Buddha Research Articles

Hypertension Control in Patients Attending Outpatient Department: A Hospital Based Study from Lumbini Province Nepal

Background: Systemic hypertension is major public health problem. It is easy to diagnose and initiate treatment. But still it remains under detected, undertreated and less well controlled throughout the world. We wanted to know control of hypertension in patients attending outpatient department in a cardiac center. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted at Gautam Buddha Community Heart Hospital. One hundred newly detected hypertensive patients attending outpatient department were evaluated in this study. Results: Distribution of patients was males 56% and females 44%. Most patients (55%) were in the age group 45 to 65 years. Headache (42%) and dizziness (39%) were common symptoms at presentation. Majority of hypertensive pa-tients had blood pressure range 140 to 160 SBP (49%) and 90 to 100 DBP (56%). Hypertension control target reached in 69% for SBP and 90% for DBP at one month. Target blood pressure was present in 82% for SBP and 84% for DBP at three months follow up. Conclusion: Hypertension management in short term appears promising but long term control is more important to prevent complications. So long term fol-low up study or national registry database is important.

Архивные записи Г. С. Лыткина как источник по этнографии калмыков XIX в.

Introduction. The article examines and introduces into scientific discourse some archival materials of G. S. Lytkin recorded by the latter in Kalmyk Steppe and pertaining to folk medicine, calendar rituals, and ethnography of the mid-to-late nineteenth-century Volga Kalmyks. Goals. So, the paper aims to describe and introduce into scientific circulation some unpublished materials from the library of the Faculty of Asian and African Studies (Manuscript Dept.), St. Petersburg University. Materials. The study examines archival records of G. S. Lytkin stored at the mentioned repository. Results. The tale of a plant referred to as ‘[wild] boar root’ once used by Kalmyks to treat animal and human diseases is of essential interest. The paper publishes an Oirat-language (Clear Script) manuscript titled ‘Caγān sarayin bičiq’ (‘The Writing of [How] Tsagan Sar [Be Celebrated]’) containing a didactic narrative of Lord Buddha’s miracles shown during the first half of the first lunar month for lay Buddhists. Besides, the work tabulates some statistical data on Kharakhuso-Erdnievsky and Baga Tsokhor Districts (Kalm. ulus), including lists of clans (communities) and their zaisangs, tamgas, nomadic areas allotted, etc. The Supplement contains a table compiled by G. S. Lytkin and containing data on clans across eight districts of Kalmyk Steppe.

Power quality monitoring and analysis of aerodrome supply system: A study in Gautam Buddha International Airport, Nepal

The power supply system may contain disturbances leading to variations in voltage and frequency from their nominal value, non-sinusoidal waveform injection, presence of negative and zero sequence components, etc. Power quality is a measure of characteristic disturbances present in the power supply which ensures the importance of quality of service and consumer requirements. Electrical equipment installed in an aerodrome is more sensitive and prone to disturbance present at the power supply end. This study provides results of a theoretical power flow study, power quality monitoring, quality analysis, and probable remedies for power quality issues in an aerodrome electrical supply system in Nepal. Power quality measurement for supply from the utility here, Nepal Electricity Authority, and internal power generations in Gautam Buddha International Airport (GBIA) Siddharthanagar, Rupandehi, Nepal is performed by using theoretical load flow approach and continuous monitoring using a power data analyzer. The scope and origin of various disturbances which may induce power quality issues are analyzed. It is observed that the power supply at GBIA has voltage fluctuations of about ±12% and total voltage harmonic distortion of 6.5% with the presence of negative and zero sequence components. A remedial solution for the power quality problem is proposed for future enhancement of the electrical supply system at GBIA.

Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater resources in the Upper-Doab region of Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study tries to delineate groundwater zones in the Upper-Doab region of Uttar Pradesh, India based on its suitability for the use of domestic and irrigation purposes considering the physico-chemical parameters of groundwater samples (n ∼ 70) using Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) and Composite Groundwater Quality Index for Irrigation (CGQII) methods, respectively. The Upper-Doab region of Uttar Pradesh is bounded by the mighty rivers of Ganga and Yamuna in the east and west respectively. In the southwest, the region shares the boundary with the national capital of Delhi, which has led to an increase in the growth of urbanization and industrialization in the region. These factors have a visible negative impact on the groundwater scenario of the region. Hydrogeochemical investigation reveals that the ionic dominance in the groundwater samples is in the order of HCO3 > Cl > SO4 > NO3 > F and Na > Mg > Ca > K. Chemical history of groundwater samples using piper-trilinear diagram shows that Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Na-HCO3 type of groundwater is mostly found in this region. Gibb’s plot reveals that rock-water interaction was dominantly controlling the ionic composition of the groundwater in the unconfined aquifer environment. Further, the bivariate plot of (SO4 + HCO3) vs. (Ca + Mg) reveals that the weathering of calcite and dolomite minerals present in the aquifer environment has largely attributed chemical character to the groundwater of the region. The groundwater zoning concerning its domestic and agricultural use reveals that the groundwater of Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, and Gautam Buddha Nagar districts have poorer quality of groundwater due to high electrical conductivity and higher concentration of nitrate which has a higher anthropogenic link. The evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation using a single index value i.e., CGQII makes this study different from the other hydrochemical investigations under similar hydrogeolocal aquifer conditions in the region. The study suggests that corrective measures like, strict implementation of untreated discharge of industrial effluents to the water or groundwater directly, creating awareness among farmers for lesser use of chemical fertilizers, and regular groundwater monitoring systems for quality analysis must be considered for a sustainable future of the region.

Pengaruh Media Komik Terhadap Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa Sekolah Dasar 2 Alasangker, Buleleng, Bali

This study aims to determine the influence of Gautama Buddha's history comic media on learning outcomes of Elementary School 2 Alasangker. The method used in this research is quantitative research with experimental design. The instruments used in this research were questionnaires and evaluations which were distributed to 30 religious Buddhist students. The data obtained were then analyzed using a Likert scale and tested using the t-test. The results of this study indicate that comics have a very strong influence on, attractiveness, interest, motivation and understanding of learning each with an increase in learning outcomes, when viewed from the percent achievement of 88.33%, 89.16%, 77.50%, 88 ,66% (benefit). 85.83%. 93.33%, 80.83%, 74.16% (attractiveness). 86.66%. 78.33%, 71.66%, 80.00% (interest). 80.83%. 56.66%, 71.66%, 70.83% (motivation). 75.00%. 91.66%, 76.66%, 95.83% (understanding). From the results of the calculation of the comic media questionnaire with an increase in learning outcomes in total, the percentage of achievement is 80.58%. Furthermore, based on the t-test results from the evaluation of the learning achievement of Gautama Buddha's History material, it turns out that the media has a great influence on increasing learning outcomes. So, students are expected to learn well through the media used in the learning process so that they can improve their learning outcomes.

“We Are Descendants of the Buddha”

Abstract Although the spread of Buddhism and the transmission of dhamma beyond its place of origins have been taking place for many centuries, these instantiations abroad are once again taking root in the homeland through a form of return globalization. Focusing on the Youth Buddhist Society of India, we examine the creative and pragmatic ways in which Indian youth are reclaiming the Shakya identity and ancestry associated with the historical Buddha for their low caste-community at the Buddhist sacred site of Sankissa. Central to these emergent forms of social and ethical self-engagement is the importance of Buddhist education and access to global and transnational religious networks as a source of cultural empowerment.

Keeping the Faith

Abstract In many cultures, women are the “keepers of the faith,” despite the fact that masculine pronouns are often used to identify deity or deities in most of the world’s major religions. In addition, many foundational leaders of these faiths were male—Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammed, and Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha). This double issue of Religion and the Arts seeks to explore the ways in which contemporary artists who identify as women or are non-binary or third gender engage with spirituality, both in the context of different faith traditions and as unaffiliated spiritual seekers. The essays include: Scholarly explorations of contemporary artists’ engagement with religion and/or spirituality in the context of cultural roots; faith, religion and/or spirituality as a source of inspiration in art making for women artists, inclusive of trans and gender non-conforming people; relationships between religious traditions and gender fluidity as explored by contemporary artists; consideration of how women and gender non-conforming artists around the world are grappling with religiosity in their cultures and personal artistic practices; and the role of contemporary art made by women and/or gender-fluid artists in encouraging dialogue around religious belief.

India, Korea and Buddhism

India and Korea share a long-standing cultural and religious connection through Buddhism. Buddhism originated in ancient India, where it was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha. It then spread to many parts of Asia, including Korea, through a combination of trade, missionary activity, and cultural exchange. The first recorded introduction of Buddhism to Korea was in the 4th century CE, when Chinese monks arrived in the country to spread Buddhist teachings. From that time on, Buddhism played a significant role in Korean culture and society, and has continued to be an important part of Korean life up to the present day. Indian Buddhist philosophy and teachings are rooted in the teachings of Buddha. Buddhism originated in India over 2,500 years ago and has since spread to other parts of the world.

Journey of Development of Siddharthnagar District of Uttar Pradesh

Siddharthnagar is one of the 75 districts of the state of Uttar Pradesh. Several important events related to the life of Gautam Buddha occur in this area. In Kapilavastu, Raj Prasad ruins of Buddhist Bihars built in the era of Buddha and the mortal remains of Shakya Muni have been found. The literature review brings to light the fact that almost every important socioeconomic and basic amenities parameter are below the national average. For Eg- Health Conditions, Basic Infrastructure like roads, railways, CIT, Electricity, Housing, Hospitals, etc.

Development of the Iconography of Maitreya Preaching in Tuṣita Heaven and Pensive Image as Heavenly Multitude through the Northern Route

The iconography of Maitreya preaching in Tuṣita Heaven illustrates the contents of Foshuoguan Milepusa Shangsheng Doushuaitian jing(hereafter, Shangsheng jing) in which Maitreya, who was promised that he will attain Buddhahood after Sakyamuni’s nirvana, preaches in Tuṣita Heaven. It originated from Gandhara region that includes Kapisa and was introduced to Central Asia and China by the Northern Route. In the Kizil Caves, there are Maitreya images sitting cross-legged and preaching to the heavenly multitude. Compared to the examples found in the Gandhara region, the heavenly multitudes here are depicted with increased importance. Moreover, the multitudes seating cross-legged or with two feet drawn together in the art of Gandhara region became pensive bodhisattvas in the Kizil Caves, and those in the lower rows in the cave also seem to represent the pensive multitude mentioned in Shangsheng jing. As the iconography was introduced to China, the heavenly multitude who stood with attending bodhisattvas were reduced in size whereas images of Maitreya became more dominant. The fact that cross-legged Maitreya is usually attended by pensive bodhisattvas to form a triad shows that the Chinese perception of Shangsheng jing differed from that of Gandhara and Central Asia. The palaces of Tuṣita Heaven that resemble the wooden architectures of China show that the iconography has been Sinicized. There are many inscriptions on the pensive bodhisattvas of late Northern Wei that include the word ‘pensive image,’ suggesting that they were made to represent pensive heavenly multitude listening to the preaching of Maitreya in Tuṣita Heaven. Accordingly, it can be deduced that the images of pensive bodhisattva reflect not only Sakyamuni meditating when still Prince Siddhartha, but also pensive heavenly multitude in accordance with the iconography of Maitreya preaching in Tuṣita Heaven.

A Study of Human Influence on Forest Association Structure in Eastern Part of Manas Biosphere Reserve

Forests are biologically diverse natural systems that contain some of the world's most diverse biological areas. They provide a diverse range of habitats for plants, animals, and microbes. Forests are essential for environmental, land, and economic sustainability. They are the most important resource for humanity's survival. "Forest is a remarkable creature of boundless generosity and benevolence that makes no demand for its nourishment and gives protection to all beings, even supplying shade to the axe-man who destroys it," says Bhagawan Gautam Buddha. Forests, the earth's "Green Lungs," serve as energy and nutrient reservoirs, while also enriching soil by providing much-needed organic matter and increasing its water holding capacity. Forests offer man with food, fodder, medicine, fibre, lumber, and a variety of non-wood items, as well as shade and protection, as one of the most important components of the ecosystem. The forest serves as a natural habitat for biodiversity and a storehouse of genetic diversity. Forest conservation is an excellent method of carbon sequestration. If global warming is compared to a worldwide fever, forests not only serve as a potential cure, but their loss also adds to the spread of the disease (Schone and Netto, 2005). Deforestation and forest degradation account for 24% of all anthropogenic carbon emissions and 18% of all greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC, 2000).

엘라파트라 용왕의 수수께끼

After the historical Buddha passed away, his disciples tried to record the life of the Buddha in various forms, and it became a culture that persisted throughout the history of Buddhism. In the Vinaya of some Buddhist schools, early works to compose a biography of the Buddha can be found. Representatively, the Mahāvagga belonging to the Vinaya of Theravāda or Sthaviravāda tradition, 『彌沙塞部和醯五分律』(T1421), which is a Chinese translation of the Mahīśāsaka-vinaya, and 『四分律』(T1428), which is a Chinese translation of the Dharmaguptaka-vinaya, show results of such attempts in common. These tell the stories, from the Buddha’s enlightenment of Buddha to the conversion of Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana. Among these three versions, there are unique stories found only in the biography of Buddha in the Mahīśāsaka-vinaya and Dharmaguptaka-vinaya. They are episodes in which Elāpattra (伊羅鉢怛羅), the king of the Nāgas (Nāgarājan) issues riddles. Over time, these stories were tranformed in the Mūlasarvāstivādavinayakṣudravastu (『根本說一切有部毘奈耶雜事』, T1451), and recreated as more expanded stories in the Mahabastu and the Abhiniṣkramaṇasūtra (『佛本行集經』, T190). Besides, another Elāpattra narrative is introduced in the Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā of Buddhagosa on the Dhammpada 182. In these episodes, Elāpattra asks people riddles to find the Buddha, and eventually meets the Buddha. This article aims to compare and analyze the various versions of the episode of Elāpattra and to clarify their significance. In addition to that, I intend to discover the meaning of the questions and answers, and show that Buddha biographies and narratives can be provide clues to idetify the history of Buddhism.

Modelling PM2.5 for Data-Scarce Zone of Northwestern India using Multi Linear Regression and Random Forest Approaches

ABSTRACT PM2.5 (Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 m) concentrations above permissible limit causes air quality deterioration and hampers human health. Due to the lack of a good spatial network of ground-based PM monitoring sites and systematic checking, the availability of continuous data of PM2.5 concentrations at macro and meso scales is restricted. Present research estimated PM2.5 concentrations at high (1 km) resolution over Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurugram and Gautam Buddha Nagar, a data-scarce zone of the highly urbanized area of northwestern India for the year 2019 using Random Forest (RF), Multi-Linear Regression (MLR) models and Hybrid Model combining RF and MLR. It included Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), meteorological data and limited in-situ data of PM2.5. For validation, the correlation coefficient (R), Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Relative Prediction Error (RPE) have been utilized. The hybrid model estimated PM2.5 with a greater correlation (R = 0.865) and smaller RPE (22.41%) compared to standalone MLR/RF models. Despite the inadequate in-situ data, Greater Noida has been found to have a high correlation (R = 0.933) and low RPE (32.13%) in the hybrid model. The most polluted seasons of the year are winter (137.28 µgm−3) and post-monsoon (112.93 µgm−3), whereas the wet monsoon (44.56 µgm−3) season is the cleanest. The highest PM2.5 level was recorded in Noida followed by Ghaziabad, Greater Noida and Faridabad. The findings of the present research will provide an input dataset for air pollution exposure risk research in parts of northwestern India with sparse monitoring data.

Utilization of Information and Communication Technology Based Resources and Services in Knowledge Resources Centers: An Analytical Study

Utilization of Information and Communication Technology Based Resources and Services in Knowledge Resources Centers: An Analytical Study

IMPACT OF MINDFULNESS: A PERSPECTIVE OF TEACHERS OF DOE

The department of education (DoE) of the government of NCT of Delhi (GNCT of Delhi) introduced Happiness Curriculum and Entrepreneurship Mindset Curriculum (EMC) in all government schools in 2019 for classes Nursery to VIII, and IX to XII respectively. Both curriculums have a strong component, Mindfulness; the state of being conscious or aware of the present moment. This is an ancient technique of meditation that somewhat differs from meditation and was discovered by Gautam Buddha more than 2500 years ago. The sole purpose of this component in both the curriculum is to teach the students to ensure harmony within their inner self, discover their self in the process of learning, and grow their self to achieve sustainable happiness from momentary happiness. To know the impact of mindfulness in students’ lives in the offline and online mode of teaching, an online survey was conducted by the State Council of Education Research and Teaching (SCERT), New Delhi among the students, teachers, and parents of DoE. This study presents the analysis with the help of statistical techniques such as mean, median, and mode of the teachers’ observations through the questionnaire on the impact of mindfulness on the students’ behavior and their learning process. More than 1400 teachers who are teaching approximately 70 thousand students participated in this survey. The insights drawn from this analysis are discussed in detail in the result section of the study which shows the positive and effective impact of mindfulness on students’ behavior and their learning process.

ЭЖЕН БЮРНУФ (1801-1852) И ЕГО РАБОТА "ВВЕДЕНИЕ В ИСТОРИЮ ИНДИЙСКОГО БУДДИЗМА"

The article examines the life and ideas of Eugene Burnouf (1801– 1852), one of the leading European Buddhologists of the 19th century. His work “Introduction to the History of Indian Buddhism” is considered the first scientific study of Indian Buddhism. The human image of the Buddha recreated in this work formed the basis of the concept of the “historical Buddha”, which prevailed at the end of the 19th century in Buddhist studies. For a long time, Burnouf’s work was considered outdated, but an English translation published in 2010 brought this research back into scientific circulation. The article briefly describes Burnouf’s biography, examines the state of European knowledge about the Buddha and Buddhism by the beginning of Burnouf’s activity. The article analyzes the image of the Buddha created by Burnouf as a preacher of morality and early Buddhism as a simple moral teaching. It is shown that such a representation is due to the classification of texts adopted by Burnouf. The author shows the shift of his research interest from the Mahayana sutras to earlier texts. The final part of the article describes some new ideas and possibilities arising from the modern reading of Burnouf’s text, in particular, the revision of the concept of the “historical Buddha” and the genesis of the terms “Mahayana” and “Hinayana”. A hypothesis is proposed about the possible influence of the “Introduction to the History of Indian Buddhism” on L.N. Tolstoy

Dhammapada: A Sacred Path toward Liberation from Harm Cycles

abstract: This project began as an interreligious exercise during Lent, a Christian season of increased spiritual practice. What resulted, in part, is this work, a translation and commentary on the Dhammapada (included here: the introduction and translations of three chapters with chapter commentaries). Like the Sermon on the Mount to Christians and the Bhagavad Gita to Hindus, the Dhammapada is considered the heart of Buddhist teaching. Ultimately, this work is a secondary translation or popular interpretation, akin to Thomas Merton's translations of Chuang Tzu and Coleman Bark's translations of Rumi's poetry. And rather than a scholarly translation, this work is a spiritual and devotional interpretation. Among the choices I have made in this translation include gender-inclusive and affirming language, often opting for they/ them pronouns. In chapter intros, I have included resources, brief commentary, and cultural and academic notes that have helped to shape this translation. Such influencers of this translation include Ella Baker, Kendrick Lamar, Bessel van der Kolk, Lama Rod Owens, and others. The next choice I have made, instead of translating the words dukkha and samsara to sorrow/suffering and reincarnation , respectively, I have often translated these terms to harm cycles and generational suffering . My hope is that these terms capture the original meanings while also creating expansive language to hold possibilities for new understandings within Gautama Buddha's teaching. As the translator of this text, it is important to name my twenty-first-century context, influences, and identity as a person raised mostly in the Upper Midwest of the United States and who has lived in Brooklyn, New York, for the past twenty years. This translation is filtered through the lenses of my lived experience, education, social-familial position, economic status, ethnic-cultural and gender identity (as a cis male of Scandinavian-Hutterite descent, who is identified as white ), and multiple other influences. My sources include peace studies, trauma/resilience studies, liberation theology, and more than fifteen years of experience as a spiritual teacher and minister in the Anabaptist tradition (i.e., the historic peace church) of Christianity. It is through these lived experiences that this translation emerges. And, specifically, what has emerged, at least in part, is a trauma aware, liberationist interpretation of the Dhammapada.

Мудрость и мудрецы в «Собрании стародавних повестей»

Tales of Times Now Past (Konjaku monogatari-shū, 1120s) is the most extensive Japanese didactic tales (setsuwa) compilation, a significant source for explo­ration of medieval Japanese culture. This tales collection consists of more than one thousand stories, in which action takes place in India, China and Japan. The text had been created by highly educated authors mostly for unsophisticated readers, and in the same time it is positioned on the intersection of different reli­gious and literary traditions. In this paper the way how heritage of those tradi­tions is transformed in setsuwa is considered on the example of conception of wisdom. In Konjaku monogatari-shū this conception is multicomponent, has much in common with one in the Chinese classical philosophy and determined by Buddhist world outlook, which was intrinsic for the investigated tale collection. Great variety of characters from all social groups can be described in the Tales like people, who possess the wisdom in one its aspect or another: there are not only famous sages such as Confucius and Zhuang Zhou, prominent Buddhist saints or even Gautama Buddha himself, not only sovereigns and high officials, but also common laity, men and women, children and elderly people. There is a great similarity between concept of “wisdom” in this text and the one of mod­ern Japanese people.

Capitalism and Distributive Justice: Musings of a Mormon Economist

Capitalism and Distributive Justice: Musings of a Mormon Economist

The Concept of Kaizen: A Root Exploration

The Kaizen concept laid the foundation for the rapid growth of Japanese institutions. (Imaai 1986). The Kaizen concept was developed by further developing the concept of Western management, which examines organizational progress from two perspectives: maintenance and growth. Accordingly, growth is categorized as Kaizen and innovation. Of these, Kaizen means continuous growth. It refers to the growth that takes place until the arrival of an innovation. This means that Kaizen is an endless journey. Provides answers to every little problem encountered during this trip. Everyone’s support is sought for that. Second, it standardizes those answers. Nor does that standard last long. Or there is no obligation to stay that way. Breaks existing standards and adopts new ones. The journey is continuous and systematic. It is also progressive as it often moves from one standard to a higher standard. This new management thinking is intertwined with Japanese culture. It shows collective social characteristics. The purpose of this article is to analyze the ancient practice of the concept of continuous growth, called Kaizen by the Japanese. For that, the way in which Gautama Buddha solved the problems of monks 2600 years ago is being investigated. There, the manner in which the Buddha acted in imposing discipline on the vessel under the Buddhakavatthundaka of the Chullawaggapaliya in the Vinaya Pitaka is examined. 29 issues that arose from time to time regarding the bowl and the solutions given to them were examined. At first glance those problems are simple. But the Buddha did not ignore those problems. All those problems have been solved. All of those solutions were standardized at the same time. It never took long for a complete solution. The question is answered as much and as needed. The principles of the Kaizen concept are very similar to those of the Supreme Buddha’s method of problem solving. It is therefore more justifiable to regard Buddhist philosophy as the source of the Kaizen concept.