Salient Role Research Articles

Owner-manager when death do us part – roles of a widow in sudden succession in family firms

PurposeThis study sheds light on a hitherto understudied group in family business literature: widows. We explore the roles a widow may take following the unexpected death of her owner-manager spouse when she had no salient role in the business prior to the death.Design/methodology/approachWe used a qualitative approach to research, to study inductively the roles considered and taken by three widows who unexpectedly succeeded as owners of Swedish privately held family firms. We conducted semi-structured interviews with widows and children in top management.FindingsWe construct a typology of four main roles a widow can take and analyse the underlying dimensions that they represent. We also analyse to which extent the choice of role widow can be explained by psychological ownership and double-loss theory. The typology can be used as a tool for family business owners and their advisors as the basis of an open and non-prejudiced discussion of the choices available to a widow.Originality/valueWe have investigated the factors that influence a widow's decision whether to take over the business or not, as suggested in previous research by, for example, Martinez et al. (2009). We explore the roles a widow can consider and adopt. The study advances our understanding of how businesses can remain as family firms also in the event of the unexpected death of an owner-manager (De Massis et al., 2008). We hereby contribute to the literature on sudden successions and on women in family businesses.

Probing the interaction of iminium form of sanguinarine with human salivary α-amylase by multi-spectroscopic techniques and molecular docking

Human salivary α-Amylase (HSAmy) non-catalytic but cellular interaction with sanguinarine (SG), a bioalkaloid with a high therapeutic promise, was sought through multiple spectroscopic approaches and molecular docking under simulated salivary physiological conditions. The formation of the stable HSAmy-sanguinarine complex was from a coalesce of static and dynamic fluorescence quenching mechanisms. The enzyme has one binding site for sanguinarine ( iminium form) with a binding constant (Ka) of 1.14 × 104 L·mol−1 at 25° C. The values of enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) were found to be 7.46 kJ mol−1 and 102.68 J·mol−1 K−1, respectively at pH 6.4. This indicated that the formation of the HSAmy-sanguinarine complex was an endothermic reaction and entropy-driven process, consequently perturbing the enzyme secondary and tertiary structures. HSAmy intrinsic surface hydrophobicity was also traded-off for the stabilization of the complex formation. The spontaneous interaction was predominantly characterized by hydrophobic (π → π) bonding. Sanguinarine (iminium) prefentially and prudentially binds, with high energy of −9.5 kcal/mol, to the HSAmy active site. The salient role of HSAmy as a reluctant surrogate payload for sanguinarine (iminium) is undeniable, but the interaction has greater pharmcological significance in sugar regulation and HSAmy linked oral health challenges.

Stressful Experiences in University Predict Non-suicidal Self-Injury Through Emotional Reactivity.

Theoretical perspectives on non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI; direct and deliberate self-injury without lethal intent such as self-cutting or hitting) have long underscored the affective regulating properties of NSSI. Less attention has been given to the processes through which individuals choose to engage in NSSI, specifically, to regulate their distress. In the present study, we tested one theoretical model in which recent stressful experiences facilitates NSSI through emotional reactivity. Further, we tested whether the indirect link between stressful experiences and NSSI was moderated by several NSSI specific risk factors (e.g., having friends who engage in NSSI). Given the widespread prevalence of NSSI among community-based samples of adolescents and emerging adults, we surveyed 1,125 emerging adults in first-year university at a large academic institution (72% female, Mage = 17.96, 25% with a recent history of NSSI at Time 1). Participants completed an online survey three times (assessments were 4 months apart), reporting on their recent stressful experiences in university, emotional reactivity, NSSI, as well as three NSSI specific risk factors (i.e., close friend engagement in NSSI, high self-disgust, and low fear of pain). As expected, path analysis revealed that there was a significant indirect effect of recent stressful experiences on NSSI engagement, through emotional reactivity. However, this effect was maintained across moderator analyses. These novel findings underscore the salient role of proximally occurring stressors in the prediction of NSSI among emerging adults in university, and can inform developing theoretical perspectives on NSSI.

The Effectiveness of English Literature in Inculcating Civic Education Principles among Saudi Learners from Mental Model Perspective

This study critically investigates the effectiveness of English literature in inculcating civic education principles among Saudi learners from a mental model perspective. The study entails the role of literature in formulating an ideal citizen and shaping positive perception towards Saudi Arabia and the globe. Citing to Saudi Arabia where English has been taught in different educational institutions as a mandatory subject, teaching English literature becomes a core course which involves language input from language learning enrichment perspective. This study aims at accentuating the significant role of literature in inculcating civic education principles and constructing a positive mental model which involves a positive perception of the globe. The researchers propose that English literature plays a salient role in creating cogent constructive consciousness among Saudi learners who are targeted to positively participate in sustainable development in Saudi Arabia. The study is based on a descriptive analytical approach employing qualitative methodology. The researchers use close reading and configurative reading as a tool for data collection. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of literature in constructing civic education aiming at building the good behavior of citizens and making them active participants in the sustainable development of Saudi Arabia. This study will hopefully help Saudi educators and education policymakers understand the significance of studying English literature in developing patriotism sense and ethical conception, which help individuals present themselves as a good citizen. In addition, studying literature can be a source of linguistic input for students, intercultural enrichment source, horizon-broadening factor and it is a valuable source for learners' motivation. The major findings of the study have revealed that English literature enriches civility awareness and intercultural comprehension. Moreover, it broadens Saudi learner's horizons and sensitivity.

Revisiting the salt-triggered self-assembly in very hydrophilic triblock copolymer Pluronic® F88 using multitechnique approach

An insight scrutiny into the micellization behavior of a linear triblock copolymer Pluronic® F88 in aqueous potassium chloride (KCl) solutions is put forth through various physicochemical techniques, viz. cloud point, tensiometric, microcalorimetry, fluorescence life-time decay, spectral, and scattering. Phase transitions of 5% w/v F88 in KCl electrolyte environment demonstrated the dehydration of copolymer coil; a decrease in the micellization temperature with increase in [KCl] due to salting out effect was configured with high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HSDSC) and fluorescence spectroscopy conduct. Salting out effect exhibited by PEO and PPO blocks of F88 in the presence of KCl was measured by the variations in the bond stretching, intensity of vibrations, and change in chemical shifts using spectral (Fourier-transfer infrared (FT-IR) and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy) techniques. The micellization that followed the double-relaxation process is further validated, employing ultrasonic absorption spectroscopy. The plausible unimers to spherical micelles transition induced by KCl are confirmed with the measured hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of micelles using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Furthermore, UV-vis spectroscopy findings depicted the successive solubilization of water-insoluble organic dye (orange-OT) in the examined micellar solution which revealed the salient role of salt-water interaction in emboldening the micellization of F88.

Homicide and the Internet.

The Internet and social media have grown increasingly relevant in homicide cases in recent years. Although several recent studies have analyzed the relationship between homicide and the Internet, there is a dearth of rigorous scientific research on the subject to date. Although a statistically rare event, Internet-related homicide may be increasing, and forensic mental health professionals may experience growing demand for consultations in cases where the Internet and social media play a salient role. Understanding some of the ways in which homicide perpetrators have used the Internet can help to inform case formulation and threat assessments in these cases. This article reviews several key themes, including the use of the Internet as a source of information in the commission of homicide, its use to target victims, the spread of self-publishing and multimedia sharing, conflict escalation through social media, and the threat posed by Internet extremist communities. Finally, suggestions are made to help inform future research regarding the relationship between homicide and the Internet.

Through Him and With Him? A Longitudinal Study of How God-Mediated Control Beliefs Shape the Relationship between Divine Forgiveness and Physical Health in Later Life.

Objectives: While there has been a recent surge in research on forgiveness and health, much less is known about the relationship between divine forgiveness and health. Methods: Using longitudinal data from the 2001-2004 Religion, Aging, and Health Survey from the United States, the current study assesses how changes in beliefs in God-mediated control, a perceived collaborative relationship with a divine power, affect the association between divine forgiveness and physical health among Christian older adults. Results: Older adults with consistently high beliefs in God-mediated control over the study period received stronger health benefits of divine forgiveness. Forgiveness by God also had a stronger relationship with health compared to forgiveness of self and others. Discussion: The findings underscore the importance of subjective beliefs about God. Future research directions are proposed to advance the study of religion and health in later life by conceiving of a more salient role for divine forgiveness.

Mourning the Nightingale’s Song: The Audibility of Networked Performances in Protests and Funerals of the Arab Revolutions

Given the salient role of embodied tactics in contemporary networked protests in performance, in this essay I listen for how the embodied sonic praxis of protests during the Arab revolutions translates into the audio, visual, and text modalities of digital media. I propose audibility, or the appearance and perceptibility of sound objects, as that which translates the “live” sound that occurs in physical spaces into representational spaces, and, in so doing, alters the temporality and spatiality of the sonic experience. Interrogating who and what are rendered audible as part of the political contestations that drive protest actions, I demonstrate how audibility is a technological condition, sensory force, and social process through which affective publics emerge in networked spaces. I begin with social media posts from the first months of non-violent protest actions in 2011, in Egypt and Syria, analyzing the translation of sonic objects into written texts that narrativize the subjects and spaces of the Arab revolutions. I then shift to the sonic praxis of revolutionary mourning in a discussion of the audibility of the crowd in footage of protest funerals that reclaimed martyrs of the Syrian revolution in 2018 and 2019, interrogating how the sounds of the crowd enable the mythologization of the martyrs’ bodies and help mobilize the cause for which they died. Both approaches to audibility – as expressing voice and documenting sounds – underscore how audibility, I argue, is crucial for understanding the affect-rich intensities that drive networked protest performances, and that forge political possibilities as imaginable, sensible, and perceptible.

NiO nanostructures based functional none-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive determination of endosulfan in vegetables

In an effort to develop a rapid, sensitive and improved electrochemical sensing approach for the selective oxidation of endosulfan, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) were anchored on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The fabrication of NPs was accomplished via aqueous chemical growth method and subjected to different analytical tools for the determination of surface characteristics, crystallinity and elemental composition. The XRD and FESEM reveal a high crystallinity and nano seeds like morphology for the synthesized NPs with the average size of 22 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) approaches were exploited for the investigation of electrochemical behaviour of modified electrode labelled as (NiO/GCE). A significantly enhanced response of NiO/GCE for the determination of endosulfan manifested the salient role of the developed sensor in facilitating the charge transfer mechanism between the electrode’s surface and the analyte. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was utilized to quantify the amount of endosulfan. The certain parameters were optimized for the fluent determination process of endosulfan such as phosphate buffer of pH 7, scan rate 80 mV/s and potential range from − 0.6 to 0.8. The DPV (Ipa) response was linear over 0.05–25 µM range with the limit of detection of 0.17 nM and limit of quantification 0.51 nM respectively. The applicability of proposed sensor was investigated in real vegetable samples that showed acceptable percent recoveries for tomato and spinach samples which were calculated to be 94, 91, 87.3% and 98, 103, 100.2% respectively.

Spontaneous Biliary Pericardial Tamponade: A Case Report and Literature Review

Background Biliary pericardial tamponade (BPT) is a rare form of pericardial tamponade, characterized by yellowish-greenish pericardial fluid upon pericardiocentesis. Historically, BPT reported to occur in the setting of an associated pericardiobiliary fistula. However, BPT in the absence of a detectable fistula is extremely rare.Learning objective A biliary pericardial tamponade is a rare form of tamponade warranting a prompt workup (e.g., MRCP or HIDA scan) for a potential fistula between the biliary system and the pericardial space. A pericardio-biliary fistula can be iatrogenic or traumatic. People with a history of chest wall trauma, abdominal surgery, or chest surgery are at increased risk. The use of HIDA scanning plays a salient role in effectively surveilling for the presence of a fistula – especially when MRCP is contraindicated.Case Presentation A 75-year-old Hispanic male presenting with dyspnea and diagnosed with cardiac tamponade is the subject of the study. Subsequent pericardiocentesis revealed biliary pericardial fluid (bilirubin of 7.6 mg/dl). The patient underwent extensive workup to identify a potential fistula between the hepatobiliary system and the pericardial space, which was non-revealing. The mechanism of bile entry into the pericardial space remains to be unidentified.Literature Review A total of six previously published BPT were identified: all were males, with a mean age of 53.3 years (range: 31-73). Mortality was reported in two out of the six cases. The underlying etiology for pericardial tamponade varied across the cases: incidental pericardio-biliary fistula, traumatic pericardial injury, and presence of associated malignancy. -Conclusion Biliary pericardial tamponade is a rare form of tamponade that warrants a prompt workup (e.g., Hepatobiliary Iminodiacetic Acid – HIDA scan) for an iatrogenic vs. traumatic pericardio-biliary fistula. As a first case in the literature, our case exhibits a biliary tamponade in the absence of an identifiable fistula.

Humanizing Pedagogy: Minimizing Negative Teacher Talking Time on the Teaching of English Language as a Foreign Language

The study aims at studying minimizing negative teacher talking time as a tool of humanizing teaching English language as foreign language in Saudi Arabia context. The study accentuates the variety conceptual perspective of teaching talking time and its main causes. The study is based on quasi-experiment method and 50 students were divided into two groups; one group taught through minimizing teacher talking time and maximizing student teacher talking time interactively, whereas, the other group is taught deductively. The study found out that minimizing teacher talking time and maximizing student’s time talking time enhance humanization sense of learning English language among Saudi learners and it promotes interactive motivational sense among the learners. The experimental group students’ outcomes revealed positive gains through maximizing student talking time and positive interactive English practice in English classroom. This study is one of the forerunner studies which play a salient role in shed lighting on the importance of humanizing teaching English in Saudi Arabia context through minimizing teacher talking time. The study recommends that teaching English language should be based on learner centeredness relying on minimizing negative teacher talking time and maximizing student talking time through using pedagogic techniques and strategies. Keywords: Teacher talking time, negative teacher talking time, positive teacher talking time efficiency, humanization . DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/77-07 Publication date: March 31 st 2021

GEOGRAPHICAL DIMENSIONS TO GLOBAL OCEANS GOVERNANCE

abstract The global ocean dominates the world spatially. While there is growing understanding that these vast marine spaces are more valuable than ever, there is also mounting concern over escalating threats to the marine environment and vulnerable ecosystems. Governance of the oceans is both inherently and increasingly geographical in character, illustrated here through consideration of the zonal system of maritime jurisdiction, the definition of baselines along the coast, delineation of the outer limits of maritime zones and delimitation of maritime boundaries. In response to the increasing diversity and intensity of activities and uses of the ocean, a variety of geospatial management approaches are being applied. Geography and geographers will therefore have a salient role to play in present and future global oceans governance.

Identification of Thermal Conduits That Link the Protein-Water Interface to the Active Site Loop and Catalytic Base in Enolase.

We report here on the salient role of protein mobility in accessing conformational landscapes that enable efficient enzyme catalysis. We are focused on yeast enolase, a highly conserved lyase with a TIM barrel domain and catalytic loop, as part of a larger study of the relationship of site selective protein motions to chemical reactivity within superfamilies. Enthalpically hindered variants were developed by replacement of a conserved hydrophobic side chain (Leu 343) with smaller side chains. Leu343 is proximal to the active site base in enolase, and comparative pH rate profiles for the valine and alanine variants indicate a role for side chain hydrophobicity in tuning the pKa of the catalytic base. However, the magnitude of a substrate deuterium isotope effect is almost identical for wild-type (WT) and Leu343Ala, supporting an unchanged rate-determining proton abstraction step. The introduced hydrophobic side chains at position 343 lead to a discontinuous break in both activity and activation energy as a function of side chain volume. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) experiments were performed as a function of time and temperature for WT and Leu343Ala, and provide a spatially resolved map of changes in protein flexibility following mutation. Impacts on protein flexibility are localized to specific networks that arise at the protein-solvent interface and terminate in a loop that has been shown by X-ray crystallography to close over the active site. These interrelated effects are discussed in the context of long-range, solvent-accessible and thermally activated networks that play key roles in tuning the precise distances and interactions among reactants.

UNDERSTANDING THE BURNING OF HETEROGENEOUS SOLID PROPELLANTS THROUGH MESOSCALE MODELING

Heterogeneous solid propellants are widely used in the rocket industry. They consist of oxidizer particles embedded in a polymeric binder. The combustion and ignition of such propellants remain poorly understood, partly because they are complex and driven by physical mechanisms occurring at the micrometer scale. This paper gives an overview of some recent achievements in understanding the physics of propellant burning using mesoscale direct simulations. In this modeling, the propellant microstructure is explicitly modeled, and basic governing equations (reactive Navier-Stokes equations) are solved in three dimensions at the subparticle level. Most present findings suggest a salient role of propellant microstructure. This is the case for steady combustion where the orientation of particles (assumed as spheroids) has a strong impact on burn rate, while particle shape has a more limited effect. Ignition can also be addressed; it is found that ignition physics is strongly related to particles on the surface, like flame spreading from ignited particles. Mesoscale simulations can be part of a more general multiscale strategy applied to real motors. Two applications are discussed: the first is related to the effects of the grain manufacturing process on burning rate, and the second focuses on how local small-scale burning fluctuations above the propellant surface can trigger flow instabilities in a motor. This strengthens the interest of mesoscale modeling, both for understanding physics and predicting actual systems.

The role of passion for sport in college student-athletes’ motivation and effort in academics and athletics

This study connected the dualistic model of passion and self-determination theory to examine the motivational determinants of student-athlete perceived efforts within- and across- athletic and academic domains. College student-athletes completed questionnaires measuring passion for sport as well as psychological needs (competence, choice, and relatedness), autonomous motivation (intrinsic motivation, identity, and perceived value), and effort in athletics and academics. Results showed that athletic effort was regulated through interest in sport; whereas academic effort was regulated through academic identity and the perceived value of classes. Across-domain relationships emerged between athletic identity and academic effort and between perceived academic value and sport effort. Results revealed a salient role of harmonious passion for sport in psychological needs and autonomous motivation, both within- and across-domains. Obsessive passion for sport was advantageous to athletic identity and perceived sport value, but detrimental to perceived choice of major. Taken together, findings highlight the importance of considering cross-domain spillover effects in student-athletes’ motivation and effort.

Peacebuilding through the Lens of an Emancipatory Peacebuilding Paradigm

Critical and Emancipatory Theory (CET) of peacebuilding emerged as the sixth school of thought in Peace and Conflict Studies to critique the liberal and neoliberal approaches to peacebuilding. CET contends that liberal and neoliberal approaches to peacebuilding are discriminatory and biased, perpetrates the interest of Western elites, hinders the achievement of social justice, and considers the local as insignificant for peacebuilding. A call for the reformation of the liberal and neoliberal approaches necessitated the CET school of thought to outline certain principles and guidelines that could guide the practice of peace-building. Different methodologies, intervention strategies, principles and approaches that could guide praxis have therefore been advanced by scholars, researchers, and practitioners. This paper therefore examines and reflects on the multiplex methodologies in peacebuilding, the adoption of a multidisciplinary approach to understanding peace and peacebuilding, and the question of intervention in post-war peacebuilding, the principles that guide the implementation of peacebuilding from the lens of Critical and Emancipatory school of thought. This piece contend that CET approach may not be self-sufficient but would be the most appropriate way to decentralize the peacebuilding process and, as such, local or indigenous peacebuilding processes must be encouraged while acknowledging the salient role of the international community as well.

IOT Based Monitoring and Management of Smart Building in Real Time

The world has twirled into global village due to the modish technologies. The human living grades have substantially increased and technologies like IoT (Internet of Things) have played a salient role in modern epoch. This modern era has called for advanced upheaval of smart building. These popular smart buildings have been fabricated to reduce the energy fatigue. Many novel technologies have been introduced to meet the energy utilization. These buildings possess the advantages of environmental changes to make the system energy efficient and dependable. In this era commercial buildings has obliged us for friendly usage, comfort and energy efficient system. IOT is one answer to all queries. IoT can fulfill all requirements in organic manner. To revolutionize these buildings large network system of connectors like Wi-Fi, IP protocol, web server, software programming, android applications, Power over Ethernet, PCB designing and Microcontroller in sake to instrument IOT based Smart building. Although there are many challenges to IoT like privacy, Internet Walls, Clouds attacks, cyber issues and scarcity of fully developed applications. This paper reviews the controlling of smart building appliances and security surveillance in real time and also some challenges attached to it. Particularly shall focus on wastage of energy. Paper highlights how smart building earns the supremacy of being energy efficient and adjustable to environment changes.

Minority Student and Teaching Assistant Interactions in Stem

Graduate student teaching assistants from underrepresented groups may provide salient role models and enhanced instruction to minority students in STEM fields. We explore minority student-TA interactions in an important course in the sciences and STEM – introductory chemistry labs – at a large public university. The uncommon assignment method of students to TA instructors in these chemistry labs overcomes selection problems, and the small and active learning classroom setting with required attendance provides frequent interactions with the TA. We find evidence that underrepresented minority students are less likely to drop courses and are more likely to pass courses when assigned to minority TAs, but we do not find evidence of effects for grades and medium-term outcomes. The effects for the first-order outcomes are large with a decrease in the drop rate by 5.5 percentage points on a base of 6 percent, and an increase in the pass rate of 4.8 percentage points on a base of 93.6 percent. The findings are similar when we focus on Latinx student - Latinx TA interactions. The findings are robust to first-time vs. multiple enrollments in labs, specifications with different levels of fixed effects, limited choice of TA race, limited information of TAs, and low registration priority students. The findings have implications for debates over increasing diversity among PhD students in STEM fields because of spillovers to minority undergraduates. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Egy elfeledett Szent István király-falképciklus. •

Tradition had it that the rectangular Romanesque hall with a central column in the royal and later archiepiscopal palace on Castle Hill in Esztergom was the birthplace of King Saint Stephen, although it was already clear in the 19th century that this part of the building dated from after the 11th century. Nevertheless, in view of the salient role of the castle in the cult of Saint Stephen, the prince primate and archbishop of Esztergom (1867–1891) János Simor (1813–1891) had the Romanesque room converted into a chapel in 1873–74, a thousand years after the birth of the state and church founder king. The reconstruction was planned by József Lippert, the chief architect of the prince primate who planned in this capacity, among other things, the transformation of the interior of the cathedral and the construction of its vestibule, the primate’s palace, and the purist reconstruction of Pozsony cathedral. The transformation of the hall with the central column included a new aperture, walling up of a niche, erection of an altar, and embellishing of the walls and vault with neo-Romanesque frescoes imitating the Byzantine style painted by the brothers Karl and Franz Xaver Jobst (fig. 3). The completed chapel became a neo-Romanesque Gesamtkunswerk down to the smallest detail, a venue of cult and memory.The decisive part of the painted decoration was the cycle of the salient episodes in St Stephen’s life on the vault arches: 1. Apparition of St Stephen protomartyr to Sarolt, wife of prince Géza (fig. 7). 2. The baptism of Vajk (fig. 11). 3. Bishop Astrick shows the crown brought from Rome to St Stephen (fig. 15). 6. Offering of the country to God (fig. 23). The paper reviews the iconographic antecedents of the scenes and the respective source texts, mentioning so-far unpublished works (figs. 13, 22). In addition to several other findings, it could be concluded that unlike in the period from the 17th to the mid-19th century when the depictions of King St Stephen were imbued with currently topical political implications, the images of the Esztergom cycle are free from such readings. The painters of the frescoes ordered by archbishop Simor mainly used recognized schemes and panels aligning themselves with the iconographic tradition, and therefore the novelty of the decoration which contemporary accounts emphasized must have been their neo-Byzantine style. A few decades later, however, this style must have appeared obsolete, nor did it have followers in its time, either. Apart from the demonstration of iconographic motifs, the direct models of the scenes cannot be determined even for such an extremely rare theme as Sarolt’s dream. That is at the same time proof of the invention of the painters and that is what ranges their work among the important achievements of post-Compromise painting: the ingenious use of motifs of mostly familiar scenes (identified by captions as well) and their arrangement in a new composition in the chosen or required style, with the prudent use of the semi-circular shape of the picture field when need be. It is important to note that no other picture cycle was created of St Stephen’s life in the second half of the 19th century. Moreover, some of the scenes have demonstrable linkage to stations in the life path of archbishop Simor, which must have influenced the finalization of the programme.During the archaeological excavations and reconstruction on Castle Hill in 1934–1938 the historicist elements of the hall with a central column were removed (fig. 4). Until how, research thought the painted decoration by the Jobst brothers had perished and were only known in reproduction. However, it must have been removed by Mauro Pellicioli or an assistant of his who had been invited to Hungary from Milan by Tibor Gerevich. I chanced upon the removed frescoes in a remote storeroom of Esztergom cathedral in 2011 with Veronika Nagy.

Improving the Outcomes of Breast Cancer in China: Physicians’ Beliefs, Recommendations, and Practices for Breast Cancer Screening

Objective: Physicians play a key role in performing and referring patients for cancer screening. A paucity of data exists for breast cancer screening (BCS) recommendations, demographic characteristics, screening practices, and barriers of screening among physicians. The purpose of this project is to examine physicians’ characteristics, practices, and beliefs about BCS recommendations and its barriers. Methods: The study used a descriptive correlational design and 110 surveys were completed. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics generated with Statistical Packages for Sciences (SPSS) 26.0 version.Results: Most of the surveyed Chinese physicians worked in the community, were females, and between 30-39 years of age. Participants reported working in collaboration on numerous aspects of BCS, and also reported the recommendation of starting screening at younger ages in contrast to existing guidelines. A higher percentage of participants recommended more clinical breast exams compared to mammograms or ultrasounds. Several perceived barriers in working with patients and lower physician comfort levels with aspects of BCS were identified. Graduate degree-holding physicians reported higher physician comfort levels, and lower screening and follow-up practice. Increased familiarity with screening guidelines resulted in higher screening and follow-up practice but also higher physician-patient barrier scores. Increased perceived importance in using guidelines correlated to higher screening and follow-up practice scores.Conclusion: The results of this study point to the potential utility and importance in understanding the demographic factors that influence physician beliefs and practices. Results also highlighted the need for evidence-based guidelines for physician education and culturally tailored materials to address communication barriers and physician comfort. Furthermore, when studying physician screening practices and beliefs, context-specific considerations, as well as interprofessional collaboration are essential to improve patient outcomes. Physicians hold a salient role in ensuring that patients have access to cancer screening. Focusing on this group provides a critical focal point in addressing disparities in breast cancer screening and improving outcomes amongst Chinese women.