. The d-xylose absorption test is a sensitive tool of measuring the absorption capacity of the intestine in diseased chickens. In an experiment on broilers, the influence of different anticoccidials on the intestinal absorption capacity of the birds challenged with experimental coccidiosis was evaluated, using the d-xylose absorption test. The experiment had 5 groups of 10 Ross male broiler chickens (24-days-old) as follows: Group 1— negative control received no Eimeria oocystes, Group 2—positive control challenged with mixed Eimeria oocystes, Group 3—positive control dosed with an attenuated oral coccidiosis vaccine, Group 4—positive control dosed with 25 ppm toltrazuril in drinking water and Group 5—positive control received 66 ppm salinomycin sodium, in the diet. The d-xylose absorption test was carried out 5 days after the coccidial infection. Results showed that coccidiosis highly reduced the plasma d-xylose peak level of Group 2 when compared with Group 1 (31 mg/dl at 90 min versus 50 mg/dl at 30–60 min after the d-xylose administration, respectively). The concentration of d-xylose followed cubic ( P<0.001, r 2 = 0.886) and quadratic ( P<0.001, r 2 = 0.686) correlations with time in Group 1 and 2, respectively. Anticoccidials enhanced the uptake of d-xylose in the infected birds. The plasma d-xylose reached to its peak in Group 3, 4, and 5 (38.9, 50 and 47.0 mg/dl, respectively) at 60–90 min after the d-xylose administration and had quadratic functions with time ( r 2 = 0.802, 0.883 and 0.860, respectively, P<0.001). The d-xylose absorption test was a sensitive test for evaluating the influence of anticoccidials on the absorption capacity of intestinal mucosae during coccidiosis in broiler chickens.

Chromatographic analysis of banned antibacterial growth promoters in animal feed

The issue of antimicrobial use in animals used as food is of global concern. Antimicrobials are used in animal agriculture to improve health and welfare of animals, meat quality, the economic efficiency of growth and production and public health by decreasing shedding of zoonotic pathogens. However, large quantities are often used without professional supervision. The growth-promotant (now reclassified as zootechnical feed additives) effect of low levels of antibiotics in animal feeds was first described in the late 1940s. Already in 1969 the Swann Committee recommended that use of antibiotics as a supplement in animal feedstuff should be restricted to those with little or no application as therapeutic agents for humans and animals, which would not impair the efficacy of therapeutic antibiotics through the development of resistant strains of organisms. Antimicrobials like avoparcin, ardacin, zinc bacitracin, virginiamycin, tylosin, spriramycin, carbadox and olaquindox were withdrawn within the period 1997-1999. Four others (monensin sodium, salinomycin sodium, avilamycin and flavophospholipol) were still permitted for use as growth promoters in animal feed to animals marketed in the European Union (EU). Since January 2006, they have been banned as well. This review focuses on the analytical methods developed to be an effective tool for monitoring compliance with the ban.