Site Safety Research Articles

Implementation of Smart Training on Construction Site Safety: A Case Study in Hong Kong

Implementation of Smart Training on Construction Site Safety: A Case Study in Hong Kong

Occupational Health and Safety in Beekeeping: An Analysis of Bayburt and the Upper Çoruh Valley

Beekeeping is an agricultural activity closely intertwined with nature and involves various occupational risk factors. This study examines stationary and migratory beekeepers' occupational health and safety risks in the Bayburt and Upper Çoruh Valley regions. The research evaluates the chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic risks beekeepers face and analyses their potential adverse effects on beekeepers’ health and public health. It is noted that the use of antibiotics and pesticides poses a risk of residue in honey, potentially affecting the food chain and leading to occupational diseases. Using the Fine-Kinney risk analysis method, evaluations were conducted in 13 apiaries, identifying 17 risks: 5 ergonomic, 4 physical, 6 chemical, and 2 biological. Among these risks, heavy lifting and repetitive movements were prominent in terms of ergonomic risks, pesticide and antibiotic use in terms of chemical risks, apiary site safety and traffic accidents in terms of physical risks, and bee stings and wild animal attacks in terms of biological risks. The study emphasises the need to enhance occupational health and safety measures in the beekeeping sector and to adopt more modern production methods.

Automated Object Detection and Tracking for Construction Site Safety

The construction industry is increasingly adopting digital solutions to enhance safety, efficiency, and productivity. This project leverages the YOLOv8 object detection model and ByteTrack algorithm to track and count objects on construction sites. The system enables automated monitoring of personnel, machinery, and safety equipment through video analysis, addressing critical challenges like occlusions and dynamic object interactions. A custom dataset tailored for construction environments ensures high accuracy in detecting safety-critical items, such as personal protective equipment (PPE). This approach demonstrates significant potential for real-time safety assessments and operational optimization, serving as a technological leap in construction practices.

MULTIDIRECTIONAL USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN THE AREA OF SAFETY

The paper presents a wide range of possibilities for the use of drones in terms of human safety, theenvironment and technical facilities. In accordance with the concept of the paper, these areas aredivided into four main sources of hazards and in each of these cases the possibilities of using anunmanned aircraft are presented. Hazards caused by flooding, the environment, a fire and thoseoccurring on construction sites are subject to analysis. The main aim of the paper was to markareas of hazard using a grid superimposed on a map of an area by a specialised drone camera.Based on this information, it is possible to define a risk map of hazards to people and property.In the case of flooding, the depth of the river spillway was determined according to the width ofthe river channel, in this case affecting the safety of residents of a town. For the environmentalaspect, the surface area of a water table and its depth in the area of fields, meadows and pastureswere determined. This is also important from the agricultural point of view, including determiningthe extent of crop damage. In the case of a fire, the use of a drone enabled the assessment ofthe damaged surface of a building as a result of high temperatures, including the construction ofa situation plan related to the assessment of the building’s structure in the context of its continueduse. The final area is the safety of a construction site. Here, in turn, an important objective was tomap the occupational risks for those working there and, in particular, to identify the sources ofdangerous, harmful and nuisance factors. All of the diagrams presented confirmed the widespreaduse of UAVs in the diagnosis of occupational safety levels. With this technology, it is easier todiagnose sources of hazards and develop preventive measures.

Calculation methods of monolithic reinforced concrete structures with posttension reinforcing ropes

The problem of reinforcing rein-forced concrete structures remains one of the key ones in modern construction, especially in view of the increase in operational loads, physical wear, as well as the consequences of natural disasters and military actions. Prestressed ropes allow not only to increase the strength of structures, but also to extend their service life, ensuring the economic feasibility of repair or reconstruction.This article presents the main methods for calculating such monolithic reinforced concrete struc-tures using the SCAD Office, LIRA-SAPR, SOFiS-TiK software packages.The main advantage of using prestressed ropes is their ability to evenly distribute the load in the struc-ture, reducing the risk of cracks and reducing defor-mations. Improving calculation methods, through the use of software packages, allows you to opti-mize these processes, ensuring the accuracy and ef-ficiency of engineering solutions.In Ukraine, there is an increasing implementation of modern and effective construction methods, which is demonstrated by the growing popularity of technologies such as the use of prestressed reinforcement in monolithic reinforced concrete struc-tures. This contributes to improving the quality, durability and reliability of buildings, as well as optimizing the consumption of materials and resources. This approach forms new standards in construction and ensures competitiveness in the international market.The main goal of the article is to promote the dis-semination, research and implementation of monolithic construction technologies using prestressed cable reinforcement. An important aspect is the creation of a modern regulatory framework that will al-low for the effective design and construction of such structures. This will help to increase the level of re-liability, durability and safety of construction sites, and will also contribute to the development of inno-vative solutions in the construction sector of Ukraine.

Risk Hazard Identification Using the HIRARC Method in the Construction of the KAI Boutique Hotel Cihampelas Building - Bandung

Construction projects involving heavy equipment, work at heights, and hazardous conditions are inherently high-risk, making safety management crucial. This study identifies hazards related to work accidents at the KAI Boutique Hotel Cihampelas project using the HIRARC (Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control) method. The research applies a mixed-method approach, combining site observations, interviews, and questionnaires with project stakeholders. Statistical analysis and risk mapping classify risks based on severity and probability. Findings reveal 29 identified risks across ten work categories, including six high-risk items, 20 medium-risk items, and three low-risk items. The study emphasizes the need for consistent safety measures such as protective equipment, safety training, and adherence to standard procedures. The research’s novelty lies in its tailored HIRARC application in a specific construction context, offering actionable insights into mitigating occupational hazards and enhancing site safety.

Thermal Hazard Evaluation and Prediction in Deep Excavations for Sustainable Underground Mining

With the advent of the deep mining era, thermal damage in mines has become increasingly significant. The high-temperature environment in underground mines adversely impacts the physiological and psychological health of operators, reduces work efficiency, elevates the risk of accidents, and disrupts sustainable mining operations. Consequently, the development of accurate and reliable methods for classifying thermal hazards is essential for enabling mining enterprises to implement effective prevention strategies. Furthermore, such methods provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable management and utilization of geothermal energy. This study systematically considered factors influencing underground thermal damage and selected 10 quantitative indicators, encompassing both natural and human factors, as evaluation criteria. The CRITIC method was employed to determine the weight of each indicator, which was then integrated with uncertainty measurement theory to develop a novel thermal hazard assessment framework (CRITICUM). This framework enables the classification of thermal hazards in deep mine roadways. The evaluation results generated by the CRITICUM system were subsequently used to train machine learning predictive models. During the training process, the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) was utilized to identify the most suitable prediction model parameters for the complex thermal environment of deep mines by leveraging its capability for continuous iterative evolution. The optimized parameters replaced the original random forest (RF) model parameters, resulting in an enhanced thermal damage prediction model (PSO-RF) with an accuracy of 96.55%, outperforming the standard RF model by 3%. Finally, the prediction model’s accuracy was validated using engineering case data, demonstrating that the results met practical engineering requirements. In summary, the proposed CRITICUM-PSO-RF evaluation and prediction model can accurately classify thermal damage in deep mines and provide a valuable reference for ensuring site safety and supporting the sustainable utilization of geothermal energy.

. Ensuring fire safety at cultural heritage sites of the Museum-reserve of the heroic defense and liberation of Sevastopol

This study assessed the fire safety of cultural heritage sites within the Sevastopol Museum-Reserve of Heroic Defense and Liberation, identifying significant non-compliance with fire safety regulations. The underlying causes of these deficiencies were analyzed, and practical measures were developed to enhance fire safety and strengthen structural elements without compromising the sites’ protected status. Individual fire risk assessments and hazard factor analyses were conducted. The results validated the proposed improvements and demonstrated their effectiveness in achieving fire safety compliance. These findings provide practical recommendations applicable both to existing cultural heritage sites and the planning stages of new projects.

Precast Girder Management During the Erection Process: A Review

With a focus on their use in bridge building, the study examines the procedures, methods, and factors that go into erecting precast girders. Large- scale infrastructure projects require precast girders because of their effectiveness and quality, which guarantee less time spent on building sites and less labor. The paper covers several precast girder types, including segmental, box, U, and I girders, and how project needs determine which type is best for a given project. It compares the applicability, benefits, and drawbacks of several erection techniques, such as span-by-span, full-span, and gradual launching. Frameworks such as HIRARC are used to examine the risks related to the erection process, including site logistics, equipment management, and safety precautions. Case studies shed light on difficulties encountered during girder building and give guidance for improving quality and safety. Recommendations for improving construction methods and guaranteeing structural integrity in precast girder constructions are included in the paper's conclusion. Keywords—Precast, Precast girder, Erection, Launching Techniques, Span by Span

Provision of basic swimming and water safety skills in low-resource environments: barriers and facilitators of use of WHO practical guidance

IntroductionWHO guidance supports implementation of drowning prevention interventions. This study aimed to examine barriers and facilitators of use of WHO guidance on basic swimming and water safety skills in low-resource...

Intrusion sound and light alarm method for radiation detection operation site based on infrared induction radar

Abstract A method based on infrared induction radar is proposed for intrusion sound and light alarms in radiation detection operation sites. We will use infrared sensors to sense the thermal radiation of human bodies or objects within the work site, and monitor specific areas through the constructed infrared light “wall”. When someone or an object enters the preset alert area and blocks the infrared beam, the sensor will quickly detect changes in thermal radiation and monitor and track potential intruders in real time, then trigger the alarm system. The alarm system emits strong sound and light signals through sound and light alarms to deter intruders and notify relevant personnel, ensuring the safety of the work site. The experimental results show that this method has the characteristics of high efficiency, sensitivity, and reliability, and is suitable for radiation detection operation sites and other places that require high safety requirements, effectively improving the level of safety protection.

Visitors’ Behaviors and Perceptions of Spatial Factors of Uncultivated Internet-Famous Sites in Urban Riverfront Public Spaces: Case Study in Changsha, China

This article takes representative uncultivated riverfront internet-famous sites (uncultivated RIFSs) in Changsha city, China, as an example to explore the internal mechanism of their formation and finds that they are closely related to the “urban subculture” and the “informality of urban public space”. In terms of methodology, through questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews, this study investigates the behavioral characteristics of onsite visitors, the overall perceptions and satisfaction of public spaces, and the perceptions of spatial and humanistic elements of visitors. The main findings are as follows: ① Onsite visitors are mainly male, with local tourists and nearby residents accounting for over 80%. Furthermore, over half of the visitors have limited understanding of the uncultivated RIFSs. ② People’s overall attitudes towards the uncultivated RIFSs are positive. And the ability to carry out meaningful activities and find comfort and safety are of the greatest concern to onsite tourists. ③ Among the visiting reasons, leisure stays accounted for the highest proportion, followed by sightseeing, sports stays and social stays. ④ The onsite visitors’ main focus of spatial elements and humanistic elements is different according to the different sites. However, visitors’ dissatisfaction is mainly reflected in poor site safety and sanitation conditions, inadequate facilities and poor surrounding environments. This paper also compares the online–offline differences in the spatial perceptions of the uncultivated RIFSs between this study and previous research; instead of focusing on the urban physical spaces, online social media users pay more attention to their self-presentation. Meanwhile, the visitors place greater emphasis on the functionality, practicality and experiential activities of the urban physical spaces. Finally, this article proposes optimization strategies for uncultivated RIFSs from planning and governance and public space design aspects to protect and strengthen the composite utilization of space, therefore enhancing diverse vitality.

Flexural performance study of the CHC joint based on experimental methods

Joints are pivotal components in prefabricated station technology, requiring development to meet diverse requirements such as site conditions, safety, stability, operability and waterproofing. CHC joints, while addressing these factors, offer the advantages of easy assembly and clear force transmission. These advantages of CHC joints have been verified in the application of Pingxi station in Shenzhen, China. Furthermore, the mechanical transmission mechanism of CHC joints is novel and distinct from existing joint types. In this study, with the use of experimental methods, further investigation is conducted into the flexural mechanical properties of CHC joints, elucidating their flexural behaviour and failure modes. The findings indicate that the axial force transmission mechanism of CHC joints ensures stable tension transmission under bending moment loads; the flexural stiffness of joints exhibits pronounced non-linearity; and the failure mode of joints resembles that of reinforced concrete beams with adequate reinforcement, demonstrating ductile failure. This research offers valuable insights for the design of CHC joints.

Investigation of Unsafe Construction Site Conditions Using Deep Learning Algorithms Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.

The rapid adoption of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the construction industry has revolutionized safety, surveying, quality monitoring, and maintenance assessment. UAVs are increasingly used to prevent accidents caused by falls from heights or being struck by falling objects by ensuring workers comply with safety protocols. This study focuses on leveraging UAV technology to enhance labor safety by monitoring the use of personal protective equipment, particularly helmets, among construction workers. The developed UAV system utilizes the tensorflow technique and an alert system to detect and identify workers not wearing helmets. Employing the high-precision, high-speed, and widely applicable Faster R-CNN method, the UAV can accurately detect construction workers with and without helmets in real-time across various site conditions. This proactive approach ensures immediate feedback and intervention, significantly reducing the risk of injuries and fatalities. Additionally, the implementation of UAVs minimizes the workload of site supervisors by automating safety inspections and monitoring, allowing for more efficient and continuous oversight. The experimental results indicate that the UAV system's high precision, recall, and processing capabilities make it a reliable and cost-effective solution for improving construction site safety. The precision, mAP, and FPS of the developed system with the R-CNN are 93.1%, 58.45%, and 27 FPS. This study demonstrates the potential of UAV technology to enhance safety compliance, protect workers, and improve the overall quality of safety management in the construction industry.

Examining the Safety of Dorsogluteal and Ventrogluteal Sites for Intramuscular Injection in Older Adults.

Muscle, subcutaneous tissue and total tissue thicknesses are important factors in successful intramuscular injection. Muscle mass decreases and subcutaneous tissue increases with age. This may negatively affect the safety and effectiveness of intramuscular injection in older adults by increasing the risk of bone contact and subcutaneous drug administration. Intramuscular injection sites should be evaluated in this respect, but no previous study has evaluated the most appropriate sites for safe and effective intramuscular injection in older adults. This study aimed to examine the safety of dorsogluteal and ventrogluteal injection sites in older adults. This cross-sectional study included 171 older adults who presented to the radiology clinic of a hospital between November 2022 and February 2023. We collected the study data using a descriptive characteristics form and an ultrasonographic measurement form. To complete the descriptive characteristics form, we interviewed the participants and measured their waist circumference, hip circumference, weight and height. Muscle, subcutaneous tissue and total tissue thicknesses at the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal sites were determined by ultrasonography. This study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guideline. At the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal sites, respectively, total tissue thicknesses were 59.43 ± 11.21 and 48.78 ± 9.68 mm, subcutaneous tissue thicknesses were 20.07 ± 6.64 and 22.97 ± 7.40 mm and muscle thicknesses were 40.13 ± 5.59 and 25.61 ± 4.30 mm. Tissue thicknesses at both sites differed according to sex, weight, hip circumference and waist circumference (p < 0.05). Although both sites were acceptable according to the tissue thickness thresholds for intramuscular injection given in the literature (subcutaneous tissue < 25 mm, total tissue > 35 mm), the ventrogluteal site was more advantageous in terms of greater muscle thickness and lower subcutaneous tissue thickness. The results of this study indicated that both the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal sites are safe for intramuscular injections in older adults in terms of tissue thickness. However, the ventrogluteal site may be safer for older adults because of the lower risk of bone contact and subcutaneous injection. Further studies are needed on this subject. This study is important in terms of determining the safe and effective gluteal site for IM injection in older people aged 65 and over, preventing complications that may arise from site selection, and developing nursing policies that consider older people as a special group in the selection of IM injection sites.

Efficacy and safety of the OZil phacoemulsification handpiece in dropped lens fragment surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

Phacoemulsification is the predominant method for cataract surgery, but complications like lens nuclei dislodgment into the vitreous cavity pose significant risks, including inflammation, glaucoma, retinal tears, and vision loss. Traditional management involves pars plana vitrectomy with phacofragmentation, which can increase the risk of retinal damage due to repulsive forces. This study tests whether the OZil phacoemulsification handpiece, employing torsional movement, offers a safer alternative by minimizing repulsive forces and reducing surgical duration compared to the traditional phacofragmatome. This prospective study, conducted in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India from January to June 2023, enrolled 40 patients with nucleus dislocation during cataract surgery. Patients were randomized into Group 1 (traditional phacofragmatome) and Group 2 (OZil handpiece). Primary objectives included comparing the duration of surgery and intraoperative complications. Secondary objectives assessed postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), surgical site safety, and cystoid macular edema (CME) incidence. Group 2 demonstrated significantly shorter surgical durations (110±2.54 seconds) compared to Group 1 (152±2.23 seconds, p < 0.001). The frequency of nucleus falls was considerably lower in Group 2 (p < 0.001). Postoperative BCVA and CME incidence showed no significant differences between groups. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the OZil handpiece significantly reduced surgical duration (β = -0.40, p < 0.001) without compromising safety. The OZil handpiece's rotational cutting mechanism offers a significant advantage in reducing surgical time while improving the followability of lens fragments, as compared to the traditional phacofragmatome. It addresses one of the key limitations of phacofragmentation by minimizing fragment displacement, where repulsive forces can complicate the procedure. Although both techniques showed similar safety profiles, the OZil handpiece's operational efficiency makes it a promising alternative for managing posteriorly displaced lens fragments in complex cases. The OZil phacoemulsification handpiece significantly enhances surgical efficiency and safety in nucleus drop surgeries. Its integration into existing phacofragmatome systems can lead to major advancement in the ophthalmic surgical armamentarium, ensuring improved patient care.

Development of work safety procedures for PCI Girder installation using interactive analysis models

As part of the government's infrastructure acceleration initiative, toll road construction has become a key focus to enhance regional development and connectivity. However, such projects, particularly those involving the installation of precast concrete girders, carry significant risks of workplace accidents. Between 2017 and 2021, six accidents related to girder erection occurred during toll road construction projects. This study aims to develop work safety procedures for the installation of Type I precast concrete girders in the Bakauheni–Sidomulyo toll road project. The proposed safety procedures, presented as a flow chart, are based on national and international safety standards, providing a clear and sequential overview of the process to ensure better understanding and risk mitigation. The study uses the Interactive Analysis Model for data analysis, encompassing Data Collection, Data Reduction, Data Presentation, and Conclusion Drawing, where data collection and analysis are conducted in an iterative and simultaneous manner. The results, validated by site engineers and safety officers both within and outside the project, identified 62 potential risks stemming from unsafe conditions and provided 85 safety recommendations. These findings offer practical guidance for contractors to minimize the risk of accidents during the PCI girder erection process.

A New Robust Lunar Landing Selection Method Using the Bayesian Optimization of Extreme Gradient Boosting Model (BO-XGBoost)

The safety of lunar landing sites directly impacts the success of lunar exploration missions. This study develops a data-driven predictive model based on machine learning, focusing on engineering safety to assess the suitability of lunar landing sites and provide insights into key factors and feature representations. Six critical engineering factors were selected as constraints for evaluation: slope, elevation, roughness, hillshade, optical maturity, and rock abundance. The XGBoost model was employed to simulate and predict the characteristics of landing areas and Bayesian optimization was used to fine-tune the model’s key hyperparameters, enhancing its predictive performance. The results demonstrate that this method effectively extracts relevant features from multi-source remote sensing data and quantifies the suitability of landing zones, achieving an accuracy of 96% in identifying landing sites (at a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°), with AUC values exceeding 95%. Notably, slope was recognized as the most critical factor affecting safety. Compared to assessment processes based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Random Forest (RF) models, XGBoost showed superior performance in handling missing values and evaluating feature importance accuracy. The findings suggest that the BO-XGBoost model shows notable classification performance in evaluating the suitability of lunar landing sites, which may provide valuable support for future landing missions and contribute to optimizing lunar exploration efforts.

Learning 3D human–object interaction graphs from transferable context knowledge for construction monitoring

We propose a novel framework for detecting 3D human–object interactions (HOI) in construction sites and a toolkit for generating construction-related human–object interaction graphs. Computer vision methods have been adopted for construction site safety surveillance in recent years. The current computer vision methods rely on videos and images, with which safety verification is performed on common-sense knowledge, without considering 3D spatial relationships among the detected instances. We propose a new method to incorporate spatial understanding by directly inferring the interactions from 3D point cloud data. The proposed model is trained on a 3D construction site dataset generated from our crafted simulation toolkit. The model achieves 54.11% mean interaction over union (mIOU) and 72.98% average mean precision(mAP) for the worker–object interaction relationship recognition. The model is also validated on PiGraphs, a benchmarking dataset with 3D human–object interaction types, and compared against other existing 3D interaction detection frameworks. It was observed that it achieves superior performance from the state-of-the-art model, increasing the interaction detection mAP by 17.01%. Besides the 3D interaction model, we also simulate interactions from industrial surveillance footage using MoCap and physical constraints, which will be released to foster future studies in the domain.

Effects of cushion gas pressure and operating parameters on the capacity of hydrogen storage in lined rock caverns (LRC)

Hydrogen storage in lined rock cavern (LRC) provides versatile site selection, safety, and stability, making it a crucial option. In this study, a thermodynamic mathematical model was established to describe hydrogen storage in LRC. This model is based on the principles of mass, momentum, and energy conservation while accounting for the authentic compressibility of hydrogen. The thermodynamic fluctuations throughout the seasonal cycle in LRC were computed using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The results indicate that when the hydrogen storage reaches the operating pressure, the lower the cushion gas pressure, the greater the hydrogen injection amount, and the higher the utilization rate of storage capacity. With a cushion gas pressure of 3 MPa, the storage capacity utilization rate exceeds that at 15 MPa by 41 %. The injection rate of 0.5 kg/s results in a temperature increase of 12 °C compared to 0.27 kg/s, indicating twice the temperature rise at the 0.27 kg/s injection rate. An increase in injection temperature corresponds to higher temperature within the hydrogen storage cavern upon completion of gas injection, thereby reducing the time needed for gas injection to reach maximum operating pressure. A lower initial cavern temperature results in a longer time for hydrogen storage to reach maximum operating pressure.