Safety Valve Research Articles

Unsupervised machine learning model for predicting anomalies in subsurface safety valves and application in offshore wells during oil production

Predicting oil well behavior regarding the integrity of its equipment during production and anticipating behavioral changes and anomalies are among the main challenges in oil production. In this context, this study focuses on the development of predictive models for real-time monitoring of well behavior using sensor data from production wells. An unsupervised Novelty and Outlier Detection model has been introduced with a specific focus on predicting instances of unexpected subsurface safety valve closures in subsea wells. This model effectively classifies anomalies observed in these systems by leveraging real-world pressure and temperature data sourced from published literature. The methodology involves the implementation of a floating window for assembling training and test sets. Additionally, a comprehensive investigation is conducted into the impact of hyperparameters and the model’s threshold value (cp threshold). The results highlight the effectiveness of the developed model, observed through the accuracy achieved around 99.9% in predicting spurious closure events of the Downhole Safety Valve. On the same dataset, previous works reported 99.9% accuracy by using long short-term memory (LSTM) autoencoder, 87.1% by using random forest, and 60% with the Decision Tree method. Looking at F1-SCORE values, the developed model performs the best, followed by the LSTM model, both of which are significantly superior to the Decision Tree and random forest models. Furthermore, the model’s applicability is validated through testing in ultradeep water subsea wells within the pre-salt area of the Santos Basin. The significance lies in the potential for this research to enhance anomaly prediction in offshore wells, consequently reducing the costly interventions due to equipment malfunctions. Timely detection and corrective actions, facilitated by the model, can mitigate production loss and safeguard well integrity, addressing critical concerns in the oil and gas industry.

Alternative oxidase promotes high iron tolerance in Candida albicans.

Although crucial for cellular functioning, iron is toxic when present in excess. Iron overload can create a labile iron pool (LIP) that harms the mitochondrion, resulting in disruption of oxidative respiration. Fungal pathogen C. albicans possesses an unconventional terminal oxidase [alternative oxidase (AOX)] that can disrupt the electron transport chain to remove excess electrons, generated from various stressors, to shield the respiratory apparatus. Here, we identify a novel role for AOX under high iron, whereby it works as "safety valve" to protect the mitochondrion from high iron-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). C. albicans showed pronounced metabolic flexibility to environmental iron, ranging from 1 to 500 µM. High iron significantly increased intracellular iron, LIP, and levels of cellular ROS. Expression of both AOX1/2 was induced by iron, and cells lacking Aox1/2 showed high levels of mitochondrial ROS as well as significant growth defect under high iron. Thus, Aox1/2 helps mitigate the negative effects of iron. Furthermore, iron-induced expression of AOX1/2 was intermittent, thus preventing ATP loss despite AOX being non-proton motive. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was significantly higher (62.8%) under high iron conditions. Contribution of Aox1/2 was greater toward this high OCR, compared to their contribution in low iron conditions. Lastly, enhanced virulence of C. albicans that is observed for wild-type cells under high iron was lost when fungal cells lacking AOX1/2 were used for murine infection. Thus, AOX is crucial for preserving mitochondrial function for survival in a high iron host.IMPORTANCEThe yeast C. albicans exhibits metabolic flexibility for adaptability to host niches with varying availability of nutrients including essential metals like iron. For example, blood is iron deplete, while the oral cavity and the intestinal lumen are considered iron replete. We show here that C. albicans can tolerate very high levels of environmental iron, despite an increase in high iron-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) that it mitigates with the help of a unique oxidase, known as alternative oxidase (AOX). High iron induces AOX1/2 that limits mitochondrial accumulation of ROS. Genetic elimination of AOX1/2 resulted in diminished virulence during oropharyngeal candidiasis in high iron mice. Since human mitochondria lack AOX protein, it represents a unique target for treatment of fungal infections.

Research on Calculation Method of Annular Leakage Rate based on Variable Conservation Method

The annular leakage rate is the most important parameter to measure the failure of gas well barrier units. At present, there are two methods that can be applied to calculate the leakage rate of offshore gas wells: safety valve method and nozzle flow method. However, applying these two methods to the calculation of annular leakage rate has encountered a problem of poor adaptability. In order to enhance the accuracy of leakage rate calculation results and improve the reliability of judging gas well integrity through annular leakage rate, this article summarizes an annular rate calculation method based on variable conservation method.

Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) protects photosystem I and not photosystem II against photoinhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha.

The plastid terminal oxidase PTOX controls the oxidation level of the plastoquinone pool in the thylakoid membrane and acts as a safety valve upon abiotic stress, but detailed characterization of its role in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus is limited. Here we used PTOX mutants in two model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha. In Arabidopsis, lack of PTOX leads to a severe defect in pigmentation, a so-called variegated phenotype, when plants are grown at standard light intensities. We created a green Arabidopsis PTOX mutant expressing the bacterial carotenoid desaturase CRTI and a double mutant in Marchantia lacking both PTOX isoforms, the plant-type and the alga-type PTOX. In both species, lack of PTOX affected the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. Exposure of plants to high light intensity showed in the absence of PTOX higher susceptibility of photosystem I to light-induced damage while photosystem II was more stable compared with the wild type demonstrating that PTOX plays both, a pro-oxidant and an anti-oxidant role in vivo. Our results shed new light on the function of PTOX in the protection of photosystem I and II.

Extraction and Application of Hydraulic Support Safety Valve Characteristic Parameters Based on Roof Pressure Data

The safety valves of powered supports control the maximum working resistance, and their statuses must be known to ensure the safety of both the support and the overlying strata. However, the inspection of powered support valves involves manual or semiautomated operations, the costs of which are high. In this study, an extreme point extraction method was developed for the determination of the characteristic parameters of safety valves using roof pressure data, and a safety valve state monitoring module was constructed. Using the longwall face of 0116306 with top coal caving in the Mindong Mine as an example, the characteristic parameters of the safety valves were extracted, including the peak, reseating, and blowdown pressures, as well as the recovery and unloading durations. The results of the field tests showed the following: (1) The amplitude threshold method based on extreme points can be used to accurately extract characteristic parameters, and the distribution of the characteristic parameters of the safety valves follows either a Gaussian or an exponential distribution. (2) The mining pressure analysis results, derived from the characteristic parameters, closely align with the in situ mining pressure observations. This method can be used for the online monitoring of safety valve conditions, increasing the operational efficiency and quality of safety valve inspections.

Effect of safety valve types on the gas venting behavior and thermal runaway hazard severity of large-format prismatic lithium iron phosphate batteries

The safety valve is an important component to ensure the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the effect of safety valve type on the thermal runaway (TR) and gas venting behavior of LIBs, as well as the TR hazard severity of LIBs, are not known. In this paper, the TR and gas venting behavior of three 100 A h lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries with different safety valves are investigated under overheating. Compared to previous studies, the main contribution of this work is in studying and evaluating the effect of gas venting behavior and TR hazard severity of LFP batteries with three safety valve types. Two significant results are obtained: (I) the safety valve type dominates over gas venting pressure of battery during safety venting, the maximum gas venting pressure of LFP batteries with a round safety valve is 3320 Pa, which is one order of magnitude higher than other batteries with oval or cavity safety valve; (II) the LFP battery with oval safety valve has the lowest TR hazard as shown by the TR hazard assessment model based on gray-fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. This study reveals the effect of safety valve type on TR and gas venting, providing a clear direction for the safety valve design.

PELATIHAN MANAJEMEN PEMASARAN MELALUI PHOTOROOM PADA UMKM DI DESA BRAJA HARJOSARI, KEC. BRAJA SELEBAH, LAMPUNG TIMUR

UMKM or micro, small and medium enterprises are the backbone of the Indonesian economy. It was proven in 1998 and 2008 that UMKM were strong in facing the economic crisis and were able to act as a safety valve for the economy during a crisis. Until now, the progress of UMKM has been paralleled by technological developments. Technology is developing very rapidly and is important for human life today. The aim of this Community Service (PKM) program is to provide knowledge and skills regarding marketing management to UMKM in Braja Harjosari Village. The specific target is to provide knowledge and skills to UMKM players in business development through training in improving marketing management through photoroom and can also increase the skills of training participants in the photoroom application. The method used in this service is a participatory method, where devotees and partners both participate from start to finish. The implementation stages start from photoroom supervision, evaluation stage. As a result of this training, MSME players know more about marketing management so they are better prepared to face increasingly fierce competition and can generate higher income. and through this marketing management training, UMKM understand more about promotional media.

Research of the Performance of a Hydraulic Actuator Based on an Acoustic Power Analysis

The powered roof support in a mining complex protects machines and people from the harmful effects of the rockmass. The design of the powered roof support should be strictly prepared for adverse working conditions. This especially applies to the construction of the hydraulic actuator, which is designed to transfer uncontrolled load relief. The hydraulic actuators and an adequately selected safety valve determine the requirements for safe work. The study analyses the hydraulic actuators based on the signal obtained from the dynamic impact. The signal obtained from the load of the powered roof support in the bench tests allowed us to determine the opening time of the safety valve, which is not much different than the time of the pressure increase. Until now, the valve’s operation has been primarily analysed regarding pressure increase. This research was intended to determine whether introducing the sound power method for developing powered roof support research in the near future would be helpful. The sub-piston pressure increased during bench testing, generating a dynamic impact signal. The analysed results of the sound power tests in terms of their suitability for the development of standards related to powered roof support. This paper describes a new approach to research on powered roof support. Determining the acoustic power based on bench tests for the hydraulic actuator of a powered longwall support is ground-breaking research. The research results pave the way for new technologies based on acoustic information.

Navigating cross-cultural port tourism: Unleashing the psychological safety valve for risk management

Existing research primarily concentrates on the influence of epidemic risk on industrial and economic growth, with less attention paid to understanding the internal psychological processes governing tourist risk prevention and management. In light of the imperative for risk mitigation in the post-epidemic era and the revival of travelers' desire to explore, our study introduces a practical mechanism aimed at alleviating psychological concerns and undertakes two thematic investigations. Through structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, we elucidate the specific mechanisms for opening tourists' psychological safety valves and delve into the factors contributing to tourists' empathy. Furthermore, we delve into the empathetic path for port risk prevention and management, employing four rounds of expert-driven fuzzy evaluation. Consequently, we put forward an empathetic approach to port risk prevention and management for cross-cultural tourism development. This approach unravels the enigmatic ‘black box’ of port management in the post-COVID-19 era, spotlighting the pivotal role of empathy within it. Our study introduces a groundbreaking concept, the ‘opening of the psychological safety valve,’ shedding light on its potential to reconcile tourists' risk perceptions with their travel aspirations. This innovation stands to benefit destinations striving for the healthy growth of cross-cultural tourism.

Modeling of the Gas Dynamic Processes with Different Equations of State

The work is devoted to the study of the features of gas-dynamic processes at the high pressures. The flows of air, hydrogen and water vapor are considered. The results obtained using the ideal gas equation and two real gas equations - van der Waals and Soave-Redlich-Kwong are analyzed. The comparison has been done on the numerical simulation results for the safety valve operation problem. The problem was solved in a three-dimensional non-stationary formulation using the finite volume method. Numerical solution method was built on the basis of the Godunov’s method. The results of a comparison of isotherms for each media are presented. Those are obtained using the considered equations of state in the regions when the gases thermodynamic parameters are changed. The influence of the gas model on the processes in the safety valve has been studied in detailsfor hydrogen. A detailed comparison of the local distributions of pressure, temperature, density, and flow velocity has been made. The complex impact of the flow parameters was studied using the integral characteristics - the gas-dynamic force acting on the disk and the gas flow rate. It has been found the gas-dynamic forces obtained within the framework of ideal gas model and the Soave-Redlich-Kwong gas are close to each other in magnitude and exceed the force for the van-der-Waals gas. However, the flow rate of ideal gas significantly exceeded that for both real gases. It is due to a twofold increase in density, which is not compensated by a decrease in the flow velocity. Thus, to obtain accurate data on the dynamic and velocity effects of gas flows on technical devices at high pressures it is necessary to use the real gas equations of state.

Subsea Multilateral Oil Producer Evaluated With Acoustic and Production-Logging Tools

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 210299, “A Subsea Multilateral Oil Producer, Completed With AICD Sand Screens and Selective Inflow Valves, Is Evaluated by Combined Acoustic and Production-Logging Tools, Identifying the Sand-Producing Branch and a Tubing Leak in a Single Operation,” by Duncan Troup, SPE, Archer; Tim Griffin, SPE, Three60Energy; and Minh Pham, Aker BP, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ A horizontally completed subsea multilateral well exhibited unexpected sand production and a tubing leak, leading to the well being shut in. The complete paper discusses the novel tools and techniques used to localize the tubing leak, identify the bore responsible for sand production, and provide relative sand quantification at differing flow rates. Well Background and History The well was drilled and completed as a subsea producer to be tied back to an existing floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel by means of a subsea flowline. After drilling of the first lateral, the decision was taken not to complete it. A second lateral was then drilled and completed. The main and secondary bores were drilled into different zones of the reservoir. Both lower completions used standalone sand screens, autonomous inflow-control-device nozzles, and swell packers set in open hole. Each of the lower completions was fitted with a hydraulically actuated inflow control valve (ICV) for managing production flow from the reservoir zones, providing the ability to produce each leg independently or commingle them. The upper completion is equipped with two gas lift valves (GLV) to provide artificial lift, a chemical injection mandrel, and a surface-controlled subsea safety valve (SCSSV). After approximately 6 months of flowing the well, water cut was seen to increase and a series of “popping” events occurred in which productivity increased markedly for short periods. Significant quantities of sand soon began to accumulate in the FPSO topside facilities. Approximately 1.5 years after startup, well productivity decreased sharply over a few months while the water cut continued to increase. As the productivity continued to decline, the leak rates exhibited by the SCSSV and one GLV fell outside the acceptable criteria. The pressure responses indicated a high leak rate. The well was shut in pending diagnostic logging and repair of the leak. Sand-Source Investigation The subsea wellhead of this well was fitted with an acoustic sand detector, but this had only indicated minor amounts of solids in the flowstream over the producing lifetime of the well. An extensive investigation concluded that the makeup of the collected sand was most likely to have originated in the case study well and that the amounts involved were likely to have been a contributing factor in the loss of well integrity. Because the well was producing from two different branches, a probability existed that only one of these was suffering from sand production. The well completion was designed to allow independent control of the branches by use of ICVs, so an intervention to assess the status of each of the branches with respect to water and sand production was planned, with the additional objective of diagnosing the well-integrity failure.

Enhanced expiratory rebreathing space for high loop gain sleep apnea treatment

The pathophysiology of sleep apnea goes beyond anatomic predisposition to airway collapse and includes additional factors such as arousal threshold and loop gain. High loop gain is a prominent feature in central and complex sleep apnea (with a mixture of obstructive and central features) where relative hypocapnia can lead to respiratory instability and periodic breathing. Existing therapies, including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and adaptive servo-ventilators, often inadequately treat sleep apnea with high loop gain features. Enhanced expiratory rebreathing space (EERS) targets prevention of the hypocapnia that triggers central events in sleep by increasing dead space in amounts less than typical tidal volumes. This is accomplished by covering traditional exhalation ports on positive airway pressure masks and adding small additional tubing with distal exhalation and safety valves. This technique reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) blow-off during arousals and the associated large recovery breaths, typically producing a maximal increase in resting CO2 by 1–2 mmHg, thus increasing the CO2 reserve and making it less likely to encounter the hypocapnic apneic threshold. Typically, the amount of EERS is titrated in response to central events and periodic breathing rather than aiming for a goal CO2 level. Ideally CO2 monitoring is used during titration of EERS and the technique is avoided in the setting of baseline hypercapnia. This method has been used in clinical practice at our sleep center for over 15 years, and retrospective data suggests an excellent safety profile and high rates of successful therapy including in patients who have previously failed CPAP therapy. Limitations include decreased effectiveness in the setting of leak and decreased tolerance of the bulkier circuit. EERS represents a simple, affordable modification of existing positive airway pressure modalities for treatment of central and complex sleep apnea. Areas of future study include randomized controlled trials of the technique and study of use of EERS in combination with adaptive ventilation, and pharmacologic adjuncts targeting high loop gain physiology.

Research Status and Development Prospect of Wellbore Integrity in China

Summary As the exploration and development of oil and gas move into increasingly challenging locations and harsher environments, well integrity becomes more difficult to maintain. High temperatures, pressures, and corrosion can all contribute to wellbore integrity failure. Such failures can have significant financial and environmental consequences, including gas leakage and fluid spills. In this paper, we review the development and technical advancements of wellbore integrity research both in China and abroad and look forward to the development direction of wellbore integrity in China. We provide basic background knowledge for those interested in wellbore integrity and also share the progress and development direction of integrity research for wellbore integrity researchers. Through research and analysis, some conclusions can be drawn. Countries around the world are actively studying wellbore integrity and have developed a large number of standards, especially the United States and Norway, which have the most standards. The most common way to analyze wellbore integrity is to first divide the entire wellbore into different wellbore barrier units according to different standards, such as ISO 16530-1, and then study risk factors and integrity management measures in different units. Mainstream research is mostly carried out around the integrity of casing, cement, and tubing, and many achievements have been made, but the study of packer and downhole safety valve is still on the way. Wellbore integrity risk assessment aims to quantify potential risks and establish risk levels to support decision-making for on-site wellbore integrity control. This is achieved by identifying factors affecting wellbore integrity, establishing an evaluation index system and processing evaluation indicators to determine failure probability and impact consequences. The resulting risk value can be divided into different areas using the “as low as reasonably practicable principle” or a risk matrix graph. However, due to the complexity of the factors involved and the subjectivity of risk classification rules, there are still challenges in promoting the evaluation model and reducing errors in the evaluation results. China should actively promote interdisciplinary integration and respond to the call for “dual carbon goals” to break through the current bottleneck in wellbore integrity research. This can be achieved by promoting the development of quantitative wellbore integrity risk assessment methods, developing supporting evaluation software based on big data, and by tackling the integrity challenges faced by different types of wells and promoting the development of wellbore integrity discipline.

Consumer Jurisdiction and Choice of Law Rules in European and Chinese Private International Law

This article compares consumer jurisdiction and choice of law issues in China and the EU. It aims to answer the following questions. What is the notion of consumer? Are farmers, package travel tourists and timeshare tourists consumers? Are dual-purpose contracts consumer contracts? Is a consumer jurisdiction rule needed in China and if yes, under what ground and with what conditions? Is choice of court agreement in consumer contracts valid? How to limit the exercise of party autonomy and what role mandatory provisions may play? Shall consumer contract and tort claims be subject to the same applicable law? Based on a comparative analysis with European law, this article concludes that to improve cross-border consumer protection, China should reform its law to include package travel contracts and timeshare contracts into consumer contracts and determine the nature of dual-purpose contracts pursuant to their primary purpose. Moreover, the current limitation on party autonomy should be lifted by providing freedom to both parties and relying on mandatory provisions as a safety valve. The consumer choice of law rule and its interaction with the general contract choice of law and tort choice of law rule needs to be reexamined.

Cellular reductive stress: Is plasma membrane electron transport an evolutionarily-conserved safety valve?

Cellular respiration is highly regulated, changes dynamically in response to the microenvironment of individual cells and during differentiation and differs between cell and tissue types. Too little cell respiration can cause an accumulation of reductants, leading to reductive stress, while inefficient respiration, that causes a build-up of reactive oxygen species (ROS), can result in oxidative stress. Most of the discussion of this central redox dichotomy has centred around oxidative stress because the damaging effects of cellular oxidants on DNA, lipids and proteins are well-established, and have been shown to contribute to health issues including, mitochondrial and cardiovascular diseases, tumorigenesis, and to the effects of ageing. Much less attention has been paid to cellular reductive stress. Nevertheless, excessive levels of key cellular reductants including NADH, NADPH and glutathione, as well as an imbalance in protein thiols, and insufficient levels of ROS to maintain cell signalling pathways, can be harmful to cells and result in poor health outcomes. Recently, cellular mechanisms that sense and regulate cellular reductive stress associated with low ROS levels have been identified. In addition, plasma membrane electron transport has been shown to be a key player in cellular redox homeostasis involving NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios. It is now well-established that the plasma membrane contains coenzyme Q-mediated electron transport pathways capable of oxidizing intracellular NAD(P)H and reducing extracellular electron acceptors such as molecular oxygen. A better understanding of the origins, cellular and subcellular compartmentalization and regulation of cellular reductants could lead to the development of new anticancer strategies.

Sensory Evaluation, Biochemical, Bioactive and Antioxidant Properties in Fruits of Wild Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) Genotypes from Northeastern Türkiye

Wild edible fruits are an important source for agriculture worldwide suffering from genetic erosion due to a severe genetic diversity reduction and domestication hindrance. In Türkiye, underutilized Prunus spinosa fruits are increasingly being considered as genetic resources and are marginally used by small farmers constituting a real safety valve for the sustainability of the processing plum value chain. Fruits of those plum genotypes differ in their biometric, processing and functional quality attributes. In this study, fruits of eight wild grown blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) genotypes were sampled from the Ispir district of the Erzurum province and subjected to sensory, morphological, biochemical and antioxidant characterization. Aroma, taste and juiciness were used as the criteria for sensory analysis, and a trained panel of ten experts established and evaluated the sensory characteristics of the fruits of the blackthorn. Fruit weight, fruit skin and flesh color as L*, a* and b* values were the main morphological parameters. For biochemical and bioactive analysis, organic acids, SSC (Soluble Solid Content), vitamin C, total anthocyanins, total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity were determined. Antioxidant capacity was determined by FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay. The results indicated significant differences among genotypes for most of the traits. The fruit weight was found between 2.78–3.67 g. The skin L*, a* and b* values were 13.11–16.12, 2.56–3.85 and 2.01–3.44, respectively. The flesh L*, a* and b* values were in the ranges of 17.45–20.37, 4.88–6.73 and 4.12–5.66, respectively. The SSC content ranged from 18.66% to 21.07%. The total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were between 372–504 mg GAE/100 g; 53–72 mg cy-3 g eq./100 g and 107–134 mmol Fe (II) eq./g, respectively. The dominant organic acid was malic acid for all genotypes and varied from 1.04 g/100 g to 1.52 g/100 g fresh weight base. The data showed that the analyzed blackthorns, particularly PS-5, PS-3 and PS-2 had bigger fruits indicate their suitability for fresh and dried consumption, PS-1 and PS-3 had higher juiciness, indicating their suitability for processing, and PS-4 and PS-6 had higher human health promoting compounds (higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity), making them suitable for future use as functional foods and as promising sources of natural antioxidants.

Study on the suppression of thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery by water mist with different additives

ABSTRACT Water mist with additives is a promising emergency control technology for the lithium-ion battery’s thermal runaway. Developing efficient, green, and environmental-friendly additive is a key issue to the technology. Here, using 18,650 batteries as the experimental object, three different suppression mechanism additives, i.e. sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium chloride (NaCl), and soy protein, were studied and discussed after optimizing the condition of water mist generated with different Here, using 18,650 batteries as the experimental object, three different suppression mechanism additives, i.e. sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium chloride (NaCl), and soy protein, were studied and discussed after optimizing the condition of water mist generated with different compressed air. The battery thermal runaway process concluded four stages, and the initial stage of explosion, i.e. the safety valve broke through companying with some noise and gases spilling out, was a typical phenomenon that suggested the beginning of thermal runaway. The water mist generated with optimized air pressure of 0.2 to 0.25 MPa, the droplet SMD size was 71–89 μm, could effectively suppress the battery thermal runaway, decrease T2 quickly from about 700°C to no more than 413°C, and reduce the cooling time from above 1000 s to no more than 203 s. Although the mechanism of the three additives was different, all of them could evidently enhance the suppression effect of water mist on the lithium-ion battery’s thermal runaway. Especially, the addition of 1.5% soy protein to water mist could decrease greatly both the flame temperature and the battery’s surface temperature, and shorten 63% cooling time comparing to the pure water mist. The results showed that soy protein was an efficient and environmental-friendly additive for water mist to inhibit the thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery and had good potential practical application value. The in-depth research and analysis of SDBS and NaCl would provide basis data for the development of compound additive.

Numerical procedure to determine the performance and structural response of passive shock wave safety valves under blast loading

Numerical procedure to determine the performance and structural response of passive shock wave safety valves under blast loading

The Right of The Human to Achieve Justice in the Saudi Judiciary

Amid the crises and security, economic, and social challenges facing humanity today, the judiciary is considered a safety valve in the area of crime prevention, achieving security and stability, reassurance, and prosperity. A human's right to achieve and establish justice can only be realized through the existence of judicial institutions, as justice and judiciary are intertwined - there can be no justice without judiciary, and no judiciary without justice. If justice is lost, the judiciary loses its importance, power, and people will no longer trust it or view it to obtain their rights. Therefore, this paper comes in this conference to shed light on the most prominent pillars for achieving justice in the Saudi judiciary as a human right, and the adequacy of these pillars. My study will rely on the descriptive research method for its suitability in analyzing the provisions and regulations governing the Saudi judiciary, and to derive theoretical and practical conclusions in this context.

The Effectiveness of Pressure Safety Valves in Chemical Supply Systems to Prevent Fire, Explosion, and Overpressure in the Korean Semiconductor Industry

This study was conducted to review the safety and appropriateness of PSV (Pressure Safety Valve) installation in the supply tank, which is a pressure vessel included in supply systems dedicated to supplying the acid/alkaline substances used in the Korean semiconductor manufacturing process. Three aspects of design, risk assessment, and regulations were reviewed to determine if there is a source of pressure higher than the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of the supply tank that could cause fires, explosions, and overpressure. In the case of the design review, all 17 overpressure scenarios described in API Standard 521, i.e., pressure-relieving and depressuring systems, were reviewed, and there was no overpressure scenario above the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP). Then, the risk assessment, i.e., the Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) technique, was used, and as a result of reviewing all possible risk situations, we can state that there were no overpressure scenarios that can exceed the design pressure of the supply tank; thus, we decided that the installation of a PSV on top of the supply tank is unnecessary. Finally, accident prevention measures against overpressure, such as the KS B 6750-3 system design and the Korean Industrial Standard, were reviewed from a legal point of view. It was confirmed that the hazardous chemical supply system for the semiconductor industry designed in this study has several protective functions to prevent fires, explosions, and overpressure. As a result of reviewing the above three aspects, it can be said that there is no need to install a pressure safety valve in a pressure vessel storing hazardous chemicals.