Safe Functioning Research Articles

Assessment of the level of security (safety of functioning) of automated systems based on their vulnerabilities, formalized using the theory of queuing systems

Objective. The aim of the work is to develop a methodological apparatus, as well as a mathematical model based on the theory of queuing systems designed to assess the level of security of automated systems.Method. The theory of queuing systems is considered as a mathematical apparatus. In particular, the problem of eliminating vulnerabilities was considered as a multi-channel CFR with an unlimited queue. The flow of detected vulnerabilities of the automated system was considered as an incoming flow of applications. The system, due to the possibility of detecting many vulnerabilities in a short time, has a queue of vulnerabilities. Information security specialists responsible for eliminating vulnerabilities in this system are considered as service channels. Despite the possibility of mutual assistance between specialists, this paper considers a situation where each employee is tasked with eliminating a specific vulnerability. The outgoing flow of applications is the flow of eliminated vulnerabilities of the automated system.Result. A methodological and mathematical apparatus for assessing the level of security of automated systems based on their vulnerabilities and the process of eliminating vulnerabilities has been developed. The theory of queuing systems was used as a basis. The assessment of security levels is given depending on the probability of a queue of unresolved vulnerabilities.Conclusion. The developed methodology can be used to assess the level of security of automated systems. And also allows you to assess the sufficiency of resources spent on eliminating vulnerabilities of a specific automated system.

On functioning of Siberian IDGC branch of PJSC Rosseti – JSC Chitaenergosbyt

Specifics of the functioning of the electric grid company over the period of its activity in 2016 – 2022 are considered. Based on the publicly available data, an analysis of the structural features of the company, as well as the electric energy balance for its transmission to and from the company's networks, taking into account losses arising during the electricity transportation to consumers, was carried out. The characteristics of generating capacity, as well as the number of substations on the Trans-Baikal Territory and in the Republic of Buryatia are presented, their age assessment is given. The level of electricity consumption is analyzed, as well as the structural composition of consumers receiving electric energy through the company's networks. Based on available information about emergency situations, the number of failures that occurred in the company's networks during the period under study, as well as the causes of those failures, were analyzed. It has been established that the greatest number of failures is associated with the wear of electrical grid equipment, which causes a collision of wires of overhead power lines, their breakage, as well as the breakdown of high-voltage insulators. The percentage ratio of the main causes of failures in the company's electrical networks has been determined. Based on the use of Matlab graphic editor technologies, the visualization of the analyzed dependencies was carried out, which enabled to have a demonstration of changes in the number of failures, the amount of under-supplied electrical energy, as well as economic damage from this under-supply. Graphical diagrams are presented and a detailed analysis of the causes of emergency events for the current half of 2022 is given. Reversible malfunctions (unstable failures) are noted, and their share in the total volume of emergency situations is determined. Recommendations have been developed for the company specialists to improve the reliability of power supply. The results obtained can be useful both to the management and specialists of the company in question, as well as to scientific and technical workers and engineering personnel engaged in research in the field of improving the reliability and safety of functioning of electric power systems.

Management of the development of critical technologies and their significance in the defence capacity of Ukraine

Introduction. Today, the scientific and technological sphere has become the main one for Ukraine in the fight against the aggressor - the Russian Federation, and mastering the so-called "critical technologies" (СT) is used to expand the capabilities of the defence capabilities and offensive operations of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and in the post-war period to achieve the goals of national security ones, primarily military, military-economic and scientific-technological security. The goal of the article. The goal of the article is to generalize the world experience in the development of critical technologies (CT), analyze the state of this sphere in Ukraine, and develop proposals for overcoming problems on the way to the development of the scientific and technological sphere of the state. Methods (methodology). In the research the general scientific methods are applied, in particular theoretical generalization - to generalize the features and main directions of the implementation of innovative technologies in the section of the main functional areas of the military-industrial complex; system economic analysis - to assess the state and development of critical technologies to create the latest types of weapons, military equipment and the safety of functioning of the infrastructure. The results. The world experience of introducing critical technologies is considered. The state of development of critical technologies is analyzed as a national priority to ensure Ukraine's defence capability. The proposals for expanding and overcoming problems on the way to the development of the scientific and technological sphere to create weapons and military equipment have been developed. The steps for establishing an effective interaction of science, education and the industrial sector to develop innovative activities in the field of armaments and military equipment have been determined. Provision of quick and effective implementation of critical technologies in the military-industrial production with maximum effect and key tasks of the executive authority are proposed.

Development and research of uninterruptible power supply system for networks with supply voltage up to 24 V

Objectives. Due to the continuous rapid development of renewable energy sources, requirements for secondary power supply systems keep increasing from year to year. Productive uptime for end users is dependent on the efficiency and stability of the power supply system. Such systems should be able to distribute and store energy from renewable sources having various parameters and configurations. Therefore, the present work is aimed at developing technical solutions for efficient uninterruptible secondary power supply systems in low voltage DC networks.Methods. Advanced circuitry solutions are used for performing pulse conversions with high efficiency. The flexible hardware-software system is used for implementing the parameter control system.Results. An uninterruptible power supply for low-voltage DC networks is developed. The description of subsystems and calculations for all main elements including the power ones are given. Using a contemporary component base, the system prototype is assembled, configured, and measured by parameters. The presented solutions allow achieving the universality of the system in terms of the input and output voltage range. Support for the fast-charging Power Delivery protocol is integrated. As well as regulating the battery charging current and voltage, the Li+ battery charging controller permits changes in the number of chargeable cells. The monitoring and control unit monitors network parameters and controls the system automation. Using a microcontroller as the control device, it is possible to easily change control parameters by changing software settings. Dual redundancy of the module monitoring the built-in battery parameters is used to ensure the reliability and safety of system functioning. Support for the standardized I2C communication protocol with a separate power bus allows any necessary sensors to be connected for monitoring system parameters. External high-power devices controlled by a PWM signal may be added, if required. In the paper, the Li+ battery charging profile recommended by the manufacturer is provided.Conclusions. The designed system provides stable power supply to end users at a power consumption up to 40 W for at least 45 min. The automation demonstrates reliable operation.

Phosphorylated Poly(vinyl alcohol) Electrospun Mats for Protective Equipment Applications.

The development of intelligent materials for protective equipment applications is still growing, with enormous potential to improve the safety of personnel functioning in specialized professions, such as firefighters. The design and production of such materials by the chemical modification of biodegradable semisynthetic polymers, accompanied by modern manufacturing techniques such as electrospinning, which may increase specific properties of the targeted material, continue to attract the interest of researchers. Phosphorus-modified poly(vinyl alcohol)s have been, thus, synthesized and utilized to prepare environmentally friendly electrospun mats. Poly(vinyl alcohol)s of three different molecular weights and degrees of hydrolysis were phosphorylated by polycondensation reaction in solution in the presence of phenyl dichlorophosphate in order to enhance their flame resistance and thermal stability. The thermal behavior and the flame resistance of the resulting phosphorus-modified poly(vinyl alcohol) products were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and by cone calorimetry at a micro scale. Based on the as-synthesized phosphorus-modified poly(vinyl alcohol)s, electrospun mats were successfully fabricated by the electrospinning process. Rheology studies were performed to establish the optimal conditions of the electrospinning process, and scanning electron microscopy investigations were undertaken to observe the morphology of the phosphorus-modified poly(vinyl alcohol) electrospun mats.

Перспективы использования искусственного интеллекта в диагностике и лечении заболеваний сетчатки

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of informatics concerned with developing programs capable of imitating certain functions of the human mind. AI technologies are applied in different areas of medicine, including ophthalmology. Acquisition and analysis of images are critical for diagnosing and treating ophthalmic disorders, particularly retinal diseases. This paper reviews the use of AI algorithms for diagnosing and treating retinal disorders. Modern AI algorithms are trained to analyze images obtained by digital retinal photography, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography. The most promising AI algorithms are those used for screening and treating chronic diseases (e.g., diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, age-related macular degeneration) to provide a personalized management strategy. Therefore, developing standards regulating AI technology application and standards providing a reliable evaluation of safety, accuracy, and reliability of AI-based system functioning is particularly important for healthcare. Keywords: artificial intelligence, computer vision, ophthalmic screening, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, age-related macular degeneration. For citation: Katalevskaya E.A., Katalevskiy D.Yu., Tyurikov M.I. et al. Future of artificial intelligence for the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2022;22(1):36–43 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2022-22-1-36-43.

MODERN SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (Part І. Safety indicators of control systems)

Purpose: Analysis and determination of the main modern international safety requirements that must be met in the design, development and operation of industrial equipment management systems, as well as confirmation of the need for further improvement of the domestic regulatory framework in this area.Performed analysis of the requirements of modern international standards (IEC 62061, IEC 61508) on the safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems for industrial equipment and the existing sequence of protection against hazards; the main features of the architecture of such control systems are identified and algorithms for determining the main indicators of their functional safety (PL; SIL PL; PFHd) and an algorithm for ensuring the required level of security depending on the parameters of existing risks are provided. The analysis of the features of functioning and application of modern international safety standards, which must be observed in the design, development and operation of industrial equipment management systems convincingly confirms the relevance and need for further improvement of domestic regulations in this area. The main parameters (indicators) of safety of functioning of electric, electronic and programmable electronic control systems of industrial equipment are determined. Relevant recommendations are provided on the main aspects of their application and implementation according to IEC 62061 and IEC 61508.The development and implementation of relevant national standards based on IEC 62061 and IEC 61508 should accelerate the further development of technical progress in the field of industrial safety. Confirmed relevance and importance of the need to develop relevant national standards based on IEC 62061 and IEC 61508.

Аnalyzing existing systems of bridgework management on motorways

Abstract. The existing system of bridgework management in our country does not satisfy the bridge branch as it is financially and organizationally integrated in the structure of the road organizations which allocate for operation of bridge constructions4÷10 % of all financing for road operation. This situation is explained by the fact that bridges are very capital-intensive and require in-depth preparation in the hierarchy of road organizations. Goal. The purpose of this work is to improve the system ofbridge management in the country based on the analysis of world experience. Methodology. The analysis of many bridge management systems in Europe and the United States may allow to find the most rational solution in terms of practical implementation, to improve the situation in the bridge industry – which is the transition from overhaul to preservation of structures in the first 15-20 years. Results. This preservation allows to extend their service life. During this period the repairs of road clothes (at the expense of capital repairs) should be carried out aiming to prevent from developing damages of reinforced concrete elements. Originality. The main feature of the improved system of bridgework management is ensured regulation of the process of bridges maintenance which would provide comfort for traffic and long-term safety of structure functioning. Practical value. To implement this system, it is necessary to divide the operation of roads and the operation of bridges into separate structures with separate funding.

Providing a High Level of Safety Culture when Exporting Nuclear Power Technologies

The paper considers the concept and fundamental principles of safety culture which along with the high professionalism of service personnel in Russia and abroad as well as the reliable operation of all production and technical systems, are necessary conditions for nuclear and radiation safety of energy enterprises. Taking into account the influence of national culture on safety culture, training in the effective use of tools for preventing personnel errors along with the high quality of education of foreign students will contribute to the formation of a principled position in the field of safety and efficiency of functioning of nuclear facilities.

Organizational Aspects of Ensuring Information Security in the Framework of Creating an Intelligent Transport System in the Russian Federation

Unmanned vehicle technology is the innovation that qualitatively transform the economic and social landscape of the modern state based on the concept of smart mobility. The widespread introduction of highly automated vehicles leads to additional risks that affect the level of quality and safety of functioning of many areas of public life. The increasing autonomy of unmanned vehicles and other vehicles causes a significant load on the infrastructure of communication networks of various types and creates new threats to the information security of cyberphysical systems. In this regard, the article addresses the issues of assessing and ensuring the security of information interaction between connected and autonomous cars with road infrastructure. The authors determine the requirements for the specification of the test site for testing the information security of unmanned vehicles taking into account the sources of threats and zones of vulnerability. The approaches to the design of landfills for testing unmanned vehicles existing in the world are described. Based on this, a possible scheme of the process of development and implementation of the test site project for testing the security of information interaction of the V2X technology platform in the Russian Federation is proposed. Recommendations are formulated on improving the regulatory system and certification of created systems and technologies for the information interaction of highly automated vehicles with road infrastructure. Recommendations are formulated on improving the regulatory system and certification of created systems and technologies for the information interaction of highly automated vehicles with road infrastructure.

The environment as an object of criminal law protection: problems of definition and legislative regulation

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of definition and legislative regulation of the environment as an object of criminal law protection. The correct legislative regulation and the definition of the object and subject of the crime in the criminal law standard contribute to the correct labeling process. In the legal literature, there is no consensus on the definition of the object of environmental crimes. Some believe that the object of this group of crimes is the order of use of natural resources or social relations related to their economic exploitation; others believe that the relations of state ownership, which are expressed in natural resources; finally, the object of this group of crimes is directly the natural resources themselves or the entire environment. Taking into account the legislative regulation of norms united by generic and species groups and the scientific and theoretical definition of the direct object of the crime, we believe that the object of environmental crimes is public relations for the protection of the environment, the preservation of favorable natural conditions for nature, living beings and ensuring a sufficient level of environmental safety. In this context, a favorable environment should be considered as an environment whose quality ensures the safety of the natural environment functioning and other objects. The subject of crime in the science of criminal law makes it possible to solve many important issues from a practical point of view since it is characterized by relative criminal-legal independence: to distinguish between general and special elements of crimes; the subject of the crime allows you to reveal the nature and extent of the damage that was caused by the crime, as well as to identify the relationship between the criminal act and the consequences that occurred.

Case of endovenectomy and stenting with functioning arteriovenous fistula in extended post-thrombotic occlusion of deep veins

We describe herein a case of surgical treatment of a 32-year-old female patient presenting with multilevel post-thrombotic occlusion of deep veins of the left lower limb. Laboratory study revealed high-risk hereditary thrombophilia (homozygous mutation of PAI-1, MTR, heterozygous mutation of MTHFR, MTRR, ITGA2). The first stage included endovenectomy from the common femoral vein with creation of an arteriovenous fistula between femoral vessels. An attempt of endovascular stenting of iliac veins was initially unsuccessful. After 3 months, the woman was rehospitalized to undergo successful endovascular operation with stenting of the iliac veins and common femoral artery on the background of the functioning arteriovenous fistula. The clinical outcome of the operation was good. Follow-up ultrasonographic examinations (ultrasound duplex scanning) were performed at 3, 6, 10 and 13 months after the second operation. The findings of ultrasound duplex scanning at 13 months showed that the stented segments of deep veins were freely patent, with the arteriovenous fistula functioning well. There were no signs of impairments of central haemodynamics, with significant regression of clinical symptoms. The total score by the Villalta scale as compared with the baseline values decreased from 13 to 5. Given the pattern of deep vein lesions, complexity of open and endovascular operations, and the presence of thrombophilia, we decided to abstain from disuniting the arteriovenous fistula. This case report demonstrates possibility, efficacy and safety of long functioning of an artificial arteriovenous fistula in a particular patient cohort.

Development of monitoring gravimetric survey method for studying karst processes

Within the framework of solving the fundamental issue of ensuring the safety of mining camps, mines, and vital functioning of the population, a methodology and a software algorithmic apparatus have been developed for processing and interpreting monitoring gravimetric observations which are aimed at identifying karst areas in the massif. A complex of prospective geophysical works aimed at detecting areas with intensive development of karst processes has been tested. The authors of the project carried out experimental methodological geophysical works including high-precision gravimetric observations on the territory of the Verkhnekamskoye potash deposit. These works were carried out to test various options for the field work methodology on specific geological objects. In a broader sence, the results of the work are an example of a wide approbation of an advanced research methodology aimed at predicting the destructive consequences of karst-suffusion process

Some Aspects of Anthropotechnical Safety Management Concept

The basic model of management and planning strategy is the triad: “goals and objectives” - “conceptual programs, courses of action and sets of rules for decision-making” - “resources”. The strategy is also considered as the unity of five components (“pentad”): plan; sample, model, template; positioning; perspective; “trick”, i.e. a distracting manoeuvre. There are different manners of developing strategies and concepts: upon the fact of a pathogenically detected and already occurred problematic emergency; as a result of predicting the possibility of an emergency before its occurrence and with a desire to guarantee the anthropotechnical safety of functioning and the quality of life of a person, social groups and society as a whole. The destabilizing factors that arise in investment construction projects during the construction phase are of particular importance. The questionnaire-based survey of experts is used to determine these factors, their impact on the ultimate goals of the project that construction participants may encounter when implementing investment construction projects. Distribution of destabilizing factors by type, classification, and spreading them among a number of local public and private enterprises working in the construction sector is one of the important areas of anthropotechnical safety. Actions and resources, which seem safe at the moment, can cause emergencies and consequences in their unpredictable combinations. The study of this problem is an urgent task of the near future and one of the fundamental areas of anthropotechnics.

FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER USE IN THE CATCHMENT AREAS OF THE ILI RIVER BASIN

Based on the long-term information and analytical materials «Balkhash-Alakol Basin Inspectorate for Regulation of Use and Protection of Water Resources» of the Committee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the environmental indicator of specific water availability, which availability high water availability, ensuring sustainable development of economic sectors, but not ensuring the natural and environmental sustainability and safety of functioning of Lake Balkhash, as a geographic water body. The location in the arid and semi-arid zones, as well as the features of the formation of hydrological flow in the catchment areas of the Ili River basin, which determines the environment-forming system with socio-economic conditions and natural and technogenic objects that determine the level of water supply for water management sites, require the need for coordination of water management in order to prevent possible negative changes in watercourses and reservoirs that perform important environmental functions in the Ili-Balkhash basin, that is, to ensure natural and environmental sustainability and safe functioning of Lake Balkhash as a geographic water body.

Decision-making in conditions of dilemma: risks and mixed information uncertainty

In modern conditions of crises and instability of the functioning and development of socio-economic systems, an important problem of providing management tools and making effective decisions is the development of models, methods and information technologies for optimization and decision-making in a situation of risk and in a mixed information environment. Moreover, the widespread introduction of optimization methods, decision making and optimal control was facilitated by the fact that applied optimization problems in most cases are reduced to standard problems solved, and the growth of the power of updated computer tools contributes to the expansion of the spheres of successful application of decision optimization methods in solving complex and diverse economic problems. The paper proposes models of risk functions related to the decision-making task for harmonizing and optimizing risks and security of a complex system in a mixed information environment, and also proposes a model of penalties for damage to ensure the safety of functioning of complex systems. The work is a continuation of some of the authors' research in the field of modeling, forecasting and managing complex socio-ecological and economic systems to ensure safe, sustainable, sustainable and harmonious development in the face of modern risks and crises.

ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIONS OF THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND SAFETY OF FUNCTIONING OF THE MOTOR TRANSPORT IN THE 20–30TH YEARS OF THE 20TH CENTURY

In the article, on the basis of various documents and materials of the departmental and state archival institutions of Ukraine and Russia, legal documents, published historical-memoirs and special literature, the organizational measures of the Soviet Government on the development and safety of the functioning of motor transport in the 20–30’s are extensively investigated twentieth century.

Analysis of the impact of an operator’s workstation on the safety of functioning of selected road transport systems

Modern times are characterized by fast economic and social development. However, not all spheres of life have developed in a sustainable manner, for example some elements of anthropotechnical systems are still far from being sustainable. This results in low safety level of these systems involving high risk of injury or death caused by road accidents. Transport systems of the type Human-Machine-Environment <H-M-E>, where undesired events are caused by human behavior, belong to such systems. The author of this study has addressed the issues connected with the impact of man-made objects on their operation safety. The objects in question are selected transport systems and the study subject is assessment of the equipment operator’s behavior. The main goal of this study is to provide assessment and analysis of the impact of transport means ergonomics on the quality of transport services they provide. The research object are delivery trucks with the maximum vehicle weight up to 3.5t. The first part of the study contains identification of the factors and threats which affect functioning of transport systems. Further, ergonomics criterion is defined and the factors affecting ergonomics of selected transport means are provided. A questionnaire survey was performed with participation of professional drivers who were asked to identify the factors which have an adverse effect on the safety of the transport process as well as factors that increase the drivers’ comfort of work. Basing on this, an analysis of the results was performed and negative aspects involved in driving ergonomics were identified.

Мофологический синтез комплекса имитационных моделей с учетом адаптивного информационного взаимодействия оператора с объектом управления

The analysis of functioning a power system from the point of view of the efficiency of trouble-free operation and a human factor impact upon the safety of system functioning is carried out. The simulator of the morphological synthesis of a training-imitation complex is presented for modeling breakdown and uncommon working modes is presented. There is offered a structure of the adaptive information interaction system (hybrid intelligence) of an operator with the object of control.

The mathematical model of characteristics of the convective unstable atmosphere taking into account microphysical processes in clouds

The new approach to obtaining diagnostic and prognostic information on characteristics of the atmosphere in the conditions of its convective instability based on mathematical model operation of the processes proceeding in conditions a cloud - and sludge formations and influencing dynamics of variability of meteorological fields is offered. Its application ensures increase in effectiveness and safety of functioning of organizational and technical systems.