Sales Agency Research Articles

The Ledger and the Chain: How Domestic Slave Traders Shaped America

The Ledger and the Chain: How Domestic Slave Traders Shaped America

Designing a closed-loop supply chain network considering multi-task sales agencies and multi-mode transportation

Current national and international regulations, along with growing environmental concerns, have deeply influenced the design of supply chain networks. These decisions stem from the fact that decision-makers try to design the supply chain network to align with their economic and environmental objectives. In this paper, a new closed-loop supply chain network with sales agency and customers is formulated. The proposed model has four echelons in the forward direction and five echelons in the backwards direction. The model not only considers several constraints from previous studies, but also addresses new constraints in order to better explore real-life problems that employ different transportation modes and that rely on sale agency centers. The objective function is to maximize the total profit. In addition, this study firstly considers distinct cluster of customers based on the product life cycle. These customers are utilized in different levels of the proposed network in order to purchase the final products, returned products, and recycled products. The structure of the model is based on linear mixed-integer programming, and the proposed model has been investigated through a case study regarding the manufacturing industry. To verify the model efficiency, a set of metaheuristics and hybrid algorithm are applied in various test problems along with a data from a real-world case study in a building construction industry. The findings of the proposed network illustrated that using the attributes of sale agency centers and clusters of customers both increase the problem total revenue and the number of the collected returned products.

PSX-19 Factors affecting growth and carcass trait performance of Canadian heavy lambs

Abstract The profitability of meat lamb production is strongly dependent on growth and carcass trait performance of market lambs. The objective of this research was to test the significance of non-genetic factors on growth, ultrasound, and carcass traits of Canadian heavy lambs. Hot carcass weight (HCW, kg), fat depth at the GR site (FATGR, mm), average carcass conformation score (CONF, points), and total carcass value (PRICE, $CAD) were measured for 8,865 purebred lambs marketed through Quebec’s Heavy Lamb Sales Agency. Corresponding management information and growth trait records for over 19,000 animals with carcass records and their relatives were extracted from the Canadian Sheep Genetic Evaluation System. Single-trait mixed linear models in SAS were used to test the significance (P < 0.05) of various non-genetic effects, after a Scheffe adjustment for multiple comparisons. All models included categorical fixed effects of sex (male or female), breed (Hampshire, HA; Suffolk, SU; Canadian Arcott, CD; Polled Dorset, DP; Rideau Arcott, RI; Polypay, PO), dam age at parity (1 to 7+ years), and birth and rearing type (born as single, twin, or triplet and more, and reared as single or multiple), and a random effect of contemporary group. Linear covariates of slaughter age or carcass weight were included in the carcass trait models, while a scanning weight covariate was used for ultrasound trait models. Male lambs were found to be significantly heavier during growth, had greater HCW and PRICE, and lower FATGR and CONF than female lambs. As expected, terminal breeds (HA, SU, CD) tended to have greater growth, greater HCW and PRICE, and lower FATGR than maternal (DP, RI, RV, PO) breeds. This information could be utilized by Canadian sheep producers to manage their flocks to maximize the revenue of lambs marketed through price grid classification systems.

부동산 분양대행서비스 마케팅 전략에 관한 연구

부동산 분양대행서비스 마케팅 전략에 관한 연구

여행판매 대리점의 유형에 따른 경영성과

Nowadays, it has been a trend that most people in Korea use a travel sales agency to travel for outbound packaged travel in an individual tour. Although retail travel agencies have increased, it is not easy for them to select a type of travel sales agency because there are a lot of brands in which wholesalers operate. The study aimed to suggest which one is the best with business performance divided into two factors, a financial and a non-financial performance.BR The survey was conducted from 1 May to 31 August in 2018 through a method of convenience sampling. 300 travel sales agencies responded to both financial factors such as sales, earning rate and sales profits and non-financial factors such as employees’ productivity, job satisfaction and customer satisfaction on service and product.BR The study concluded that the relationship between types of travel sales agencies to business performance is merely weak in financial factors. Also, non-financial factors are almost irrelevant; however, it is regarded as an important factor to measure business performance in the service industry.

AHP 및 Fuzzy 분석을 통한 분양대행사의 분양성 결정요인 중요도 분석

본 연구의 목적은 공동주택 분양 시 분양대행사의 역할이 분양성에 미치는 영향요인의 중요도를 분석하는데 있다. 분양대행사의 역할과 중요성을 이해하기 위해 계층적 의사결정모델을 구축하였다. 연구모델에 의해 구조화 된 분석변수 항목은 문헌검토, 선행연구 및 전문가 브레인스토밍을 통해 설정되었다. 실증분석은 계층적의사결정(AHP) 분석과 퍼지(Fuzzy)분석에 의한 상대적 중요도(쌍대비교)와 절대적 중요도에 대한 두 가지 비교 분석이 이루어졌고 이후 중요도 보정작업을 하였다. 분석결과, 27개 항목 중에서 고객 분양상담자료 기획, 고객청약 및 계약극대화 방안 기획, 광고 홍보매체 수단방법 기획 등이 가장 중요한 요인으로 나타났다. 절대적 중요도(Fuzzy)와 상대적 중요도(AHP) 측정결과는 비슷한 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 모델하우스 운영시점이 분양대행사의 역할과 마케팅 전략에 따라 청약률이 좌우되는 중요한 시기인 것을 시사해 주고 있다.

Dental bleaching on teeth submitted to enamel microabrasion 30 years ago—a case report of patients’ compliance during bleaching treatment

The present dental bleaching case report describes a new method that precisely quantifies the daily wearing-times of the bleaching product by inserting a microsensor in the acetate custom tray. The bleaching efficacy was also discussed since the patient was previously submitted to enamel microabrasion. The patient was submitted to enamel microabrasion in 1987, and bleaching treatment was performed in 2005. In 2017, re-bleaching was executed using 10% peroxide carbamide. The electronic microsensor, TheraMon (TheraMon® microelectronic system; Sales Agency Gschladt, Hargelsberg, Austria), was embedded in the labial region of the upper and lower acetate trays to evaluate the wearing-times of the acetate trays/bleaching product. The patient was instructed to wear the tray for 6 to 8h/day while sleeping. After 24days of bleaching treatment, the data obtained from the TheraMon electronic devices was collected and interpreted. The patient did not entirely follow the bleaching treatment as recommended, as there was no evidence of use of the upper and lower trays for some days; additionally, the bleaching product was used for shorter and longer periods than was instructed. The TheraMon microeletronic device precisely measured the wearing-times of the acetate tray/bleaching product during the bleaching treatment. Teeth submitted to enamel microabrasion presented with a healthy clinical appearance after 30years. Measuring the length and frequency of use of an acetate tray/bleaching product can be important to clinicians and patients for obtaining a controlled and adequate bleaching treatment.

Home Dental Bleaching Monitored With Microelectronic Sensors to Record the Wearing Times of an Acetate Tray/Bleaching Product

The present case study quantifies the clinical wearing time of an acetate tray/bleaching product during home dental bleaching. The patient was instructed to use a 10% carbamide peroxide gel for 6-8 hours each day for 20 days. The wearing time of the tray was measured by a microsensor from TheraMon microelectronic system (Sales Agency Gschladt, Hargelsberg, Austria) completely embedded in the tray so that the clinician would be informed as to the precise time the tray was placed in the mouth. Evaluation of the daily printout during dental bleaching demonstrated that the patient did not correctly follow the clinician's instructions as to the wearing time of the tray. Recording the wearing time of dental bleaching agents can be beneficial for both dental professional and patient to obtain a more effective treatment according to the patient's needs and expectations.

한국 지방자치단체의 전자상거래 유형 분석

Local governments in Korea are involved in three types of online shopping sites : 'direct operation', 'outsourced operation', and 'sales agency.' They are different in terms of the site operator and the charging mechanism among a local government, the site operator, and local producers. This study analyzes their differences in site traffic, local producers' participation, promotion, and partnership. The results from the investigation of 72 shopping sites are the following. First, shopping sites of the 'direct operation' type and the 'outsourced operation' type show significantly higher participation of local producers. Second, the 'marketing agency' type has significantly higher number of promotional activities than the 'oursourced type' which has significantly higher number than the 'direct operation' type. Third, the number of partnerships in the 'marketing agency' type is the highest. The 'direct operation' type is the second and significantly higher than the 'outsourced type.' On the basis of the analysis results, this paper suggests an incubation ecosystem model as a better way of involvement by local governments in online shopping sites.

Microelectronic wear-time documentation of removable orthodontic devices detects heterogeneous wear behavior and individualizes treatment planning

The aim of this study was to investigate whether microelectronic wear-time documentation can contribute to individualized orthodontic management. The wear times and behaviors of 281 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with removable appliances were quantified and analyzed using the TheraMon microelectronic system (Sales Agency Gschladt, Hargelsberg, Austria) over a 6-month treatment period. The 281 study participants wore their removable appliances for a median of 9.0 hours per day, compared with the 12 to 15 hours per day prescribed. Wear behavior was variable and heterogeneous in patients with almost identical median wear times, with fluctuating and numerous zero wear-time periods observed. Both the duration of daily wear time and the wear behavior need to be considered to individualize the prescription for wear time; this is made possible with microelectronic wear-time documentation. Individual prescription changes based on the wear-time documentation can be arranged with patients in a shared decision-making process to achieve effective and successful treatment progress.

Cartel success and institutions. The Finnish Cotton Cartel, 1903–1939

This article uses institutional theory to interpret collusive behaviour in the pre-World War II cotton cartel in Finland. The findings do not support the optimistic view of the institutionalists about the efficiency of economic institutions in boosting cooperation. Only one (the conciliation mechanism) of the four institutions identified in the cotton cartel could check opportunism to a certain degree, although it too lacked effective enforcement characteristics. This article argues that, in cartels, the motivation to follow institutions is fundamentally different from other environments, particularly trade. Besides institutions, organisational solutions, such as a sales agency that removes individual firms' discretion over pricing decisions, are needed to enhance cartel stability.

European cartels, European multinationals and economic de-globalisation: Insights from the rayon industry, c. 1900–1939

This article offers an account of European cartelisation in the rayon industry, with a particular emphasis on the inter-war period. It adds to the debate about the role of European cartels in the multinationalisation of European big business. While showing that cartelisation went hand in hand with rapid growth and a boom in foreign direct investment in the 1920s, it argues that, contrary to a widely held view, the collapse of the international financial system, the smooth working of which was a sine qua non for the functioning of a European sales agency, hindered international cartelisation in the 1930s.

스마트카드를 이용한 위조방지 인증 시스템 설계 및 구현

To protect the market for various products, existing authentication techniques using ID, hologram and RFID have been gradually developed. However, these methods can be easily exposed the authentication information, and also these exposed information easily copy. Thus, production of the counterfeit goods can not completely prevent. In this paper, to solve these problems, we designed JCVM file system for saving and managing the authentication information, user`s information and a sales agency information into the smart card. And we designed and implemented an authentication protocol that can authenticate to avoiding exposure using processor of the smart card. Through this, this proposed scheme can prevent occurrences of the counterfeit goods. And also, can be used for authentication as any product that can attach the smart card.

Frederick Burlingham: Exploration, Mountaineering and The Origins Of Swiss Documentary Cinema

A Burlingham filmography 1913–18 1913 PRODUCTION COMPANY: BRITISH AND COLONIAL KINEMATOGRAPH COMPANY. AGENT: MOTION PICTURE SALES AGENCY • 23 March: Winter Sports at St. Moritz, 367 feet • 12 June: Europe's Winter Playground, 473 feet. Viewing copy in British National Film and Television Archive. • 7 August: From Montreux to Rochers de Naye, 424 feet. Viewing copy in British National Film and Television Archive. • 7 August: Ascent of the Matterhorn, 1500 feet. Distributor: Jury's Imperial Pictures. • 13 October: The Grand St. Bernard Hospice, 557 feet PRODUCTION COMPANY: BRITISH AND COLONIAL KINEMATOGRAPH COMPANY. AGENT: DAVISON's FILM SALES AGENCY. • 16 October: Winter Sports at Suvretta, 550 feet • 27 November: A Trip to the Gornergrat, 494 feet 1914 • 15 January: Descent into the Crater of Vesuvius, 1500 feet. Distributor, Jury's Imperial Pictures Ltd. Viewing copy in Norwegian Film Archive. • 5 February: A Trip Round Sunny Marseilles, 474 feet • 5 March: In the Land of Roses, 474 feet • 9 March: In a Sea Garden, 600 feet • 26 March: Springtime in Nice, 421 feet • 27 April: Ostrich Farming at Nice, 336 feet • 18 May: The Bernina Railway in Winter, 554 feet • 28 May: Picturesque Berne, 329 feet • 1 June: A Funicular Ride to Murottas and Muraigl, 361 feet • 19 June: A Trip up Monte San Salvatore, 354 feet • 9 July: A Ride under the Alps, 506 feet • 16 July: Scenes on Lake Como, Italy, 304 feet • 23 July: The Barromean Islands, Lake Maggiore, Italy, 307 feet • 30 July: Pageant at Zurich, Switzerland, 405 feet • 6 August: A Wonder Zoo, 402 feet • 13 August: Frolicsome Bears, 312 feet PRODUCTION COMPANY: WANDERER FILMS. AGENT: MOTION PICTURE SALES AGENCY. • Around Lake Geneva • 10 September: Winter Sports in Midsummer in the Jungfrau, 254 feet • 1 October: Adventures on the Roof of the World, 2000 feet. The British National Film and Television Archive has a copy of a film (dated by them as 1913) called Alpine Adventures: A Jaunt on the Jungfrau with Burlingham Films as the production company. I suspect it to be a version of this film. PRODUCTION COMPANY: BURLINGHAM STANDARD. AGENT: NEW AGENCY FILM COMPANY. • 8 October: London in Wartime, 480 feet • 22 October: Lunch at the Zoo, 360 feet • 29 October: Giant Snow Ploughs, 394 feet • 5 November: Winter in Marseilles, 435 feet • 12 November: Winter in the Engadine, 340 feet 1915 • 7 January: An Italian Paradise, 320 feet PRODUCTION COMPANY: BURLINGHAM FILMS. AGENT: R. PRIEUR AND CO. LTD. • 9 August: Chimpanzee Pete, 300 feet • 19 August: Picturesque Berne, 360 feet • 26 August: Scrambles on Snowdon, 350 feet • 2 September: Bettwys-Y-Coed, North Wales, 400 feet • 9 September: Through Switzerland in Ten Minutes, 500 feet • 13 September: A Famous British Spa, 355 feet • 20 September: Rock Climbing in North Wales, 295 feet • 27 September: Mediterranean Scenes of Great Interest, 373 feet PRODUCTION COMPANY: BURLINGHAM FILMS. AGENT: ECLIPSE EXCLUSIVES. • October: The Ascent of Mont Blanc, 775 feet. Viewing copy in British National Film and Television Archive. • 16 December: Climbing the Jungfrau, 860 feet. Distributor, Trans-Atlantic Film Co. Ltd. Viewing copy in British National Film and Television Archive. 1916 • March: Chamonix in Summer • March: Arctic Exploration in Switzerland • March: The Jungfrau Railway • March: The Gemmi Pass • March: A Famous Swiss Pass AGENT: JAMES MCENNERY FILM SYNDICATE. • Swiss Army Sketches • French Prisoners in Leysin • La Suisse Inconnue: La Vallée de Loetschenthal, 150 metres. Made in Switzerland in 1916 and probably not released in Britain. Viewing copy in Cinematheque Suisse 1917 • In the Face of Death on the Blümlisalp, 300 metres. Scheduled for release in Britain in June 1918 1918 • Dangerous Ascent of the Zinal Rothorns, 300 metres. Scheduled for release in Britain in June 1918

The Extent and Formality of Sales Agency Evaluations of Principals

This study examines the evaluation of principal suppliers by the sales agencies that represent them. Results from a survey of sales agencies show evaluations range from extremely informal to formal, with varying criteria, information sources, and uses of the results of evaluations. Overall, formality of evaluations was quite low, but those agencies using some degree of formal procedures in their evaluations indicated better performance of the agency, better relationships between the agency and the principal, and greater overall satisfaction with the principal than those firms using extremely informal evaluations.

Domestic Contract Laws, Uniform International Contract Law and International Contract Law Principles. International Sales and Contractual Agency

Domestic Contract Laws, Uniform International Contract Law and International Contract Law Principles. International Sales and Contractual Agency

Vertical integration or separation of the sales function as implied by competitive forces

In the present paper, we link the decisions concerning the sales strategies that are made by competing firms. We demonstrate that when the demand schedules facing competing firms are moderately correlated, asymmetric equilibria may arise where only one firm decides to establish its own sales force while its competitor sells its product through an independent sales agency. When demand schedules are highly correlated, however, only symmetric equilibria can arise, since firms derive greater benefits from imitating rather than contradicting their rivals' choices. We demonstrate that vertical separation of its sales function is more likely than vertical integration when firms produce products that are highly substitutable.

The United States and the Schuman Plan. a study in French diplomacy 1950–1952

ABSTRACTOn 9 May 1950, Robert Schuman, the French foreign minister, offered to pool the coal and steel resources of France with those of its European neighbours. The proposal was directed principally at Western Germany. After a year of negotiations six western European states agreed to form the European Coal and Steel Community, an organization rightly seen as the beginning of the European Union. However significant at the time and subsequently, this creation resulted from a series of political bargains familiar to any practitioner of traditional politics. France was determined to limit the competitive advantages of German heavy industry to prevent future dominance by the Ruhr industrialists whose unsavoury past was also remembered. Jean Monnet, the head of the French delegation at the talks held in Paris, insisted on the ‘deconcentration’ of the steel and coal industries. Steel companies would be compelled to dispose of the colleries which they owned. To do this, however, Monnet had to invoke the help of the American high commissioner in Germany, John J. McCloy and his expert advisers. In terms of its origins the Coal and Steel Community can be considered the product of a bargain struck between the Federal Republic and America, not France and Western Germany. That the safeguards against vertical combinations and a single sales agency for coal proved unnecessary (and unenforceable) may partly explain the success of the first venture in European integration.

When Are Cartels Stable Contracts?

Why do some industry cartels survive for decades, while others are quickly undermined by price wars and entry? Variation in cartels' longevity can be explained by differences in their costs of self-enforcement and service value to members. Analyzing legal cartel contracts formed under the Webb-Pomerene Export Trade Act, I find that longer-lived cartels tended to export to small buyers, to have wide industry coverage, to operate in periods of stable prices and growing demand, and to sell under side agreements with foreign competitors. Contracts in which the cartel centralized its control through a common sales agency tended to be more stable. However, cartels usually grew less stable with age and when there was a recent and long history of cartelization in the industry. Finally, cartels whose primary rationale was to fix price tended to be particularly unstable, because these contracts invited fringe competition and entry.

An Analysis of Common Sales Agents

This article presents an analysis of common sales agents based on their precommitment role when sellers are better informed about the products than potential buyers. The author shows that an exclusive channel can create a cost, owing to the inability of exclusive sellers to commit themselves to sales impartiality. Independent noncooperative firms may use common agents as a precommitment to sales impartiality. The author demonstrates that common sales agency can arise as an equilibrium outcome in the absen ce of cost savings, marketing advantages, or the Bernheim-Whinston collusion effect. The analysis shows that common agency of this type can be welfare improving.