Salicylate Concentrations Research Articles

Role of Salicylic acid in stay green, growth and yield of two purposes maize hybrid

An experiment was conducted at Al- Hamidhia Research Fields, Faculty of Agriculture / Al- Anbar University in North Ramadi city to study the levels of salicylic acid 0, 200 and 400 mg. L-1 and fifteen genotypes (5 inbred lines + 10 hybrids) of maize. A randomized complete block design was used in a slit table arrangement; thus, the main treatments are for salicylic spray, and the secondary tables are for genotypes (inbred lines and hybrids). Three replications were made to produce two-purpose hybrids (grain and forage yield) by introducing some inbred lines and maize hybrids grown by the semi-co-breeding program. Results have shown the dominance of hybrid BK104× Zm6 giving the highest product of leaves staying green that reached 222.1g and 8.9 leaves, successively in the spring season. In comparison, the hybrid Inb-27× BK104 has dominated in the fall season, giving yield and leaves stay green as 247.01g and 9.45 leaves successively. The reason for these hybrids dominance returned to their dominance with grains numbered a row, grain weight and dominance of salicylic acid concentration 400 mg.L-1 for both seasons, giving the highest yield as 179.10 and 177.33g and didn't differ significantly from salicylic acid concentration 200 mg.L-1. The interaction treatments were significant for all the traits, except the trait of 300 grains weight for the spring season. So, we recommend using 200 mg.L-1 concentration of salicylic acid and the dominant hybrids in yield for both seasons. Keywords: AS, Inbred lines, Diallel crops, plant growth regulator, grains yield, grain weight.

Pseudomonas veronii strain 7–41 degrading medium-chain n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Pollution of the environment by crude oil and oil products (represented by various types of compounds, mainly aliphatic, mono- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons) poses a global problem. The strain Pseudomonas veronii 7–41 can grow on medium-chain n-alkanes (C8–C12) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene. We performed a genetic analysis and physiological/biochemical characterization of strain 7–41 cultivated in a mineral medium with decane, naphthalene or a mixture of the hydrocarbons. The genes responsible for the degradation of alkanes and PAHs are on the IncP-7 conjugative plasmid and are organized into the alk and nah operons typical of pseudomonads. A natural plasmid carrying functional operons for the degradation of two different classes of hydrocarbons was first described. In monosubstrate systems, 28.4% and 68.8% of decane and naphthalene, respectively, were biodegraded by the late stationary growth phase. In a bisubstrate system, these parameters were 25.4% and 20.8% by the end of the exponential growth phase. Then the biodegradation stopped, and the bacterial culture started dying due to the accumulation of salicylate (naphthalene-degradation metabolite), which is toxic in high concentrations. The activity of the salicylate oxidation enzymes was below the detection limit. These results indicate that the presence of decane and a high concentration of salicylate lead to impairment of hydrocarbon degradation by the strain.

Surfactant aided electrocoagulation/flotation using punched electrodes for the remediation of salicylic acid from wastewater

Performance of a batch electrocoagulation/floatation (ECF) setup using punched aluminium electrodes for the remediation of salicylic acid in the presence of cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant is evaluated in this research. The operational parameters of ECF technology were optimized in this research and based on the optimized operating conditions with electrolysis time of 50 min, electrode gap of 2 cm, electrolyte concentration of 0.6 g/L, pH of 7.2, a current density of 2.25 mA/cm2, and 20 mg/L of CTAB dose, about 92.1 ± 2.5% of salicylic acid removal was attained corresponding to an initial salicylic acid concentration of 50 mg/L. The salicylic acid degradation in ECF was observed to follow first−order−rate kinetics. The electrode corrosion and sludge generation were also evaluated. After the ECF-based treatment, a considerable reduction in phytotoxicity was observed, which was suitable for the germination of the Vigna radiata. About 2 mM of green fuel H2 gas was also produced during the treatment. The sludge generated during ECF was reduced nearly by 2−folds when cationic surfactant CTAB was added to the electrolyte. Moreover, the energy consumption of 0.328 kWh and treatment cost of 0.21 US$ (16.72 INR) were observed for the treatment of per m3 of salicylic contaminated wastewater. Treatment efficiency of salicylic acid in a real municipal wastewater matrix was about 65 ± 3.4% at optimum operating conditions, contributing to 47% of total organic carbon removal. Thus, ECF process was found to be effective in removal of salicylic acid from contaminated water.

Redox-Based Colorimetric Sensor for the Selective Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Fixed-Dose Combination Tablets.

Ascorbic acid (ASC; vitamin C) is a weak chromophore, so its presence cannot be determined directly by spectrophotometry. This work aims to develop and validate a simple and ecofriendly analytical method for the determination of ASC concentration based on the reaction of ASC with the metal complex, ferric salicylate. The visible absorbance of ferric salicylate was found to be inversely proportional to the concentration of ASC. The possible mechanism of the reaction between ASC and ferric salicylate was investigated: ferric salicylate was found to be reduced by ASC under the applied experimental conditions. Different parameters that may affect the reaction were also investigated: ferric salicylate concentration, pH, ionic strength, and the time of reaction. The optimum concentration of ferric salicylate was found to be 1000 µM and the optimum pH was 5.5. The developed method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The linearity range of the developed method was 5-70 µg/mL and the correlation coefficient was 0.9994. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.38 µg/mL and 1.16 µg/mL, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of ASC concentration in commercial Ruta-C60® tablets. The mean recovery ± standard deviation was found to be 101.10 ± 0.70%. The results were statistically compared to those obtained by a reported HPLC method. Good agreement was observed. The developed method is simple, fast, cost-effective, and suitable for routine pharmaceutical analysis of ASC. The developed method is more sensitive than the other spectrophotometric methods reported for determination of ASC.

Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid Improved Growth, Yield, Quality and Photosynthesis of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) by Improving Antioxidant Defense Mechanism under Saline Conditions

Pea is an important legume crop because of its higher bioactive compounds, and its seeds are famous as functional foods. However, the yield of pea is still limited because of multiple biotic and abiotic stresses which prevailed during the growth period. Saline conditions significantly hamper pea growth, yield, and quality among abiotic stresses. Salicylic acid is effective for the activation of oxidative, non-oxidative, osmolytes, and metabolites. Hence, the present study was conducted at exogenous application of salicylic acid (control, 1 µM, 2 µM, and 3 µM) to mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress (control, 25 mM, 50 mM, and 100 mM NaCl) in pea plants grown in the year 2019–2020. The aim of the present study was to evaluate pea performance under saline conditions by salicylic acid sprays. Pea growth and yield were significantly decreased at 100 mM NaCl compared with the control and other salinity levels. Moreover, the growth and yield of pea were improved under exogenous application of salicylic acid treatment at 3 µM than others. Quality traits, i.e., carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and phenolic content, were decreased at 100 mM NaCl, and these quality traits were significantly improved under salicylic acid treatment of 3 µM. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance were reduced at 100 mM NaCl. In contrast, photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance were enhanced at 3 µM salicylic acid. The increases in SOD, CAT, POD, and APX were observed at 100 mM NaCl and 3 µM salicylic acid. The current study proved that exogenous application of salicylic acid concentrations had the potential to mitigate the salinity’s adverse effects by maintaining the physiological and metabolic activities of pea plants.

Effects of Salicylic Acid Concentration and Post-Treatment Time on the Direct and Systemic Chemical Defense Responses in Maize (Zea mays L.) Following Exogenous Foliar Application.

Salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in allergic reactions of plants to pathogens and acquired systemic resistance. Thus far, although some research has been conducted on the direct effects of different concentrations of SA on the chemical defense response of treated plant parts (leaves) after at multiple post-treatments times, few research has reported on the systematic effects of non-treated parts (roots). Therefore, we examined direct and systemic effects of SA concentration and time following foliar application on chemical defense responses in maize variety 5422 with two fully expanded leaves. In the experiments, maize leaves were treated with different SA concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mM, and then, the presence of defense chemicals and enzymes in treated leaves and non-treated roots was measured at different time points of 3, 12, 24, 48, 72 h following SA foliar application. The results showed that direct and systemic effects of SA treatment to the leaf on chemical defense responses were related to SA concentration and time of measurement after spraying SA. In treated leaves, total phenolics content increased directly by 28.65% at the time point of 12 h following foliar application of 0.5 mM SA. DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H, 1, 4-benzoxazin-3 (4H)-one) content was directly enhanced by 80.56~551.05% after 3~72 h following 0.5~5.0 mM SA treatments. Polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were directly enhanced after 12~72 h following 0.5~5.0 mM SA treatments, whereas peroxidase and catalase activities were increased after 3~24 h following application of 1.0~5.0 mM SA. In non-treated roots, DIMBOA content and polyphenol oxidase activity were enhanced systematically after 3~48 h following 1.0~5.0 mM SA foliar treatments. Superoxide dismutase activities were enhanced after 3~24 h following 0.5~2.5 mM SA applications, but total phenolics content, peroxidase and catalase activity decreased in some particular concentrations or at the different times of measurement in the SA treatment. It can be concluded that SA foliar application at 1.0 and 2.5 mM produces strong chemical defense responses in maize, with the optimal induction time being 24 h following the foliar application.

Salicylic Acid Modulates Okra Tolerance to Salt Stress in Hydroponic System

Salinity is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses that limit plant growth and yield, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid in mitigating the effects of salt stress on okra cultivation in a hydroponic system. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, consisting of two experiments. A completely randomized design was adopted in a split-plot scheme, with four levels of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution—EC (2.1; 3.6; 5.1, and 6.6 dS m−1) considered the plots and four salicylic acid concentrations—SA (0, 1.2; 2.4, and 3.6 mM), the subplots, with four replications. The second experiment differed from the first only by the increase in the EC levels (3.0, 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 dS m−1). An increase in the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution negatively affected the physiology and production components of okra. However, foliar application of salicylic acid at concentrations between 1.2 and 2.3 mM reduced the harmful effects of salt stress. The salinity threshold for hydroponic cultivation of okra was 2.54 dS m−1, with a reduction of 7.98% per unit increment in EC above this level.

Qualidade pós-colheita de frutos de goiabeira enxertada sob estresse salino e aplicação de ácido salicílico

ABSTRACT The semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil is characterized by irregular precipitation and high evapotranspiration, with a common occurrence of water sources with a high concentration of salts. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the post-harvest fruit quality of grafted guava cv. Paluma under brackish water irrigation and foliar application of salicylic acid. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil, in a randomized block design, adopting a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to two levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.6 and 3.2 dS m-1) and four concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 mM), with three replicates. Electrical conductivity of 0.6 dS m-1 and salicylic acid concentration of 2.4 mM resulted in higher levels of reducing sugars and soluble solids. Salicylic acid with concentration from 0.6 to 3.6 mM promoted increments in ascorbic acid and at concentrations of 1.9 and 1.5 mM increased the titratable acidity and total soluble sugars, respectively, in the pulp of guava irrigated with water of 3.2 dS m-1. The hydrogen potential of the pulp increased with the application of salicylic acid, ranging from 1.2 to 3.6 mM, regardless of the electrical conductivity of the water.

Agronomy Performance and Resistance of Shallots against Fusarium Wilt Disease under Various Salicylic Acid Treatments

This research aims to know the agronomic character and resistance of shallots against fusarium wilt disease under various salicylic acid treatments. This research was conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with one factor, namely the treatment of salicylic acid concentrations (0 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, and 25 ppm) with 3 replications. Each treatment was inoculated with Fusarium acutatum inoculum (106 conidia ml-1 distilled water) except for the negative control, without being inoculated with Fusarium acutatum inoculum. The materials used included shallot bulbs of the Tajuk variety, synthetic salicylic acid, Fusarium acutatum inoculum. Variables of observation of agronomic characters include; plant height, number of leaves, fresh tuber weight while the disease component variables include; incubation period, and disease incidence. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a significance level of 95%, then the DMRT test (95%) was carried out to determine the differences between treatments. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the 0 ppm treatment (control) and the 15, 20, and 25 ppm treatment on the characters of plant height, fresh weight, and disease incidence. Meanwhile for the character of the number of leaves and incubation period there was no significant difference between the control and salicylic acid treatment. Salicylic acid treatment at a concentration of 15 ppm showed the highest plant height (34.26 cm), the highest number of leaves (24.46 strands), the highest fresh tuber weight (6.30 g), and the least disease incidence (14.55%).

Massive warfarin overdose management in an adolescent patient

Introduction Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant with established reversal guidelines in the setting of a supratherapeutic international normalized ratio (INR). Limited literature exists on managing acute warfarin overdoses in patients who are not chronically anticoagulated. Case A 15-year-old male, with no indication for anticoagulation, presented to a pediatric emergency department after an acute 1,000 mg warfarin ingestion. He had no significant complaints upon presentation aside from a mild intermittent headache. His past medical history was significant for anxiety, depression, Tourette syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and polysubstance misuse. Computed tomography of his head was unremarkable and serum acetaminophen, salicylate, and ethanol concentrations were negative. Approximately 16 h post-ingestion, his INR was 1.9 with an increase to 3.3 by 26 h. The regional poison center was consulted and recommended, consistent with the CHEST guidelines, holding treatment with vitamin K until INR was >10 or if signs or symptoms of bleeding occurred. The patient was admitted for monitoring and by hospital day (HD) #4, his INR had risen to >11.8 at which point oral vitamin K 10 mg was administered. On HD #7, the patient was deemed stable for transfer to inpatient psychiatry after repeat INRs of 2.9 and 3.4. Discussion Case reports have demonstrated early administration of vitamin K can temporarily lower INR and prevent detection of rebound. The CHEST warfarin reversal guidelines describe the risks and benefits with respect to bleeding and thrombosis in the non-intentional overdose patient. Application and extrapolation of these guidelines to acute overdose in patients who lack an indication for anticoagulation may or may not be warranted. Conclusion While established clinical guidance exists on reversing a supratherapeutic INR in patients chronically anticoagulated with warfarin, the risks and benefits of extrapolating this approach are unclear in those who lack an indication for anticoagulation.

Effects of Salicylic Acid to Control Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) on Three Varieties of Rice

ABSTRACTBacterial leaf blight is a disease in rice plants caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The use of resistant varieties is an effective, economic and easy way to do it, but it is limited by time and place so that it needs to be induced by the addition of salicylic acid. Salicylic acid is one of the compounds that can activate enzymes that play a role in plant resistance to pathogen infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of salicylic acid to rice varieties to induce its resistance to bacterial leaf blight. The research was arranged in a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors. The first factor used was mekongga rice varieties (V1); Ciherang (V2); and IPB 3S (V3), while the second factor is the concentration of salicylic acid consisting of 0 mM (K0); 7.5 mM (K1); 10 mM (K2); and 12.5 mM (K3) with each treatment repeated 3 times, and in each study unit there were 5 plants. Results showed that the addition of salicylic acid and the use of three varieties of rice can suppress the severity of the disease HDB, its resistance status increases when compared to control and increases the content of the phenol. The best treatment of 10 mM salicylic acid concentrations with Mekongga varieties (K2V2) can suppress the severity of the HDB disease by 18.47% by showing a moderately susceptible endurance status as well as the content of the phenol increased.Keywords : Salicylic Acid, Varieties of Rice, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

A Study of Hyperglycaemic activity by Fructose induced diabetes on Wistar rat model by using Zn-Aspirin Coordination Metal Complex

The percentage of patients with diseases such as cancer, apoplexy, osteoporosis, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus has been growing exponentially in recent decades. A way of living related illness, type 2 diabetes, is recognised as a serious illness. It is a group of metabolic disorders marked by hyperglycemia due to insulin secretion abnormalities, insulin action faults, or both. There have been different types of diabetes pharmaceuticals used. We have been designing anti-diabetic metal complexes as new candidates, since the relationship between diabetes and biometals such as vanadium, copper, and zinc ions has been recognised for many years. Many zinc(II)(Zn) complexes have been found to have glucose-lowering activity in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetic patients, high concentrations of salicylate have been recognised to reverse hyperglycemia. These results strongly suggest that synergism in the treatment of type 2 diabetes is achieved by the cumulative use of Zn and salicylate. Since aspirin, acetyl salicylic acid, has the capacity to chelate, we used this as a Zn ligand. The present study aim to prepare and evaluate the effect of Zn-Aspirin Coordination Metal Complex on Hyperglycaemic activity by Fructose induced diabetes on Wistar rat model for this Several complexes of Zn-salicylate were prepared and their Hyperglycemic activity was determined by performing different screening test and by statistical analysis.

Monitoring of salicylic acid content in human saliva and its relationship with plasma concentrations

Aspirin is a widely used anti-inflammatory drug. It is reported that a relationship may exist between salicylic acid content in plasma and saliva after taking aspirin. This study established a rapid, convenient, and safe method to assess salicylic acid concentration in human saliva. A novel HPLC-ultraviolet detector was used to measure salicylic acid concentrations in human saliva and plasma. A C18 reversed-phase column with an aqueous solution of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)–acetonitrile mobile phase was used, and drug peaks were recorded at 303 nm. Salicylic acid was completely separated in saliva and plasma. Excellent linearity and correlation (r2 ≥ 0.9999) was observed between 0.1 and 2.0 μg/mL. The detection limit (S/N = 3) was 33 ng/mL, and intra- and inter-day recoveries were 103.5–113.3% and 101.1–109.5%, respectively. Salicylic acid was measured within nine hours after administration of acetylsalicylic acid tablets. A positive correlation between salicylic acid content in saliva and plasma was found (r = 0.867, p < 0.001). The proposed method was used successfully to measure salicylic acid concentration in human saliva. Meanwhile, we explored the relationship between salicylic acid levels in plasma and saliva. Saliva might replace blood for monitoring aspirin treatment. In addition, the research provides a reference for application to saliva samples.

Nitric oxide signalling underlies salicylate-induced increases in neuronal firing in the inferior colliculus: A central mechanism of tinnitus?

The anti-inflammatory drug salicylate induces tinnitus in animals and man. Salicylate reduces cochlear output but causes hyperactivity in higher auditory centres, including the inferior colliculus (the auditory midbrain). Using multi-electrode recording in anaesthetised guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), we addressed the hypothesis that salicylate-induced hyperactivity in the inferior colliculus involves nitric oxide signalling secondary to increased ascending excitatory input.Systemic salicylate (200 mg/kg i.p., 0 h) markedly increased spontaneous and sound-driven neuronal firing in the inferior colliculus (3-6 h post drug), with both onset and sustained responses to pure tones being massively increased. Reverse microdialysis of increasing concentrations of salicylate directly into the inferior colliculus (100 µM-10 mM, from 0 h) failed to mimic systemic salicylate. In contrast, it caused a small, transient, increase in sound-driven firing (1 h), followed by a larger sustained decrease in both spontaneous and sound-driven firing (2-5 h). When salicylate was given systemically, reverse microdialysis of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-methyl arginine into the inferior colliculus (500 mM, 2-6 h) completely blocked the salicylate-induced increase in spontaneous and sound-driven neuronal firing.Our data indicate that systemic salicylate induces neuronal hyperactivity in the auditory midbrain via a mechanism outside the inferior colliculus, presumably upstream in the auditory pathway; and that the mechanism is ultimately dependent on nitric oxide signalling within the inferior colliculus.Given that nitric oxide is known to mediate NMDA receptor signalling in the inferior colliculus, we propose that salicylate activates an ascending glutamatergic input to the inferior colliculus and that this is an important mechanism underlying salicylate-induced tinnitus.

Physiology and yield of ‘Gaúcho’ melon under brackish water and salicylic acid in hydroponic cultivation

In order to study the effect of salicylic acid concentrations on the mitigation of salt stress in melon plants grown on a hydroponic system an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Pombal – PB, Brazil, using an NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) system. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to four levels of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution—ECns (2.1—control, 3.2, 4.3, and 5.4 dS m−1) and four concentrations of salicylic acid—SA (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mM), with six replicates. Salicylic acid at the concentration of 3.2 mM attenuated the effect of nutrient solution salinity on the fresh weight of melon fruits. The saline nutrient solution impairs gas exchange and the relative water content and increases the intercellular electrolyte leakage in the leaf blade of melon plants. However, salicylic acid attenuates the deleterious effects of salinity and attains a maximum yield of melon fruits of 23.82 t ha−1 with foliar application of 1.5 mM at ECns of 3.1 dS m−1. Salicylic acid stimulated the synthesis of total chlorophyll, the CO2 assimilation rate, and the instantaneous water use efficiency of hydroponic melon up to a concentration of 4.5 mM. The results obtained indicate that the responses of the hydroponic melon plant grown with saline nutrient solution and the application of salicylic acid are not yet fully elucidated.

IMPACT OF SALICYLIC ACID TREATMENTS ON YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF CANOLA AND GROWTH OF Schizaphis Graminum

The present investigation was studied the effect of various trends of salicylic acid on canola yield traits besides, aphid interaction. For this purpose, the research trial was conducted under the semi-natural conditions of the net house of the Plant Pathology Research Institute, Ayub Agriculture Research Institute Faisalabad during November 6, 2019. The canola seeds were planted in the pots following (RCBD) with six treatments (0 ppm, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 40 ppm, 80 ppm and 160 ppm) and three replications. The maximum plant height (212.41cm), number of pods per plant (675.67), number of seeds per pod (25.29), thousand seed weight (3.85g), biological yield (24817.2 kg-1), seed yield (3666.33 kg-1), seed oil content (47.16%) and protein contents (24.1%) were observed with the application of the high concentration of salicylic acid (160 ppm/pot) over control. A significant increase in harvest index increased (18.8) was recorded with the application of 20 ppm concentration of salicylic acid. The exogenous application of salicylic acid treatments significantly increased the mortality percentage of 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar nymph. The maximum mortality percentage of 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar nymph were recorded 43.67, 76.6 and 83% with the application of high level of salicylic acid concentration (160 ppm/pot) as compared to the control, respectively. The honey drops of aphid and nymph survival percentage were reduced with the foliar application of salicylic acid over control. The minimum honey drops (17.9%), nymph survival (61.8%) and reproductive periods (18%) were recorded with the use of salicylic acid. It was concluded that foliar application of salicylic acid had a significant impact on yield attributes of canola genotypes and biology of canola aphid.

Changes in the concentrations and transcripts for gibberellins and other hormones in a growing leaf and roots of wheat seedlings in response to water restriction.

BackgroundBread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major source of nutrition globally, but yields can be seriously compromised by water limitation. Redistribution of growth between shoots and roots is a common response to drought, promoting plant survival, but reducing yield. Gibberellins (GAs) are necessary for shoot and root elongation, but roots maintain growth at lower GA concentrations compared with shoots, making GA a suitable hormone for mediating this growth redistribution. In this study, the effect of progressive drought on GA content was determined in the base of the 4th leaf and root tips of wheat seedlings, containing the growing regions, as well as in the remaining leaf and root tissues. In addition, the contents of other selected hormones known to be involved in stress responses were determined. Transcriptome analysis was performed on equivalent tissues and drought-associated differential expression was determined for hormone-related genes.ResultsAfter 5 days of applying progressive drought to 10-day old seedlings, the length of leaf 4 was reduced by 31% compared with watered seedlings and this was associated with significant decreases in the concentrations of bioactive GA1 and GA4 in the leaf base, as well as of their catabolites and precursors. Root length was unaffected by drought, while GA concentrations were slightly, but significantly higher in the tips of droughted roots compared with watered plants. Transcripts for the GA-inactivating gene TaGA2ox4 were elevated in the droughted leaf, while those for several GA-biosynthesis genes were reduced by drought, but mainly in the non-growing region. In response to drought the concentrations of abscisic acid, cis-zeatin and its riboside increased in all tissues, indole-acetic acid was unchanged, while trans-zeatin and riboside, jasmonate and salicylic acid concentrations were reduced.ConclusionsReduced leaf elongation and maintained root growth in wheat seedlings subjected to progressive drought were associated with attenuated and increased GA content, respectively, in the growing regions. Despite increased TaGA2ox4 expression, lower GA levels in the leaf base of droughted plants were due to reduced biosynthesis rather than increased catabolism. In contrast to GA, the other hormones analysed responded to drought similarly in the leaf and roots, indicating organ-specific differential regulation of GA metabolism in response to drought.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-022-03667-w.

Salicylic acid attenuates the harmful effects of salt stress on basil

ABSTRACT The salinity of irrigation water and soil create considerable challenges in agriculture, as they harm the physiological processes and growth of plants. The exogenous application of antioxidant compounds, such as salicylic acid, can reduce the damage caused by salt stress. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the attenuation of salt stress induced by salicylic acid in Ocimum basilicum “Cinnamon”. The experiment was performed in randomized blocks with five irrigation water salinity levels (0.5, 1.3, 3.25, 5.2 and 6.0 dS m-1) and five salicylic acid concentrations (0, 0.29, 1.0, 1.71 and 2.0 mM), with five repetitions and two plants per plot. Growth, gas exchange, and chlorophyll indices and fluorescence were evaluated 30 days after the salt treatment was applied. An increase in the salinity of irrigation water decreased the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, stomatal conductance, instantaneous water use efficiency, and initial fluorescence of basil “Cinnamon”. Salicylic acid was revealed to attenuate the harmful effects of irrigation water salinity on gas exchange, total chlorophyll, and initial and maximum fluorescence of basil plants.

Effects of environmental concentrations of the fragrance amyl salicylate on the mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Amyl salicylate (AS) is a fragrance massively used as a personal care product and following the discharged in wastewaters may end up in the aquatic environment representing a potential threat for the ecosystem and living organisms. AS was recently detected in water of the Venice Lagoon, a vulnerable area continuously subjected to the income of anthropogenic chemicals. The lagoon is a relevant area for mollusc farming, including the Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) having an important economic and ecological role. Despite high levels of AS occurred in water of the Lagoon of Venice, no studies investigated the possible consequences of AS exposures on species inhabiting this ecosystem to date. For the first time, we applied a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the potential effects of the fragrance AS on Mediterranean mussels. To reach such a goal, bioaccumulation, cellular, biochemical, and molecular analyses (RNA-seq and microbiota characterization) were measured in mussels treated for 7 and 14 days with different AS Venice lagoon environmental levels (0.1 and 0.5 μg L−1). Despite chemical investigations suggested low AS bioaccumulation capability, cellular and molecular analyses highlighted the disruption of several key cellular processes after the prolonged exposures to the high AS concentration. Among them, potential immunotoxicity and changes in transcriptional regulation of pathways involved in energy metabolism, stress response, apoptosis and cell death regulations have been observed. Conversely, exposure to the low AS concentration demonstrated weak transcriptional changes and transient increased representation of opportunistic pathogens, as Arcobacter genus and Vibrio aestuarianus. Summarizing, this study provides the first overview on the effects of AS on one of the most widely farmed mollusk species.

CRISPR/Cas9 disruption of UGT71L1 in poplar connects salicinoid and salicylic acid metabolism and alters growth and morphology.

Salicinoids are salicyl alcohol-containing phenolic glycosides with strong antiherbivore effects found only in poplars and willows. Their biosynthesis is poorly understood, but recently a UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase, UGT71L1, was shown to be required for salicinoid biosynthesis in poplar tissue cultures. UGT71L1 specifically glycosylates salicyl benzoate, a proposed salicinoid intermediate. Here, we analyzed transgenic CRISPR/Cas9-generated UGT71L1 knockout plants. Metabolomic analyses revealed substantial reductions in the major salicinoids, confirming the central role of the enzyme in salicinoid biosynthesis. Correspondingly, UGT71L1 knockouts were preferred to wild-type by white-marked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) larvae in bioassays. Greenhouse-grown knockout plants showed substantial growth alterations, with decreased internode length and smaller serrated leaves. Reinserting a functional UGT71L1 gene in a transgenic rescue experiment demonstrated that these effects were due only to the loss of UGT71L1. The knockouts contained elevated salicylate (SA) and jasmonate (JA) concentrations, and also had enhanced expression of SA- and JA-related genes. SA is predicted to be released by UGT71L1 disruption, if salicyl salicylate is a pathway intermediate and UGT71L1 substrate. This idea was supported by showing that salicyl salicylate can be glucosylated by recombinant UGT71L1, providing a potential link of salicinoid metabolism to SA and growth impacts. Connecting this pathway with growth could imply that salicinoids are under additional evolutionary constraints beyond selective pressure by herbivores.