Analysis of the impact of an operator’s workstation on the safety of functioning of selected road transport systems

Ergonomics of transport means along with safety, availability, efficiency or eco-friendliness is one of the main assessment criteria for transport means functioning. Assessment of the considered transport systems operation depends on their operators’ behaviour, functioning of vehicles and environmental factors. Having this in mind, it needs to be noted that the issue of transport systems ergonomics is, on the one hand closely related to the transport means, and on the other hand it directly affects peoples’ actions and improves the possibilities to adapt to the environment, taking into consideration external factors. The aim of this study is to provide assessment and analysis of the influence of the operator’s work place ergonomics of given transport means on the quality of transport services. The research object are delivery trucks, and motor cars, different in terms of the total capacity. In the first part of the study the problems connected with an operator’s work place ergonomics is discussed and the concept of transport means ergonomics is defined. The role of ergonomics in a professional driver’s work is specified. The factors and threats affecting safety of operators’ behaviour are identified. A survey was developed and carried out among professional drivers to identify factors affecting the transport process as well as factors improving the driver’s work comfort. On this basis, an analysis of the obtained results was made and negative ergonomic aspects involved in a vehicle driver’s work place have been presented. The impact of selected elements of the driver’s cabin equipment on safety and work comfort is evaluated. Problems ad their causes are identified. Solutions to these problems are proposed in order to improve ergonomics of the vehicle driver’s work place, thus affecting the quality of a system operation according to the sociotechnical approach.

It was determined that in conditions of market relations and integration of railway transport of Ukraine to the Western European transport system the quality of transport services must comply with the standards, which are designed to naukovovirobnicha methodological foundations. Through the system indicators quality standards established balance of interests of performers and users of transport services. The main measure of quality in the market is the needs and requirements of the consumers. Thus, the quality of transport services can be defined as conformance to customers ' expectations of these services and certain established standards. For a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of services of railway transport is proposed to take into account the following indicators: the level of safety of transportation services; the level of cargo safety during transportation; technical state of railway infrastructure and rolling stock conditions of carriage; the level of reliability of transportation; provide transportation services; the level of comfort and convenience; the level of information services; the level of competence, sociability and friendliness of staff; the availability of additional services. Evaluation of the quality of services of railway transport or its structural subdivisions proposed in the following sequence: determination of parameters of transport to be used in assessing the quality of transport services; the numerical measure and the temporary restrictions of the parameters; establishing expert by the importance of each parameter to the total number; identification of the degree of compliance of each parameter to a certain level, which is determined by the researcher; the calculation of the integral assessment of the quality of transport services. The methodical approach to integrated assessment of the quality of railway transport services taking into account the main parameters of quality of transportations, their importance and meet the requirements of consumers of transport services on the terms and results of the transportation process

The quality of transport services represents the most comprehensive and synthetic attribute that reflects the performance of a transport system. In the public transport system, the quality of service is largely influenced by the way passengers perceive its performance. The quality of transport services is assessed according to a number of technical and economic indicators that characterize the performance of transport operators within the framework of the urban public transport system. The article aims to identify the criteria for evaluating the quality of urban public transport services based on the study carried out for the public transport system of the municipality of Chisinau and to describe the indicators that reflect the performance offered by the public transport system, as perceived by passengers. It should be noted that the quality of the urban public transport service has a direct impact on the quality of life of all city residents. The study includes a concrete survey of the beneficiaries of public transport in the municipality of Chisinau, which analyzes the quality criteria and their rate of appreciation by the inhabitants of the municipality. Finally, conclusions and future directions of action aimed at improving the quality of services and increasing the attractiveness of urban public transport are presented, thus contributing to the improvement of the quality of life of the inhabitants.

In a global economy, the economic opportunities and economic success of a country or region are linked to the mobility of people and goods, with the intensive use of information and communication technology. The connection between the quantity and quality of transport infrastructure and the level of economic development is obvious. The transport sector plays an important role in today’s economy and society and has a major impact on the economy of a country or region. An efficient transport sector is a critical component of economic development. Certainly, the development of the country's transport sector is an indicator of its economic prosperity and success. Developed transport infrastructure and connected transport networks are positively correlated with a high level of economic development. When transport systems are efficient, they provide economic and social opportunities and benefits that result in positive effects such as better access to markets, employment and additional investment. When transport systems are underdeveloped and unreliable, they can cause economic costs such as reduced or missed market opportunities and lower quality of life. Assessment of the socio-economic efficiency of transport projects should be mandatory when making a decision regarding their implementation. Transport is the basis of trade infrastructure, it has a significant impact on the competitiveness of certain industries in countries and regions. Imperfections in the transport system negatively affect the efficiency of the economy as a whole. Conversely, the accelerated development of transport infrastructure and the improvement of transport and logistics systems can have a significant impact on economic growth and ultimately on the population well-being. The quality of transport services has a great impact on the quality of people lives. On average, 13.2% of the budget of each household is spent on transportation of goods and services. The transport sector significantly contributes to the economy of a country by providing jobs for a large number of people involved in vehicle production, traffic safety control, vehicle management, which enables safe and efficient movement of people and goods. In short, transport networks are the heart of the supply chain and the foundation of every country's economy. The transport sector also facilitates international trade. In the conditions of globalization, where no country can fully function in isolation from other countries, the transport sector is crucial for the development of trade. Without adequate transport infrastructure, national and international trade would be almost impossible, and developing countries would find it significantly more difficult to integrate into the global economy. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of the development of transport and transport systems for the economy at the national and global level.

An analysis of methods for determining the number and passenger capacity of rolling stock on urban routes of passenger traffic. Coordinated growth of efficiency and quality of urban passenger transport allows to increase the level of satisfaction of passenger transportation needs, reduce transport stress on the urban passenger transport system, improve the environmental situation, reduce road accidents and the number of road accidents, ensure unprofitable work of carriers. Improving the functioning of the production system of urban passenger transport should ensure a minimum travel time of passengers, regular movement of vehicles along the route, rational use of rolling stock and quality passenger service at minimal cost. Managing the number and passenger capacity of rolling stock on the route is an important task that affects both the quality of passenger transport services and the economic efficiency of carriers. These factors are opposite, ie, by improving the quality of passenger transport services, the carrier is usually forced to reduce the efficiency of vehicles. The tasks of local authorities are to ensure the number and passenger capacity of vehicles on the route and the quality of passenger transport services that would ensure maximum efficiency of the urban passenger transport system, taking into account the interests of all parties, ie carriers, passengers and the community. Despite the presence of a significant amount of research, the task of choosing the number and passenger capacity of buses on regular routes in city traffic, which would ensure an improvement in the quality of services, remains urgent.

Problem. The article presents a view on solving the problem of the management formation measures to improve the quality of public transport services through the feasibility justification of implementing priority movement of urban public passenger transport in relation to the assessment of passengers' perception of the actual travel time along the route. Goal. The purpose of the work is to establish a characteristic relationship between the traffic parameters of route vehicles in the conditions of the priority of urban public passenger transport and time indicators of the quality assessment of passenger transport services. Method. The methodological basis for establishing a connection between traffic parameters in terms of the priority of urban public passenger transport and time indicators for evaluating the quality of transport service is a set of developed analytical models that describe the process of formation of passenger exchange at stopping points and time parameters of vehicle movement. Results. On the basis of the functional connection for the selected structure of the research object, it was established that the implementation of the urban public passenger transport priority with the organization of traffic on special lanes and unhindered passage of regulated intersections plays a significant role in improving the quality of passenger transport services. Originality. The assessment of the quality of transport service is based on establishing the level of compliance of each passenger's actual travel time with the previously planned. The use of travel time as a primary evaluation indicator is due to its leading role in the formation of quality criteria and the presence of influence on the parameters that determine the level of transport supply on the route. Practical meaning. The distribution of passengers at stops on route No. 24 «micro-district 602 – Akademika Pavlova subway st.» (Kharkiv, Ukraine) was obtained during modeling between the levels of perception of the quality of transport service showed that for everyday conditions, 8.9% and 27.8% of passengers (36.7% in total) receive a high-quality and suitable assessment, for traffic priority by sections – 32.3% and 64% (96.3% in total), when organizing priority passage at the intersection – 57.5% and 40.4% (97.9% in total). The obtained results indicate the expediency of implementing priority traffic from the standpoint of assessing the level of improvement in the quality of passenger service.

Transport systems are complex systems present in modern cities. The sustainability of all other urban systems depends on the sustainable functioning of urban transport. Various processes occur within transport systems. Road traffic is one of them. At the same time, road traffic is a rather complex process to manage, which is explained by the influence of many different internal and external environmental factors. The unpredictable and chaotic behavior of each vehicle in a traffic flow complicates predicting the transport situation and traffic management. This problem gave rise to several unsolved problems, including traffic congestion and road accident rates. The solution to these problems is connected with sustainably managing transport systems in terms of road traffic. However, numerous regularities between elements within the system should be understood in order to implement the management process. Unfortunately, the results of many previous studies often reflect only partial regularities and have limited functionality. Therefore, a new approach to urban traffic management is needed. As opposed to the existing solutions, the authors of this paper propose to implement management based on the regularities of changes in the chaos of the transport system. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to establish the relationship between road traffic chaos and road accident rates. The general methodological basis of this research is the system approach and its methods: analysis and synthesis. The theoretical studies were mostly based on the theories of chaos, dynamic systems, and traffic flows. The experimental studies were based on the theories of experimental design, probability, and mathematical statistics. To achieve this goal, a profound analysis covered studies on the sustainability of transport and dynamic systems, sociodynamics, and traffic. The authors proposed considering the relative entropy of lane occupancy at signal-controlled intersections as a measure for assessing traffic flow chaos and sustainability. Notably, as the main conclusions, the authors established regularities for the influence of entropy on the kinetic energy of traffic flows and injury risk. It also makes sense to emphasize that the initial data for the experiment were collected via real-time processing of video images using neural network technologies. These technologies will further allow for the implementation of traffic management and real-time forecasting of various events. Ultimately, the authors identified changes in injury risk depending on the level of road chaos. According to the authors, the obtained results can be used to improve the sustainability of urban transport systems. The research identified changes in injury risk depending on the level of road chaos, which could have significant implications for urban traffic management strategies.

Purpose of the study.The study focuses on issues of the level assessment of transport system development of large cities. Despite the wide variety of studies on this issue, there is currently no universal approach to assessing the level of development of the transport system at megalopolises. The present study aims to create a tool for a comprehensive assessment of various aspects of urban transport development that are important for all categories of transport users, and to provide a comparative analysis of the world’s leading megacities in terms of transport development based on the proposed methodology.Materials and methods.In the study, the authors apply an approach related to the construction of integral indexes and ratings of cities based on the values of these indexes. In the calculations of the index, the authors use statistical data from authoritative open sources and information systems of national and municipal government.Results.Based on the results of the world practice analysis, the authors propose the Urban Transport Development Index developed in order to compare the level of transport system development in various cities. The Index provides an opportunity to identify the weaknesses and strengths of cities, to find reserves for the further improvement and development of recommendations in the field of transport policy on this basis. The Index consists of four sub-indexes: the availability of transport services for the urban population, the quality of transport services, road traffic security and the ecological impact of transport, and freight logistics performance. The Index reflects the main aspects of urban transport development and shows the views of different categories of population on the level of transport services. The paper examines the level of transport system development for 2010, 2015, 2016 and 2017 of a group of comparable cities, which includes Hong Kong, London, Mexico, Moscow, New York, St. Petersburg, Singapore, Istanbul, Tokyo and Shanghai. The results showed that Tokyo and London have occupied the leading positions during the period under review. For the seven years Moscow, St. Petersburg and Shanghai have showed the best dynamics of the Index.Conclusion.The proposed method allows both to evaluate the effectiveness of individual regulatory measures known in the practice of other cities, and to simulate their impact on the transport system of the city. The paper concludes with recommendations for further development of cities’ transport systems.

The article presents an approach to research methods and key performance indicators for assessing accessibility in smart cities. This approach is based on the strategy of a sustainable urban transport system. A methodological basis was proposed for assessing the level of transport accessibility in the service of the population of cities. As an example, data on the features of the development of transport systems in cities with high quality of transport services for the population and mobility are given. The analyzed examples confirmed the validity of the idea of sustainable development of the transport system. Achieving the strategic goals of sustainable transport services and mobility of the population is impossible without the use of modern technologies of intelligent transport systems. This article shows the importance of an intelligent transport system in the policy of public transport services. This article also formulates indicators for assessing accessibility in the urban transport system of the largest cities of Russia. The developed method of assessing the level of transport accessibility will allow us to study the dynamics of changes in indicators and plan measures to improve the quality of transport services. The implementation of the proposed method will allow analyzing routes, as well as planning measures to increase the level of transport accessibility and attractiveness of public transport when transporting passengers.

The article discusses the concept of energy-resource synergy in motor transport and in the motor transport system, as well as the main provisions of the methodology of technological innovation management in motor transport. Proposed: a new epistemological paradigm of the motor transport as a sphere of material production; technologically innovative concept of energy-resource synergy in the transport system; a set of methods for technologically innovative management of energy - resource quality of transport services and for resource-synergistic improvement of the functions of the transport system and the subsystem "Motor transport"; analytical model of the target function of strategic management in motor transport. A single energy- resource mechanism for the functioning of motor transport and the material integrity of the motor transport system has been established. The ways of innovative resource saving on transport and in infrastructure subsystems are revealed. The object of study is the structural and functional organization of motor transport and motor transport system. The purpose of the work is the formation of a system-synergistic target function of project management at highly technological and intensively resource-saving transport services based on the innovative requirements and the concept of energy-resource synergy in the transport system. The research method is a theoretical analysis and synthesis of the conceptual target function of the technology and innovation management in transport, taking into account the concept of energy-resource synergy in the transport system. The results of the article can be used to implement system-synergistic and conceptual-innovative management in transport and in other subsystems. Predicted assumptions about the development of the object of study are the implementation of a technologically innovative mechanism of energy-resource synergy in the motor transport and in the motor transport system, taking into account their structures and functions. KEYWORDS: CONCEPT, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, MOTOR TRANSPORT, SYSTEM, FUNCTIONS, RESOURCES, ENERGY-RESOURCE SYNERGY, LIFE CYCLE, QUALITY OF TRANSPORT SERVICES, MANAGEMENT.

Transport currently represents approximately 19% of the global energy demand and accounts for about 23% of the global carbon dioxide emissions (IEA 2009). As the demand for mobility is expected to continue to increase in the coming decades, the stabilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels will require the evolution of transport, along with power generation, building design and manufacturing. The continued development of these sectors will need to include changes in energy sources, energy delivery, materials, infrastructure and human behavior. Pathways to reducing carbon from the transport sector have unique challenges and opportunities that are inherent to the human choices and behavioral patterns that mold the transportation systems and the associated energy needs. Technology, government investment, and regulatory policies have a significant impact on the formulation of transportation infrastructure; however, the role of human behavior and public acceptance on the efficiency and effectiveness of transport systems should not be underestimated.

The consequences of today's European transport system are more than alarming: about 70 000 people are killed and 2 000 000 are injured every year in road accidents; private and commercial motor traffic, and to an increasing degree, air traffic are the main polluters (especially of the air we breathe). Not only vegetation but also our health is being harmed, locally (in our cities and near the main motorways) as well as globally (CO2 emissions). Although the quality of life of an enormous number of people is reduced by these effects, the number of vehicles is increasing, road-traffic volume is growing, traffic distances and speeds are going up, and traffic jams on the road and in the air are getting worse. In the transport market the principle “supply causes demand” is true for all means of transport, the offered quality of the means of transport together with its infrastructure heavily influences mobility and new desires for mobility. In addition to the supply of infrastructure the price for transport heavily also influences the demand. The development of traffic no longer corresponds with the development of prosperity: In the countries of the OECD traffic has risen disproportionately to their gross national product (GNP). Between 1965 and 1985 the GNP of the OECD countries increased by 81 percent, private car traffic by 137 percent, truck traffic by 133 percent, international truck traffic by 296 percent, and truck transit on the Brenner even by a staggering 932 percent! So it is obvious that more kilometres are driven and more is transported than is proportionate to the national economies. This is the consequence of a distortion of costs favouring road traffic. So the rocketing increase of cars, trucks and air traffic is no law of nature, but the result of a transport policy which promotes these means of transport in a very one-sided way. Further transport policy must not be based on auto-ideologies but on the scientific comparision of the means of transport taking into account the ecological and economic advantages. This balance results in a clear hierarchy for a sustainable transport system: Pedestrians before cyclists before train before bus (called “soft mobility”), much before cars with catalytic converter before cars without before trucks before planes. The European Federation for Transport and Environment (T & E), an association of ecologically orientated transport organisations, wants to see a “sustainable transport policy” based on ecology as well as economy – in its original meaning of being economical with the use of natural sources of living – demanding a set of measures on four levels: • Avoidance of motorized driving by making pay its full costs through the enforcement of the “polluter pays” principle on the transport market (see the proposed principle of “ecobonus” by the Environmental Transport Associations in Europe VCS, VCÖ, VCD, ETA) and traffic-avoiding regional planning and economic policy. • A shift to ecologically beneficial means of transport by encouraging public and non-motorized transport and parallel restrictions for cars, trucks and planes. • An ecologically beneficial development of necessary transport by establishing strict environmental standards, a shift towards “cleaner” technology, traffic calming in towns, and car and truck restriction measures. • A consciousness and marketing offensive for “soft mobility”. People in general and the opinion leaders in particular must be informed about the bad consequences of the excessive use of cars, and the positive possibilities for a better quality of the environment by enforcing “soft mobility” and reduced car traffic. For the protection of human health and liveable cities, politicians and city planners must emancipate them from the demands of car traffic. Therefore the model of a “auto-free” city with high mobility for public transport, cyclists and pedestrians should be the vision to be realised by 2000.

The aim is to substantiate the approaches to introducing innovations into the activities of transport enterprises to more effectively meet the needs of consumers in terms of quality, quantity and cost of transport services. The methodological basis of this article is the scientific works of prominent scientists and materials of periodicals. In the course of the study, the article uses the method of logical analysis to substantiate and identify the main prerequisites for innovation in the transport sector. The method of system analysis was used to evaluate the methods of innovation implementation in the transport sector. The article also uses a graphical method to present the benefits of robotic business processes (RPA) in transport and predictive maintenance and monitoring. The introduction of innovative processes at enterprises helps to increase energy efficiency and resource conservation, ensures automation and digitalisation of transport companies, increases their competitiveness and generally stimulates economic growth. The prospects for the introduction of new vehicles open up opportunities to reduce the cost of travel and the transportation process, improve road safety, and address congestion, environmental issues and the spatial development of megacities. These innovations can significantly improve the efficiency of transport systems, provide comfortable conditions for passengers and contribute to the sustainable development of the urban environment. One of the most promising approaches to implementing modern innovations in the transport sector is the robotisation of business processes. It involves the use of software robots or virtual assistants to automate routine, repetitive tasks. These robots can imitate human actions, interacting with various systems and software to complete tasks faster, more accurately and without errors. Successful implementation of innovations in the robotisation of business processes in the transport industry is only possible with a comprehensive approach that takes into account such factors as technical, organisational, economic and social. It is necessary to create favourable conditions for the development and implementation of new technologies, provide financial support, train personnel and enlist the support of society. Only then can robotisation of business processes become an effective tool for improving the competitiveness of transport companies and the quality of transport services.

Achieving an adequate level of quality of transport services is a prerequisite for providing transport services. Certain level of quality of transport services is essential for the operation of intercity road passenger transport due to the increasingly competitive competitiveness of road transport companies in the transport services market. The topic of this research is also based on the presented topic, primarily through a comprehensive and systematic presentation of the current scientific knowledge in the area of quality management in road passenger transport. The structure of the public road transport system and the quality of transport services are described. The paper presents the quality of transport services as the basis of business excellence of road transport companies. Various models of quality management of transport services are described, as well as methods of assessing the quality of transport services in road passenger transport. The review is displayed of the current scientific research on the elements of quality of transport services in road passenger transport. The purpose of the research is to improve the methodology for assessing the quality of transport services with the aim of optimizing business and competitiveness of the road transport company.

BACKGROUND: The pace of transport system development not corresponding to current demands of a town is a significant obstacle on the way of achieving target values of business activity and quality of life. One of the main indicators of quality of life in a modern large city is satisfaction with city public transport. The backbone mean of public transport in Saint Petersburg is underground which efficiency indicators are share of accomplishment of train schedule and accomplishment of stations’ operation schedule. However, funding based on subsidies and requirement of proper fulfillment of given efficiency indicators make the Petersburg Underground SUE look for new ways of adaptation of planning and control processes for managing available resources ensuring keeping outdating infrastructure operable and cost reduction based on state-of-the-art informational technologies. AIMS: Establishment of enlarged hardware facility and basic structural solution necessary for unrolling software for planning and control of maintenance of the underground’s escalator park. The study object is the underground’s escalator park; the study subject is automation of maintenance system. METHODS: In the first part of the paper, as a result of statistical compilation and comparison of homogeneous data from annual reports of the Petersburg Underground SUE in the tabular form as well as analysis of qualitative and quantitative indicators of the escalator park considering the information on the history of maintenance system formation, the statement was made about existence of interaction between the changes taking place in the city transport system and demands of adaptation of processes of planning and control of operations in the escalator park maintenance system. In the second part of the paper, on the basis of analysis of regulatory framework and requirements to development of data processing centers, the main structural element for implementation of facility of planning and control of performing the underground’s escalator park maintenance was established. RESULTS: The theoretically valuable result of the study is the found interaction between changes taking place at the level of the city transport system and demands in changing the underground’s escalator park maintenance system for achieving the comprehensive evolution of the transport system. Meanwhile, the basic structure of the hardware-software facility, main structural element of which is the corridor isolation system implementing the tool of adaptation of processes of planning and control the operation, is significantly valuable for practical use. CONCLUSIONS: Structure and equipment of the hardware-software facility as well as the installed software for monitoring, planning and control of the operations ensuring/not ensuring fulfillment the efficiency indicators give the opportunity to transfer the infrastructure parts from the running hours-based maintenance system to the state-based maintenance system.