Sales Revenue Research Articles

Intrahousehold distribution of sales revenue and household nutritional outcomes: What if the wives controlled the farm revenue?

AbstractIn most developing countries, crop sales represent a means of improving the nutritional status of rural households. However, the expected effect of farm income may or may not be achieved, depending on who controls it. In this study, we use panel data on rural households in Burkina Faso to analyze the effect of the wives’ share of farm revenue on nutritional outcomes. The estimates show that raising wives’ share of farm revenue increases household food demand and nutrition quality. Moreover, the effect of the wives’ share of farm revenue on household nutrition is greater than the effect of the overall income per capita, which indicates that the intrahousehold distribution of farm income affects household nutritional status. We also show that increase in food expenditure and, more specifically, reallocation of the budget toward highly nutritious foods could represent a channel through which the control of farm revenue by women improves the household dietary quality. These findings imply that facilitating women's access to productive resources, such as land and labor‐saving technologies, could be the fastest way to improve household food and nutritional security.

The Impact of Government Subsidies on the Low-Carbon Supply Chain Based on Carbon Emission Reduction Level.

To improve low-carbon technology, the government has shifted its strategy from subsidizing low-carbon products (LCP) to low-carbon technology. To analyze the impact of government subsidies based on carbon emission reduction levels on different entities in the low-carbon supply chain (LCSC), game theory is used to model the provision of government subsidies to low-carbon enterprises and retailers. The main findings of the paper are that a government subsidy strategy based on carbon emission reduction levels can effectively drive low-carbon enterprises to further reduce the carbon emissions. The government’s choice of subsidy has the same effect on the LCP retail price per unit, the sales volume, and the revenue of low-carbon products per unit. When the government subsidizes the retailer, the low-carbon product wholesale price per unit is the highest. That is, low-carbon enterprises use up part of the government subsidies by increasing the wholesale price of low-carbon products. The retail price of low-carbon products per unit is lower than the retail price of low-carbon products in the context of decentralized decision making, but the sales volume and revenue of low-carbon products are greater in the centralized decision-making. The cost–benefit-sharing contract could enable the decentralized decision model to achieve the same level of profit as the centralized decision model.

Disclosure of Community Development Cost and Its Impact on Turnover of Listed Manufacturing

The disclosure policies regarding environmental accounting information on the annual financial report of firms became a significant and influence element to preserve the environment globally. Environmental accounting disclosure contributes in increasing the environment consciousness for organizations, and also helps in reducing harmful impacts of organization processes especially on environment and on society in general. This paper examines the impact of disclosure on community development cost on turnover of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. To produce valid empirical results, preliminary tests such as normality, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity were conducted on research data. In addition, the Analysis of variance ANOVA was done to examine the importance of the predictors and finally regression analysis was conducted. The OLS and GLS regression analysis was conducted to show the effects of the predictor on financial performance as represented by sales revenue . The results strongly showed that environmental accounting information disclosure has a significant impact on the financial performance of quoted manufacturing firms as represented by sales revenue. In view of the findings, the researcher concludes that effective disclosure and reporting of environmental information in the annual report positively influences financial performance. The researcher recommends that, firms should continue to disclose more information on environmental related issues due to the inherent advantage derivable there from, while firms that are not disclosing their environmental activities should be encouraged to do so in view of the fact that they may be losing the patronage of ethical stakeholders who may be tempted to regard them as not environmentally friendly firms.

Determinants of sales revenue in innovation diffusion effects of Taiwan sports lottery during the FIFA World Cup 2018

This article analyzes the factors affecting the sales revenue of sports lottery from the perspective of innovative diffusion theory by system dynamics analysis. With the quantification and simulation of system dynamics, the sales revenue of sports lottery is affected is found. With the daily sales amount during the FIFA World Cup 2018 as samples, six variables (reach frequency, adoption rate, betting among per person per day, advertisement expenditure, advertisement successful rate, and potential bettor increase rate) are used to find out the key factors. According to the simulation result of this study, it indicates that all the variables exert a positive influence on the sales revenue. The magnitude of influence on sales, from large to small, they are betting among per person per day, reach frequency and adoption rate in word-to-mouth, potential bettors increase rate, advertisement expenditure and advertisement successful rate in the advertisement effects. During the FIFA World Cup 2018, advertising effects initiated the diffusion of sports lottery. Compared to the advertising effects, word-to-mouth effects were bigger. In the same situation and with the same resources, Taiwan Sports Lottery, the operator could change the betting among per person per day and change the word-to-mouth advertising with priority. When major matches take place in the future, Taiwan Sports Lottery is suggested to judge if it maintains an optimistic attitude for future growth, it shall begin to promote advertising effects. When more people learn more about the sports lottery, with the diffusion of word-to-mouth advertising, the effects will be most significant.

Break-even point analysis and feasibility of livestock business Kampung Unggul Balitnak-Sentul Selected (KUB-SenSe) chicken farm in Talango Village, Kabila District, Bone Bolango Regency

This study was aimed to determine the break-even point in terms of sales price, revenue, and production volume as well as to analyze the feasibility of raising the KUB-SenSe chicken in Talango Village, Kabila District, Bone Bolango Regency. This research usedd descriptive analysis using primary and secondary data. The data obtained were then calculated using the break-even point analysis formula and the feasibility analysis of the KUB-SenSe chicken raising livestock business. The results obtained indicated that the analysis of the break-even point of the sale price of the KUB-Sense chicken rearing business as many as 250 heads in Talango Village, Kabila District, Bone Bolango Regency is IDR 40,494 and the break-even point of receipt was IDR 8,595,901. This result showed that the revenue received by KUB-SenSe chicken farmers is profitable and the value is much greater than the break-even point of acceptance. Furthermore, the feasibility analysis is worth 1.24 which means it is feasible to be developed.

VOLATILITAS DAN RISIKO HARGA CABAI MERAH KERITING (SUATU KASUS DI PASAR BARU KRANGGOT KOTA CILEGON)

Chili is one of the irreplaceable commodities for food necessity. Pasar Baru Kranggot is a market for farmers to necessity Cilegon people supplied. Farmers for harvest supplied to be a price taker and it makes them have fewer revenue sales. Government policy for producer have not followed by policy on the market and that shows presence price fluctuation on curly red chili. That’s price fluctuation in the market is that causes price risk on curly red chili commodity. Research and data retrieval conducted in Pasar Baru Kranggot, the method of this research is use the ARCH-GARCH model and Value at Risk (VaR). The findings of this study are indicated that the best model is ARCH (1) which is mean that chili price is affected by the previous week’s volatility. The price risk for one week’s sales later is the amount of 24.8% and in two weeks 35.07%. The prevention to reduce the price risk for farmers can be done by building cooperation/partnership with the start-up/marketing industry, planting time and planting patterns, cooperated with pesticide company and contract systems. The government effort can do to reduce price risk is production of warehouses, the setup of agents/distributors in supplying, the openness of information for farmers and the market, the treatment and the risk building of farmers.

Evaluation of the Increased Share of Tax Revenues from Government Revenues Using the Approach of Oil Dependency Reduction

This quantitative research was conducted with a positivist paradigm to evaluate the methods that could increase tax revenues from government revenues using oil dependency reduction. The researcher used the annual data of Iran during 1978-2019 to analyze the research model. In addition, a generalized torque technique was applied in the EViews software to estimate the model. According to the results, the variable of oil revenues had the most significant effect on the government revenues, followed by the revenue of sales and consumption tax and value-added tax (VAT), indicating that the government could easily reduce oil revenues by efficient policies and replace this source of income with the revenue from sales and consumption tax and VAT. On the other hand, the revenue from wealth tax had the least significant impact on the government revenues, which was possibly caused by the inefficiency of reception methods or the inability to be identified. Further assessment in this regard could help governments identify extremely more appropriate revenue resources to extract less oil and control social inequity. An important issue observed in this study was the reverse coefficient of the revenue from corporate tax. Most of these companies may be manufacturing and industrial units, and given the pressure of economic and political issues and inflation on the country, they have mostly reacted to enormous taxes, had tax evasion, or reduced their production level, which has, in turn, increased the rate of unemployment and decreased the national gross domestic product, thereby reducing the government revenues.

Phytosociological attributes and ecosystem services of homegardens of Maheshkhali island of Bangladesh

Homegardens with diverse plants have the potential to generate ecosystem services. We investigated phytosociological attributes and ecosystem services, and thereof economic benefits, and how attributes of homegardens and socioeconomic characteristics of the households influencing the economic benefits and regulating services of homegardens of Maheshkhali Island in South-Western Bangladesh. We randomly surveyed and interviewed a total of 239 homegardens and respective households located in the hillside (67), beachside (69), and inland (103) of Maheshkhali island, and conducted three focus group discussions. Tree species diversity and tree individuals per household were significantly higher in the hillside and inland in comparison to beachside. We found 56 tree species which have a wide range of regulating services. About 31-37%, 31-46%, 31-39%, and 37-42% of tree species across the three locations provide shade, coastal protection, soil improvement, and conservation services, respectively, with more species on the beachside for coastal protection. The responses of regulating services were significantly affected by respondents’ age and gender. About 40-44% of tree species provide multiple provisioning services. These services of homegardens contributed to the household economy (income, utilization, and sale of tree biomass fuels, fruits, timber, and bamboo) and avoided CO2 emissions, which were higher in inland and hillside than the beachside, where households were relatively poor. These sale revenues and utilization values increased with the increasing size of landholdings and homegardens, tree and bamboo individuals, and species diversity, contributed to increasing income. The attributes of homegardens were also positively correlated with the harvesting of biomass fuels and avoided emissions, and had a positive contribution to total energy supply. Having a wide range of economic and ecological values, it is important to ensure the sustainability of homegardens. Authorities (e.g., Local government councils, forest department) may provide incentives such as technical advice and material support for the conservation of homegardens.

Marketing Analysis of Ducks in Akinyele Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria

The study assessed the marketing activities of ducks in Akinyele Local Government Area. The study was carried out in three selected main markets (Ojoo, Moniya, and Shasha). Information was generated from ninety-four (94) duck marketers in the study area using structured questionnaire to determine the socio-economic characteristics of duck sellers, profitability, market performance and problems militating against duck marketing. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Gini coefficient, budgetary analysis and marketing margin. The result showed that 52.1% of respondents were males while about 47.9% of respondents were females. Age range of 40-50 (38.3%) is the majority which means that adult dominate the duck business. Majority of them are married (63.8%), with no formal education (31.9%) and with marketing experience (40.4%) of less than five years. The result of the Gini coefficient was 0.52 which implied that the degree of income inequalities is high in sales revenue of the respondents and hence high level of concentration. Moniya market is more efficient among the other market visited. Duck selling business in Moniya is more profitable as sellers on the average realized gross revenue of ₦280,700; followed by Ojoo, ₦147,582; and Shasha, ₦116,640. The problems encountered include, low patronage, low price, disease infestation, mortality and theft. It was recommended that there should be general awareness of the business as a means of employment which would serve as poverty alleviation in the society.
 Key words: Market structure, Market performance, Profitability, Ducks

The Municipal Solid Waste Management System with Anaerobic Digestion

This study investigated the applied methods for the collection and treatment of an organic fraction of municipal solid waste with anaerobic digestion (AD), including the effects of selective waste collection system introduction. As the research area, data from a waste treatment plant, which collects waste from about 260,000 inhabitants, was used as the selected waste management plan. Biowaste stream management was emphasized. Thus, research on energy recovery and the characteristics of digestate (nutrient and heavy metals content) obtained from biowaste AD was performed. The results of the studies and their quantitative data were interpreted. A significant discrepancy between the assumptions and the actual situation was revealed (up to 20% year-on-year regarding biowaste). An underestimation of the amount of waste when planning was noted. AD ensures energy recovery from biowaste, which can cover facility electricity needs and material recovery. The digestate might find agricultural usage and become an ecological product. The content of nitrogen (1.5%dry matter), phosphorus (0.55%dry matter), potassium (1.0%dry matter), and organic carbon (16.0%dry matter) indicate a positive impact on crops. Furthermore, it can improve the economic balance, by replacing costs with sales revenues.

Investigating the Role of Product Assortment in Technology-Enabled Sales Platforms

Throughout a distribution channel, multiple sales platforms and technologies are leveraged to expand market reach and manage offering assortments. Yet, the literature is limited on how buyers who are channel intermediaries make purchase decisions across sales platforms particularly when platforms vary in their degree of technology enablement. This research investigates how B2B buyers respond to the offering, in terms of numerical assortment and quality, when the sales environments vary in their level of technology enablement. We examine the buyer's sales platform choice, purchase quantity, and tackle the seller's challenge of assortment integration. Buyers have a choice of purchasing from a low-tech platform where buyers are in-person and an auction determines sales, an Internet-enabled platform where remotely located buyers are price takers, and a hybrid platform that has a high level of technology enablement such that co-located and remotely located potential buyers simultaneously bid on the offering. A Hidden Markov Model captures the impact of different need states on buyers' decisions. Our findings: (1) uncover three distinct buyer profiles that have unique sales platform preferences and multiplatform buying tendencies that relate to their comfort with technology-enabled markets, (2) show that buyers exhibit distinct and dynamic needs that affect their sales platform choices and response to the platform offerings, (3) reveal that buyers experience diminishing returns to product assortment and condition at varying rates depending on their need state. Supporting our key findings, we find evidence of similar behaviors among consumers in a B2C multichannel context that includes an omnichannel. Additionally, we offer recommendations for B2B sellers regarding allocating and adjusting assortments to drive sales platform choice and revenues per buyer.

Design of hybrid multilayer systems to improve energy management system in multi-microgrid systems in the presence of wind and solar power

Connecting microgrids has some benefits such as operation cost reduction and increasing sales revenue of their owners. To exploit these benefits, an energy management system with diverse and efficient capabilities is required. In this paper, a multi-layer system has been proposed to improve the energy management system in multi-microgrid systems. The purpose of the multilayer system is to optimize the cost of energy supply for the producer with the ability to activate one or more layers to improve the energy management system. Layers are modules that may contain the data required for optimization, like generation volume, load consumption, and operational plan. The appropriate mathematical model of the proposed seven-layer structure is used to optimize the operation cost of the multi-microgrid system. To verify the performance of the energy management system, the proposed method is implemented by GAMS and MATLAB software and the results are analyzed for a sample multi-microgrid system.

A Measure of Tax Burden for the Companies Listed on the AeRo Segment of the Bucharest Stock Exchange

Tax pressure can be calculated at the macroeconomic level, but also at the microeconomic level, by analysing the data provided by companies in their financial statements, or by authorities giving official statistics. In this study, the authors adapt a formula for the calculation of the effective tax rate, proposing, at the denominator, the taxes reported explicitly by companies in their profits and loss account, to which they added the reconstituted value of social and fiscal contributions of the employees. Also, unlike the literature so far, they divided these tax expenses to the sales (revenues) and not to any other indicators from the profit and loss account. The population analysed is represented by the companies listed on the AeRo market of BSE, in the period 2010- 2019, a total of almost 3,000 observations. The results allowed them to notice a systematic increase in the share of the tax burden in sales, over the period taken into account. In verifying the effects of some variables proposed by the literature on the tax burden, the authors found that large firms have a lower tax burden, more profitable firms are more taxed than others, the tax burden is lower for more leveraged firms, and increasing the share of fixed assets in the balance sheet leads to an increase in the tax burden. In addition to the literature, they introduced a new variable - audit opinion - and found out that firms that receive modified audit opinions have a higher tax burden.

A Cut-Off Grade Optimization Model in Open Pit Mining Considering Reclamation Cost and Revenue

In open pit mining industry, cut-off grade has an important roles in affecting the total profit that will be earned by the company. In this research, cut-off grade optimization model is developed for open pit mining industry to maximize the total profit. We consider the environmental aspect in this model which consists of reclamation cost and reclamation revenue. We also consider the revenue of sales and valuable wasted materials revenue, and also the cost of selling stage, processing cost, mining cost, waste removal/rehabilitation cost and fixed cost. The results show that the model is able to determine the optimal cut-off grade and total profit that will be earned by the company can be estimated. Besides that, we can also estimate the completion time of mining project and the value of Net Present Value (NPV) and Return on Investment (ROI). The application of the model can be illustrated using numerical example that given in this study.

Exploring variability across cooperatives: economic performance of agricultural cooperatives in northern Ethiopia

The number of agricultural cooperatives increased quickly in Ethiopia since the 1990s. While many papers studied the impact of membership of Ethiopian cooperatives, not much is known on their performance. This study takes a cooperative-level perspective which is unique in an African context. It compares the economic performance proxied by sales revenue and profit of a wide range of agricultural cooperatives in northern Ethiopia. Data were collected from 511 agricultural cooperatives in 12 districts of Tigray. The contributing factors of the performance are analyzed with Ordinary Least Squares regression (OLS) and Heckman selection models. Our results underscore the importance of membership size, total assets, presence of conflict among members, and union membership. Chairperson characteristics and the internal organization of a cooperative seem to be less correlated to performance.

Accounts receivable from the chemical enterprises: factor analysis

This research analyzes the impact of certain factors upon the accounts receivable from chemical enterprises. The subject of this article is the accounts receivable, while the object is the Russian chemical enterprises. The goal lies in building a regression model of the dependence of accounts receivable from chemical enterprises on the explanatory factors selected in the course of analysis. The internal factors include sales revenue, net profit, accounts payable, management expenses, return on total assets, etc. The external factors include gross domestic product, monetary supply, and Networked Readiness Index. The author creates an econometric model based on the financial report data for 44 enterprises, and statistical information for the period from 2015 to 2019. The result of modeling reveals a considerable impact of such indicators as monetary resources, accounts payable, and management expenses upon the size of accounts receivable. The conclusion is made on the expansion of digital components of management expenses in the context of the goal of research. The novelty of this article is substantiated from the perspective of application of the acquired results for forecasting the level of accounts receivable and more effective management of the payables policy of the enterprise. It is noted that the internal financial and economic indicators have most impact upon the size of accounts receivable from chemical enterprises.

Time‐phased electricity package design for electricity retailers considering bounded rationality of consumers

AbstractThe ever‐increasing competition in electricity retail markets has become one of the pivotal causes for electricity retailers to provide attractive packages to consumers for enhancing their market shares. Based on the current user‐side time‐of‐use electricity price mechanism in China, a bi‐level optimization model for designing a time‐phased and quantity‐incentive electricity package is proposed for electricity retailers considering bounded rationality of consumers. In the upper‐level model, the optimization objective is to maximize the electricity purchase and sale revenue of a specified retailer. In the lower‐level model, consumers are modelled as bounded rational decision‐makers whose objective is to purchase the electricity package with the highest value, considering the value of the excess electricity of the package. In addition, consumer psychology theory is introduced to describe the bounded rational responses of consumers to electricity packages. Simulations based on data of residential consumers in a city of China illustrate that by properly determining package quotas in different time periods, electricity retailers can guide consumers to change consumption time and volume, and hence, increase their revenues by increasing trading volume or reducing electricity procurement costs in forward bilateral transactions and spot markets.

Competitive substitution and technological diffusion for semiconductor foundry firms

To survive in an intensively competitive environment, semiconductor companies need to be more agile, responsive, and flexible than before. Generally, semiconductor industry consists of three business models: integrated design manufacturer, fabless chip design, and foundry business. In general, semiconductor firms are affected by three drivers: new entrants and rivals (competition), main customers (demand), and process technologies (R&D). Inspired by Michael Porter’s five-force analysis, a novel framework is presented to accomplish the following goals: (1) The interactions between the top three foundry firms, TSMC, Samsung, and Global Foundries, are analyzed to reveal managerial insights, (2) The main customers of TSMC including Apple, Huawei, Qualcomm, Mediatek, AMD, and NVidia are incorporated to into sales forecasting, and (3) Technological diffusion across the mature process (above 70 nm), the medium process (between 20 nm and 70 nm), and the advanced process (below 20 nm) is captured to predict sales revenues. Key findings are shown as follows: (1) a large-scale foundry frim benefits from the existence of a small-scale firm, (2) the inclusion of main customers significantly improves the performance of sales forecasting, (3) the advanced process gradually benefits from the mature process while it rapidly replaces the medium process in a “predator-prey” way.

Magnitude of investment and global value chain: a case study of textile and clothing industry of Pakistan

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of value addition chain and investment size on the sales revenue of export-oriented firms in Pakistan. Pakistan is severely facing the economic crisis because of its declining exports and growing external debt. The manufacturing of the intermediate products – yarn and fabric – belong to the capital-intensive industries. The large part of these products is exported to USA, China, European Union and Bangladesh. The importing partners convert these intermediate products into finished goods (garments, home textile, towel, etc.). Similarly, the finished goods which are produced by Pakistani companies and exported directly by the producers or small-scale brokerage houses do not have Pakistani brand names. The clothing sector companies in European Union and USA sale these products in super stores and retail shops under their brand names. This mechanism explains the distribution of benefits through the global value addition chain in textile and clothing industry. It is hypothesized in this study that sale revenues of textile manufacturing companies ares determined by the size of investment, type of products (stage of the integration), average lending rates, exchange rate in term of rupees per US dollar and the market access. Data for this analysis was extracted from the Annual Reports of the companies listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange. The data consists of 248 companies and 14 years (from 2003 to 2016). Through this panel data we quantified the impacts of the size of investment and the stage of value addition in textile chain on sales revenue. It is concluded that size of a company is a serious matter, while the total assets lead further increase in the sales revenue, however the negative sign with significant and robust parameters attached with the composite variable of the large companies’ category and value of its total assets reflects the decreasing rate of return on additional investment in large-scale companies. The devaluation of Pakistani currency has been positively affecting the sales of exporting sector companies. However, the lending rate of interest has not shown a significant impact.

Optimization of costs for innovations of industrial enterprises Western Ukraine in ensuring sustainable environmental development

The structural transformations taking place in the world economy are due to the transition from the «industrial economy» to the «knowledge economy», which is characterized by the dominance of intellectual capital and innovation. It is determined that an important condition for sustainable economic development of the country and increasing competitiveness is the effective implementation of innovation. The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal cost structure for innovation and its impact on sales revenue. Within this framework, attention is focused on the use of elements of economic and mathematical modeling. The scientific novelty is to develop a model that will substantiate the relationship between the studied indicators of innovation costs, will allow to predict the amount of income from sales and ensure the achievement of its optimal value. It is established that the proposed multiple linear regression quite clearly describes the initial data and can be used for prediction. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the applied orientation of the approaches, the use of which improves the management of innovation costs and increases the level of reliability of economic information of industrial enterprises of Ukraine and as a result will improve the environmental situation. The study will assess the impact of economic entities on the environment and preserve the natural resource potential in order to achieve sustainable economic development.