Sai River Research Articles

Studies on Morphological Effect of Some Pesticides on Fresh Water Fish, Labeo rohita in Sai River of Jaunpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Pesticides are one of the potentially harmful toxic chemicals introduced into the aquatic environment. Fish serve as important bio-indicators for aquatic life. Widely used pesticides formulation two investigate possible chemical biological and toxicological effects of pesticides that may enter into our eco-system. Effects of pesticides (herbicides insecticides, rodenticides and fungicides) to loss protein content of the liver gill and intestinal tissue of the fresh water fish, Labeorohita.The Recent study is aimed two assess the toxicological impacts of treated and untreated effluents on aquatic fresh water fish, Labeo rohita. The Most common edible fish having diverse characters includes difference in morphology, food and feeding etc. Symptoms were nearly identical on various host spp (Labeo rohita. with respect to behaviour of the infected fish. The toxicity of pesticides to an organism is usualy expressed in terms of the LD50 (lethal dose 50 percent) and LC50 (50 percent lethal concentration) observed the behavioural studies of exposed to Labeorohita. Therefore, the protection and prevention of aquatic ecosystem will be possible only with the appropriate and rationalized application of pesticides.

Landscape evolution of the Ganga-Sai interfluve in response to river dynamics and Late Pleistocene-Holocene climate change via a meander cut-off lake of a plains-fed channel

The floodplains in the interfluve between the Ganga and Sai rivers in the Central Ganga Plains exhibit a broad suite of geomorphic features such as a linear array of meander cut-offs and oxbows representing abandoned sinuous channels. Here we integrate regional and local scale geomorphic analysis using satellite imageries with detailed chronostratigraphic and paleoclimatic reconstruction from a large oxbow lake (Baraila Tal) in the paleochannel belt to infer landscape evolution in this region. The stratigraphic succession at Baraila Tal supported by sedimentology and stable isotope composition of organic matter and micro-gastropod shells suggests that the lake was previously a part of an active fluvial system, and the depositional environment transformed from a fluvial to a lacustrine system in response to geomorphic and climatic changes during the post-LGM period. Integrating geomorphic and paleoclimatic data, we identify four stages (I-IV) of landscape evolution in the Ganga-Sai interfluve region during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene interval: (I) active channel phase of paleo-Sai river before 12 kyr, (II) development of paleochannel belt and meander cut-offs during 12–8 kyr, (III) development of ‘misfit’ Sai river and gullied landscape during 8–7 kyr, and (IV) expansion of ephemeral lakes (wetlands) and subsequent filling post 7 kyr. We have demonstrated the use of paleoclimate and paleovegetation data retrieved from a meander cut-off lake for deciphering landscape evolution.

Facies architecture and textural attributes of the Late Quaternary cliff embankment sections of the Sai River, Central Ganga Plain, India

Facies architecture and textural attributes of the Late Quaternary cliff embankment sections of the Sai River, Central Ganga Plain, India

FIRST ASCERTAINABLE RECORD OF LUDWIGIA PEPLOIDES FROM ROMANIA

Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H.Raven - Floating primrose-willow - is native to wetlands of North, Central, and South America, and widely distributed across Africa, Australia, and Asia, and in Europe, where it is listed by EU Regulation no. 2016/1141 as an Invasive Alien Species (IAS) of Union concern. A photograph of the species from Romania taken in the Sai River Valley (Teleorman County) was published on the Facebook online platform in 2018. This first record, however, lacked further details on the observed specimen or any accompanying herbarium material that would ascertain its correct taxonomic assignation. By carrying out our own field surveys between October and November 2020 we hereby confirm the presence of the species Ludwigia peploides as a new addition to the Romanian alien flora. We identified many specimens occurring along the Sai River Valley, between Olteanca and Turnu Magurele localities. We further present preliminary data regarding the distribution, affected habitats, and population extent of Ludwigia peploides in the investigated area. Although several hypotheses can be proposed on the origin of this species in Romania, our current data cannot strongly support any of them. Plant specimens were deposited in the Herbarium collection of the D. Brandza Botanic Garden of the University of Bucharest (BUC).

MACROZOOBENTHOS DIVERSITY OF SAI RIVER AT RAEBARELI, INDIA

Macrozoobenthos are the best indicators of the stress in the aquatic ecosystem. Distribution of macrozoobenthos is determined by a number of factors such as physical nature of the substratum, depth, nutritive content of the water body. Present study was conducted to assess the diversity of macrozoobenthos of Sai River, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh during July 2020 to June 2021. During the present investigation, a total number of 24genera of macrozoobenthic fauna were recorded from one year of investigation. Observations revealed that phylum Mollusca acquires dominant position with 45.83% of total faunal composition while phylum Annelida constitutes 29.16% and comes on second position whereas, least faunal abundance was found from phylum Arthropoda which contributes about 25%.

Settlement patterns of two sesarmid megalopae in the Sai River Estuary, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan

Two semi-terrestrial crab species, Chiromantes haematocheir and Chiromantes dehaani, are closely related and have a sympatric distribution. The ecological characteristics of these species, including habitat and behavior during the adult stage, have been investigated. However, the larval stage remains poorly understood because it is difficult to identify larvae morphologically. Our study objectives are to clarify the settlement patterns involved in recruitment of the two species of megalopae using genetic analysis and the effects of ecological factors on settlement, including 1) seasonal changes, 2) spatial variations (dominated by conspecific or heterospecific adults), and 3) tidal effects. The Chiromantes megalopae were collected in the lower reach of the Sai River during spring and neap tides from August to November 2017. Megalopa larvae were collected from three areas: one dominated by C. haematocheir adults, one dominated by C. dehaani adults, and a revetment area. Both species of megalopae showed seasonal and spatial variations in settlement, which also differed with tidal fluctuations. Chiromantes dehaani megalopae settled from mid-August to early October and C. haematocheir megalopae settled from early September to early November. Chiromantes haematocheir megalopae preferentially settled in the area dominated by conspecific adults over the area dominated by C. dehaani and the revetment area, while no difference in the settlement of C. dehaani megalopae was observed among areas. Chiromantes haematocheir megalopae returned on the spring tide; however, C. dehaani megalopae showed no tidal pattern.

A Multi Criteria Approach for Morpho-tectonic Evaluation of Sai River Basin in Uttar Pradesh

Abstract The study integrates the morphometric analysis, lineament evaluation and fluvial geomorphology to investigate the morphotectonic setup of Sai basin. The Sai river basin forms an integral part of the central Ganga plain where the gentle slope is significantly controlled by intra-basinal tectonic activity. The fluvial setup of the Sai basin which comprises of vast old flood plains now is displayed as an entrenched river with straight channel symmetry with multiple sinuous bends. The structural control and geomorphic asymmetry can be well established by using multi criteria approach of morphometric parameters and lineament analysis. The morphometric analysis of the basin shows that the Sai river comprises of 5th order stream basin with high elongation ratio and high bifurcation ratio suggesting structural and tectonic controls. The form factor, drainage density, and length of overland flow shows low permeability with low infiltration rate indicating sheet erosion as a major denudational process. The lineament analysis from the stream pattern analysis indicates structural control for drainages while geomorphology corresponds to the landscape of the basin. The lineaments analysis shows a major NW-SE trend in concordance to present foreland basin. Thus, the study confirms that the Sai basin has conclusive evidences of morpho-tectonic control in the central Ganga plain indicating the role of the tectonics in basin evoluation.

A GIS-based Approach in Drainage Morphometrie Analysis of Sai River Basin, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract This study focuses on hydrogeological processes and sub-surface geological activities. The basin area measured is 11,161 km2 with NW-SE sloping trend. Sinuosity Index is 2.7 which show meandering nature. The drainage density, stream frequency and drainage intensity values were 0.62 km−1, 0.23km−1 and 0.37 respectively which implies that low surface runoff, high permeable alluvium, high infiltration rate, easily erodible alluvium and low relief. Mean Bifurcation ratio of 5.11 indicates that the basin is structurally controlled. Stream length ratio shows mature stage of erosion and low runoff. The basin is found to be significantly elongated circularity ratio, elongation ratio, form factor, shape index and shape factor is 0.07, 0.33, 0.09, 4.28 and 11.61 respectively. Drainage texture of 0.15 (km−1) suggest the smooth topography and high drainage density. Relief ratio is 0.23, low surface run-off, low erosion, and gentle slope. The constant of channel maintenance, length of overland flow, ruggedness number is 1.60, 0.80, 0.05 respectively, conclude the gentle slope, low surface runoff, high infiltration rate, least erodible and high permeability. The Rho coefficient of 0.11 shows the low capacity of water. The basin relief is 84 and relief ratio is 0.23 m indicating low run-off and low erosion. Hypsometric curve and integral show that the river is having intermediate stage of incision and erosion, Asymmetric factor, drainage basin shape, presence of high escarpment zones, fall displacement and uplifted barrier occur in the path of the channel identified in the transverse profile, longitudinal profiles due to intra-basinal sub-surface tectonic activity.

Microbiological Assessment of Sai River, Raibareily, Uttar Pradesh, India Using Indicator Organisms

The study’s objective is to determine the Sai River’s water quality, which is a sacred river in Uttar Pradesh, India. The river Sai, a significant river in Uttar Pradesh, rises from a pond in the hamlet of Bijgwan, close to Pihani in the district of Hardoi. It flows for around 600 kilometers, forming the district border between Lucknow and Unnao. It ultimately meets the Gomati River near Rajepur in Jaunpur district, having previously passed through Raebareli, Hardoi, and Jaunpur district. In the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, the Sai River is a tributary of the Gomti River. In UP, the Sai is revered as a sacred river. Three water samples in total from the Raebareli area Bhanvareshvar Mandir Raebareli, Raj Ghat Raebareli, and Shaheed Smarak Raebareli were gathered, and their microbiological analyses were utilized to determine the samples’ overall water quality index. The observational and significant technique used here is MPN (Most Probable Number). Here the study will focus on the amount of Total Coliform (TC) Fecel Coliform (FC) and Fecel Streptococci, present in the Holy water Sai and significantly discuss the Water Quality and health implications. Since water is the basic requirement for not only humans but also for every living organism, Quality and purity given human health especially in view its microbial contamination.

Tracing of palaeochannels of Bakulahi river system in Uttar Pradesh, India

Palaeochannels can be good possible reservoirs of groundwater and are good rechargeable aquifers. Bakulahi is a plain-fed tributary of the Sai River flowing from north-west to south-east direction with about 177-km length and about 841-km2 catchment area. It emanates from interconnected series of tals (large- to medium-sized shallow depressions) situated in the Raebareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Course of the Bakulahi River is shifted laterally and left many fluvial landforms—palaeochannels, oxbow lakes, meander cutoff, etc. The present study is based on the on-screen digitization of the Bakulahi River basin boundary, drainage network, palaeocourses, and other surface water bodies from high-resolution remote-sensing data (1 m × 1 m) available at Google Earth. The digitized details from remote sensing data are validated with some field observations. Different thematic maps are prepared by converting Google Earth feature files (.kmz/.kml) into GIS feature files (.shp) and importing layers into the GIS environment. There are about 115 palaeochannels covering about 137-km2 area (16.29%); about 6000 surface water bodies in forms of ponds/tanks having 23.36-km2 area (2.74%) and 40 oxbow lakes are mapped within the basin. This is the first scientific attempt to trace palaeocourses of the Bakulahi River. The present paper also answers the question about the origin of the Bakulahi River. Demarcation of precise basin boundary through manual method by using high-resolution remotesensing data is another contribution of this exercise which is otherwise a difficult task without the availability of high resolution DEM.

Multiple-indicator study of groundwater flow and chemistry and the impacts of river and paddy water on groundwater in the alluvial fan of the Tedori River, Japan

To investigate the source, flow paths, and chemistry of rich resources of high-quality, shallow groundwater in the alluvial fan between the Tedori and Sai rivers in central Japan, we analysed stable isotope ratios of H, O, and Sr and concentrations of major dissolved ions and trace elements in groundwater, river water, and paddy water. The Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios of the groundwater are related to near-surface geology: groundwater in sediment from the Tedori River has high Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios (>0.711), whereas that from the Sai River in the north of the fan has low Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios (<0.711). H-2 and O-18 values and Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios indicate that groundwater in the central and southern fans is recharged by the Tedori River, whereas recharge in the north is from the Sai River. Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, HCO3-, and SO42- concentrations and H-2 and O-18 values in the groundwater are high in the central fan and, except for the northern area, tend to increase with distance from the Tedori River. There are linear relationships between Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio and the reciprocal concentrations of Sr2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. These geochemical characteristics suggest that as groundwater recharged from the Tedori River flows towards the central fan, it mixes with waters derived from precipitation and paddy water that have become enriched in these components during downward infiltration. These results are consistent with our hydrological analysis and numerical simulation of groundwater flow, thus verifying the validity of the model we used in our simulation of groundwater flow. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Removal of Heavy Metal Mn+2 by The Adsorbent Wollastonite and Effect of pH

Water, no doubt, is the first and foremost legitimate friend of living beings on the earth. Toxic heavy metals have been a chief reason of water pollution. Several unfortunate accidents due to heavy metal contamination in aquatic environment stepped up the awareness about heavy metal toxicity and attracted attention towards their studies. Out of these Minimata tragedy in Japan due to mercury poisoning (1953-1960) and Itai disease in Japan due to cadmium toxicity (1947) are immerable. Waste containing metals may come out of a variety of separate operations such as chemical, metal processing, electroplating, metal polishing, metal cleaning, paint manufacture, battery manufacture etc. The source of wastes in metal processing is quite in good number and also highly variable, both in quality and quantity. Metals can be had in source as particle of pure metals in suspension to metal ions and complexes in solution. In the present study the adsorbent wollastonite is used to remove Mn (II) from the water of Sai river and also studied the effect of pH.

Thorea indica sp. nov. (Thoreales, Rhodophyta) from Uttar Pradesh, India

Thorea indica sp. nov. is described from the Sai River, Uttar Pradesh, India (26°39′00.7″ N, 80°47′38.3″ E). Its classification is based on molecular sequences of the plastid-encoded RuBisCO large-subunit gene, rbcL and the barcode region of the mitochondrial encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, cox1, and morphological data. The sequence analyses confirm a new species of Thorea. The cox1 barcode sequence had 90.4-90.8% identity with Thorea sp. from Australia and Thorea hispida from Hawaii and China. Based on rbcL sequences the Indian specimen was positioned in a major clade with high support (>95 bootstrap and 0.95 posterior probability) containing two other species: T. okadae from Japan and T. hispida from the continental USA, Hawaii, the UK, and China. The divergences among these sequences were T. indica vs. T. okadae (2.8%) and T. indica vs. T. hispida (2.9-3.4%). The comparison of morphological characters of Thorea from India was not conclusive due to the inadequate descriptions in previous reports: most specimens reported as T. hispida fit within the circumscription of T. indica as described here. The previous report of T. siamensis from the Sai River is incorrect and the specimens fit within our description of T. indica. Thorea indica and T. okadae can be distinguished by minor morphometric characters and sexuality (dioecious vs. monoecious).

English

The aim of the study is to find out the water quality of the sai river- a holy river of Uttarpradesh. River Sai is an important river of Uttar-Pradesh, originate from a pond in village Bijgwan near Pihani in district Hardoi and travel about 600 km to form district boundary between Lucknow and Unnao. After passing through Hardoi, Raebareli and Jaunpur district it finally join the Gomati River at Rajepur in Jaunpur district. The sai is worshiped as holy river in UP. total six water samples from each districts were collected and 18 physicochemical parameters were analyzed and used for the calculation for the water quality index of the samples and categories water in the rating of 0- 100 and result shows that the water quality at districts, Hardoi is good and the district Unnao and Lucknow are in excellent rating and the other three districts Raebareli ,Pratapgarh and Jaunpur was in moderate polluted categories the maximum water quality index is 71.056 and minimum at districts Lucknow 43.34.

Some physicochemical characteristics of River Bakulahi within Pratapgarh District

The rivers of India play an important role in the lives of the Indian people. The river systems provide irrigation, potable water, cheap transportation, electricity, and the livelihoods for a large number of people all over the country. This easily explains why nearly all the major cities of India are located by the banks of rivers. The rivers also have an important role in Hindu mythology and are considered holy by all Hindus in the country. The water-rich areas of the world are truly the richest place on Earth.Bakulahi River originates from Bharatpur Lake of Rae Bareli district of Uttar Pradesh. The Bakulahi river flows through Rai bareili district and Pratapgarh district of Uttar Pradesh. Bakulahi river falls down in Sai river (Tributary of Gomti river) in Kajurni village of Mandhata block.Water samples have been collected from a part of Bakulahi River along different points and analyzed for various water quality parameters. This study involves determination of physical, biological and chemical parameters of surface water at different point. A systematic study has been carried out to assess the water quality index of River Bakulahi in Pratapgarh District. water samples from five sampling stations were collected and analysed for physico-chemical parameters (Temp, pH, dissolved oxygen, C.O.D., B.O.D., Carbonate, Bicarbonate, total alkalinity, hardness, turbidity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, sulphate, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids.)The study area experiences a seasonal climate and broadly divided into three seasons as winter (November to February), Summer (March to June) and rainy (July to October). The samples were collected and analysed for two consecutive years 2009 and 2010. Each parameter was compared with the standard desirable limit of that parameter in river water as prescribed by different agencies.The analytical data of various physicochemical parameters indicates that some parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids , total suspended solids, turbidity and sodium are found to be in excess than the prescribed limit in some water samples of the study areas. The WQI value indicates that water samples of some sampling stations are quite unfit for drinking purpose because of high value of dissolved solids and sodium. It was also observed that the water in the year 2009 was of a better quality than in the year 2010. Suitable suggestions were made to improve the quality of river water.

Brief migration of the grass puffer, Takifugu niphobles, to fresh water from salt water

The grass puffer, Takifugu niphobles, is a peripheral freshwater fish often seen in brackish water. In the Sai River, Miyazu, Japan, we found that the grass puffer migrate to fresh water from salt water in June and July. Most of the grass puffer stayed in fresh water for 3.6 h on average and returned to the sea during the day. A low salinity tolerance experiment indicated that the grass puffer can live in fresh water for 2 days but not for longer than 4 days. Based on these findings, we discuss the physiological effects and ecological implications of the migration.

Preconcentration and Determination of a Trace Amount of Manganese as Its Thenoyltrifluoroacetone Complex with Dibenzo-18-crown-6 by Means of Synergistic Extraction and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A new method for the preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of manganese at the ppb-sub ppb level in natural water is described. The method is based on the formation of the thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) complex with dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) by means of synergistic extraction and back extraction combined with atomic absorption spectrometry. The effect of various factors (pH, shaking time, preconcentration factor and foreign ions etc.) on the extraction and back extraction of manganese has been investigated. The manganese TTA chelate in o-dichlorobenzene forms stable adducts with DB18C6 [Mn(TTA)2•nDB18C6, n=1-2]; the stability constants (βn) of the adducts were determined by a curve-fitting method as log β1=4.43 and log β2=6.85. The amount of manganese in Sai river (Kanazawa City) and Asano river (Kanazawa City) was found to be 2.4±0.3 and 12.2±0.8ng/ml, respectively.

Management of the sai river and the Tatsumi Canal, Japan

AbstractThe Tatsumi canal, Japan, constructed by Hyoshiro Itaya in 1632, is of immeasurable cultural value. It has become evident that the canal will be destroyed by construction of a new dam planned by Ishikawa Prefecture. The Tasumi canal is described and an alternative measure that fulfills the purposes of the dam construction and preservation of the Tatsumi canal is proposed. The alternative measure consists of widening the channel of the Sai River for flood control, and modification of the existing Heraso checkdam so as to fulfil the requirements for hydroelectric power generation and water storage. The proposed alternative also allows the preservation of the natural environment around the dam site and maintenance of water‐quality in the Tatsumi canal.

Extra-pair Copulations in Little Terns Sterna albifrons

EPC (extra-pair copulation) attempts in Little Terns Sterna albifrons were studied from April to July in 1988 at the Sai River, Nagano Prefecture, central Japan.1) 114 and 62 birds were trapped and marked individually with color leg rings, respective in 1987 and 1988. EPC attempts were observed for 492 hrs and breeding behavior for 630 hrs.2) Little Terns mated monogamously (31 nests were examined).3) EPC's were attempted in 114 approaches by extra-pair males holding a fish. Complete EPC's were 4 (3.5%), mounting 11(9.6%), and failed EPC's 15 (13.2%).4) In the normal pair copulation, males approached to their mate without fish. Females made the hunched posture to extra-pair males approaching with fish. Most extra-pair males could not copulate, as females moved out to grab the fish curried by the males when the males attempted to mount.5) Females made the hunched posture and lying posture to extra-pair males with fish, and grabbed his fish by jumping before mounting. 17 (14.9%) cases of grabbing behavior by jumping were observed, and each of four females succeeded to grab once.6) Pretending to accept the male's EPC attempts, females grabbed food male carried during the incubation and fledging periods. As time of leaving nest of females increased during these periods, the contact chance to extra-pair males may increase. Courtship feeding his rate decreased during these periods, becoming females to be hungry. Grabbing food may be induced by food shortage.7) Females depend on their mates for plenty of food during the egg-laying period. Males did not guard their mates during this period, but their feeding may function mate guarding.8) Extra-pair males did not seem to judge the fertile period of females, and failed to copulate usually by females' grabbing behavior. They contribute little to fertilizing in EPC.

Turbulent Flow over a Gravel River Bed

Observations of turbulence are made in the Chikuma river and in the Sai river with 3 electro-magnetic flowmeters. Representative scales of the river bed gravels at the observation points are the values from about 10cm to 20cm.The observation data shows the fact that ∩-shapet voltex tubes contribute to Reynolds-stress positively and quickly. The results of the observations are as follows.1) The values of Reynolds-stress decrease with hight. Some of the observation data show that the distribution pattern has turnning point of a curve near a river bed.2) The values of the energy dissipation decrease almost uniformly with hight. The maximum value obtained from the observation is 14.5 cm2/sec3.3) The scales of energy containing eddies increase with hight. When Z/H eqals to 0.8, it takes the value of about 10H. But some cases show that it dose not exceed 5H through the whole depth.