Safety In Numbers Research Articles

The Last Wild Passenger Pigeon Makes Her Concession Speech, and: After the Blight

The Last Wild Passenger Pigeon Makes Her Concession Speech, and: After the Blight Kathleen Brewin Lewis (bio) THE LAST WILD PASSENGER PIGEON MAKES HER CONCESSION SPEECH My mother called me Piqua, as she bentover our warm whorl with bits of worm. A word she taught me: flock.How I dreamt of them, a feathered risingabove the trees, cries of coo-roo coo-roo.Safety in numbers, winged joy! They hunted us, devoured us.One day we were gone. I combedthe woods for markings like mine:blue-gray head, rosy breast, graceful neck.I called into the deep hush. I have lost the race. [End Page 20] AFTER THE BLIGHT after Anya Silver The poem was the wood and the way out of the wood.The poet wound her way through a forest,up to the porch of an old cabin, its floor plankedwith chestnut cut and planed before the blight,back when the trees cast shady alcoves,sheltered songbirds. (Remember the smellof roasting chestnuts?) She napped on the porch,on the smooth planks, rose to gather fresh words,plucked them from the limbs of the ghost trees,lined up the words, sent the poem downstream,out of the wood and into the field,which was full of light. [End Page 21] Kathleen Brewin Lewis Kathleen Brewin Lewis is the author of two chapbooks of poetry, Fluent in Rivers and July's Thick Kingdom. Her writing has also been published in Southern Poetry Review, Southern Humanities Review, Tar River Poetry, Cider Press Review, and Still: The Journal. Copyright © 2019 Berea College

Risk pump in Gerbillus pyramidum: quality of poor habitats increases with more conspecifics

Reducing predation risk is fundamental to many animals. Among those, social animals are studied for one type of anti-predator defense. They aggregate in certain habitats to dilute risk, share vigilance, defend each other, and reduce their chances of being attacked. However, this tendency is not necessarily unique: solitary animals may also benefit from the presence of conspecifics. Thus, we hypothesize that even solitary animals should aggregate whenever there is safety in numbers. Additionally, this tendency to aggregate should create a “risk pump”, a positive feedback in aggregation because more individuals bring more safety, which brings more individuals. We also analyzed if they will aggregate in resource-rich or resource-poor environment. Aggregation in a richer and thus crowded environment implies risk pump is a stronger mechanism than competition. Aggregation in a resource-poor environment indicates the presence of risk pump, but one weaker than competition. To test the existence and direction of a “risk pump” in non-social animals, we compared quality between patches at different distances and population densities in three experiments. We used the most abundant gerbils of the Negev Desert: Gerbillus andersoni and G. pyramidum. Results supported the hypothesis of aggregation in the resource-poor patch for both species.

Evidence for the ‘safety in density’ effect for cyclists: validation of agent-based modelling results

The safety in numbers (SiN) effect for cyclists is widely observed but remains poorly understood. Although most studies investigating the SiN phenomenon have focused on behavioural adaptation to ‘numbers’ of...

Vigilance, staring and escape running in antipredator behavior of goitered gazelle

Predation is a very powerful force that shapes many ungulate traits. It is widely known that increasing vigilance intensity is costly and leads to a decline of forage intake. Consequently, ungulates gather into larger groups to reduce an individual vigilance burden by using the “many eyes” effect and to enhance their survival through the “safety in numbers” effect. Vigilance rate and related aggregation changes are two of the most discussed antipredator responses of ungulates to predation risk, but less considered factors also have a significant impact. To enhance our knowledge on these impact factors, I investigated the antipredator responses (vigilance, staring, and escape running) of goitered gazelles. I found that: a) adult females demonstrated vigilance, staring and escape running significantly more often than adult males, sub-adults and fawns; b) adult gazelles (females and males), having more experience in responding to threats, were more vigilant than young individuals (sub-adults and fawns), having likely more involvement in finding food; c) during the birthing and hiding periods, mothers displayed higher rates of vigilance than in other seasons, while staring and escape running were observed most often at the end of the hiding period, when fawns altering their hiding strategy to following one, started to walk a lot in the absence of mothers, as well; and d) goitered gazelles changed their vigilance rate in response to predation risks before changing group size. The events of the yearly biological cycle (birthing/rearing young for females; rutting for males) also had significant impacts on the antipredator responses (vigilance rate and aggregation) in adult gazelles.

Visualization and analysis of mapping knowledge domain of road safety studies

Mapping knowledge domain (MKD) is an important application of visualization technology in Bibliometrics, which has been extensively applied in psychology, medicine, and information science. In this paper we conduct a systematic analysis of the development trend on road safety studies based on the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) articles published between 2000 and 2018 using the MKD software tools VOSviewer and Sci2 Tool. Based on our analysis, we first present the annual numbers of articles, origin countries, main research organizations and groups as well as the source journals on road safety studies. We then report the collaborations among the main research organizations and groups using co-authorship analysis. Furthermore, we adopt the document co-citation analysis, keywords co-occurrence analysis, and burst detection analysis to visually explore the knowledge bases, topic distribution, research fronts and research trends on road safety studies. The proposed approach based on the visualized analysis of MKD can be used to establish a reference information and research basis for the application and development of methods in the domain of road safety studies. In particular, our results show that the knowledge bases (classical documents) of road safety studies in the last two decades have focused on five major areas of “Crash Frequency Data Analysis”, “Driver Behavior Questionnaire”, “Safety in Numbers for Walkers and Bicyclists”, “Road Traffic Injury and Prevention”, and “Driving Speed and Road Crashes”. Among the research topics, the five dominant clusters are “Causation and Injury Severity Analysis of Road Accidents”, “Epidemiologic Study and Prevention of Road Traffic Injury”, “Intelligent Transportation System and Active Safety”, “Young drivers’ driving behavior and psychology”, and “Older drivers’ psychological and physiological characteristics”. Finally, the burst keywords in research trends include Cycling, Intelligent Transportation Systems, and Distraction.

Cycling injury risk in London: A case-control study exploring the impact of cycle volumes, motor vehicle volumes, and road characteristics including speed limits

Cycling injury risk is an important topic, but few studies explore cycling risk in relation to exposure. This is largely because of a lack of exposure data, in other words how much cycling is done at different locations. This paper helps to fill this gap. It reports a case-control study of cycling injuries in London in 2013–2014, using modelled cyclist flow data alongside datasets covering some characteristics of the London route network. A multilevel binary logistic regression model is used to investigate factors associated with injury risk, comparing injury sites with control sites selected using the modelled flow data. Findings provide support for ‘safety in numbers’: for each increase of a natural logarithmic unit (2.71828) in cycling flows, an 18% decrease in injury odds was found. Conversely, increased motor traffic volume is associated with higher odds of cycling injury, with one logarithmic unit increase associated with a 31% increase in injury odds. Twenty-mile per hour compared with 30mph speed limits were associated with 21% lower injury odds. Residential streets were associated with reduced injury odds, and junctions with substantially higher injury odds. Bus lanes do not affect injury odds once other factors are controlled for. These data suggest that speed limits of 20 mph may reduce cycling injury risk, as may motor traffic reduction. Further, building cycle routes that generate new cycle trips should generate ‘safety in numbers’ benefits.

Rethinking Fracturing at the Point of Attack

Paul Weddle describes himself as a “perforation geek.” The completion manager for Liberty Resources is among a small group that has an obsessive interest in all the details that can alter the performance of the openings blasted through casing, cement, and into rock during hydraulic fracturing. The shaped charges that create circular openings with amazing force are a well-established technology that gets little notice so long as the guns go off as planned. But Weddle is among a few who see perforations as the point of attack for raising fracturing performance. At the recent SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, Liberty reported completions in North Dakota that routinely stimulated more than 12 of 15 clusters, resulting in wells producing 1.7 to 2.5 times more than comparable wells (SPE 189880). By changing the way perforations were used, the operator was able to reduce the number of stages to 27 along a 9,500-ft lateral, which it estimates saved 15% on its finding and developing costs per barrel. It stimulated those stages, which are about 350 ft long, with 15 clusters of perforations, with two perforations in each. This represents a significant break from the standard design of four or five clusters each with as many as six perforations. Since the tests reported in the paper, Weddle said Liberty has “gone all in on it.” ConocoPhillips is working on designs with as many as 10 clusters per stage and two or three perforations per cluster, with all of them located at the top of casing, said Dave Cramer, a senior engineering fellow in completions for ConocoPhillips. More clusters per stage allow operators to fracture longer wells without the cost of added stages, but Liberty and ConocoPhillips have not had a lot of company. “I would say these ideas are not yet common to the industry, but at least a few operators and service companies are thinking about them,” said Robert Barree, president of Barree & Associates. The fracturing consultant said that “15 clusters are a lot. Most people are at the five to eight level … and some are at three.” Grouping clusters with many perforations would seem to offer safety in numbers. The hard part about what is new is the old problem of directing a sufficiently strong stream of water into many small holes spread out along a long horizontal wellbore. Tight clusters of perforations can add stress that can interfere with fracture growth. Liberty’s method depends on its ability to limit the fluid into each of the perforations to ensure that the high-pressure flow is distributed equally enough to stimulate most of the perforations. Liberty’s new method, called eXtreme Limited Entry (XLE), is based on work going back decades, including a paper in 1987 by Cramer (SPE 16189) on limited entry fracturing.

Safe Spaces

Safe Spaces

Safety in numbers.

![Figure][1] William Foster discusses the classic 1981 Nature paper ‘Evidence for the dilution effect in the selfish herd from fish predation on a marine insect’ that he published with John Treherne. The radio reporter switched on her tape-recorder and, looking up encouragingly at

Análisis de las lesiones causadas por el tránsito sufridas por ciclistas en México

With the objective of analyzing fatal and non-fatal road traffic injuries in cyclists and to document helmet use in this road user to inform sustainable mobility policies, a descriptive analysis of four secondary official information sources was conducted at the national level: mortality, Ministry of Health's hospital discharges, Unintentional and Violence Registry System (SIS-SS-17-P) and the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). Only SIS-SS-17-P and ENSANUT document helmet use. Except for ENSANUT information analyzed is of 2014.A total of 190 cyclists died in Mexico during 2014 and 392 were hospitalized; head was the anatomical region most frequently affected (63% and 32%, respectively). Only 0.75% of the 667 cases registered in SIS-17 reported helmet use and 24% suffered head injuries. Of the 165,348 non-fatally injured cyclists from ENSANUT <10% used helmet, 24% had head injuries and more than 16,000 suffered permanent injuries. Whereas cyclist-friendly infrastructure is an effective intervention to prevent injuries in the long term, helmet use could potentially reduce the frequency and severity of head injuries in the short run while bicycle use widespread as a means of transportation providing "safety in numbers".

The One and the Many: Joshua Ferris’s Then We Came to the End

ABSTRACTAs a post-9/11 office novel, Joshua Ferris’s Then We Came to the End effectively represents the contemporary American work novel’s anxieties about violence, trauma, and loss—particularly the loss of the American Dream—and its consolations in humor and human community. The novel’s distinctive first-person plural narration foregrounds Ferris’s understanding of office workers’ need for safety in numbers and for social connectedness, even while they hope that their individual achievements will be rewarded and save their jobs. The tension between the desire for individualism and also for group identity signals a shift in workplace fiction from earlier incarnations, reflecting the changed environment of the American office place. By focusing on the advertising business and its language manipulations, Ferris ultimately asks whether or not words—and work—can still matter or create meaning.

Contextualising Safety in Numbers: a longitudinal investigation into change in cycling safety in Britain, 1991–2001 and 2001–2011

IntroductionThe ’Safety in Numbers’ (SiN) phenomenon refers to a decline of injury risk per time or distance exposed as use of a mode increases. It has been demonstrated for cycling...

On inter-Rater reliability of information security experts

The Confidentiality-Availability-Integrity (CIA) triad is a time-honored warhorse of security analysis. Qualitative assessment of security requirements based on the CIA triad is an important step in many standard procedures for selecting and deploying security controls. However, little attention has been devoted to monitoring how the CIA triad is used in practice, and how reliable are experts’ assessment that make use of it. In this paper, a panel of 20 security experts was asked to use the CIA triad in 45 practical security scenarios involving UAV-to-ground transmission of control and information data. The experts’ responses were analyzed using Fleiss’ kappa, a specific statistics test for inter-rater reliability. Results show agreement to be low (from 13.8% to 20.1% depending on the scenario), but higher on scenarios where the experts’ majority estimates tight security to be needed. Low number of polled experts is found to affect inter-rater reliability negatively, however, increasing this number beyond ten does not provide additional reliability. A bias to give a specific rate could be identified with 14 out of the 20 experts. The six unbiased experts showed a higher inter-rater agreement. These findings suggest that (i) there is no guaranteed “safety in numbers” for recruiting security expert panels and (ii) expert selection for security rating processes should include verification of agreement level on toy problems for all subsets of the panel to highlight subsets showing high inter-rater agreement.

Rethinking safety in numbers: are intersections with more crossing pedestrians really safer?

ObjectiveTo advance the interpretation of the ‘safety in numbers’ effect by addressing the following three questions. How should the safety of pedestrians be measured, as the safety of individual pedestrians...

Exploring the safety in numbers effect for vulnerable road users on a macroscopic scale

A “Safety in Numbers” effect for a certain group of road users is present if the number of crashes increases at a lower rate than the number of road users. The existence of this effect has been invoked to justify investments in multimodal transportation improvements in order to create more sustainable urban transportation systems by encouraging walking, biking, and transit ridership. The goal of this paper is to explore safety in numbers effect for cyclists and pedestrians in areas with different levels of access to multimodal infrastructure. Data from Chicago served to estimate the expected number of crashes on the census tract level by applying Generalized Additive Models (GAM) to capture spatial dependence in crash data. Measures of trip generation, multimodal infrastructure, network connectivity and completeness, and accessibility were used to model travel exposure in terms of activity, number of trips, trip length, travel opportunities, and conflicts. The results show that a safety in numbers effect exists on a macroscopic level for motor vehicles, pedestrians, and bicyclists.

Safety in numbers

British Journal of Neuroscience NursingVol. 13, No. 5 EditorialSafety in numbersSue WoodwardSue WoodwardSearch for more papers by this authorSue WoodwardPublished Online:26 Oct 2017https://doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2017.13.5.209AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Borneo A, Helm C, Russell J. Safe and effective staffing: nursing against the odds. London: Royal College of Nursing; 2017 Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 2 October 2017Volume 13Issue 5ISSN (print): 1747-0307ISSN (online): 2052-2800 Metrics History Published online 26 October 2017 Published in print 2 October 2017 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

Safety in numbers

In the wake of the sexual assault allegations hurled at media mogul Harvey Weinstein, an online movement has begun. Millions of women are sharing their stories of sexual harassment and abuse using the hashtag #MeToo. Raihani determines how the movement makes things different.

Safety in numbers, or lack thereof: Opioid conversion calculations

Safety in numbers, or lack thereof: Opioid conversion calculations

Understanding bicycling in cities using system dynamics modelling.

BackgroundIncreasing urban bicycling has established net benefits for human and environmental health. Questions remain about which policies are needed and in what order, to achieve an increase in cycling while avoiding negative consequences. Novel ways of considering cycling policy are needed, bringing together expertise across policy, community and research to develop a shared understanding of the dynamically complex cycling system. In this paper we use a collaborative learning process to develop a dynamic causal model of urban cycling to develop consensus about the nature and order of policies needed in different cycling contexts to optimise outcomes.MethodsWe used participatory system dynamics modelling to develop causal loop diagrams (CLDs) of cycling in three contrasting contexts: Auckland, London and Nijmegen. We combined qualitative interviews and workshops to develop the CLDs. We used the three CLDs to compare and contrast influences on cycling at different points on a “cycling trajectory” and drew out policy insights.ResultsThe three CLDs consisted of feedback loops dynamically influencing cycling, with significant overlap between the three diagrams. Common reinforcing patterns emerged: growing numbers of people cycling lifts political will to improve the environment; cycling safety in numbers drives further growth; and more cycling can lead to normalisation across the population. By contrast, limits to growth varied as cycling increases. In Auckland and London, real and perceived danger was considered the main limit, with added barriers to normalisation in London. Cycling congestion and “market saturation” were important in the Netherlands.ConclusionsA generalisable, dynamic causal theory for urban cycling enables a more ordered set of policy recommendations for different cities on a cycling trajectory. Participation meant the collective knowledge of cycling stakeholders was represented and triangulated with research evidence. Extending this research to further cities, especially in low-middle income countries, would enhance generalizability of the CLDs.

Safety in Numbers? An Analysis of Market Concentration and Safety in the Commercial Railroad Industry

In this paper, we examine the relationship between market concentration and safety incidents in the freight railroad industry in the United States. We measure safety incidents as the number of accidents and market concentration as the Herfindahl Hirschman Index. We test the model in the context of the commercial railroad industry, using a comprehensive data set spanning 40 years. We systematically control for correlated unobservables, and the results consistently indicate that a 1% increase in market concentration yields an approximately .4% decrease in the number of accidents. These results are robust to different measures of concentration, various time aggregations, and numerous model specifications. Furthermore, using bootstrapping techniques, we show that the relationship between safety and market concentration is mediated by the level of investment in capital expenditures, the total number of employee hours, and the amount of freight switching between railroad companies. An important implication of this study is that mergers may provide substantial value by reducing the number of accidents. These findings are relevant for firms, regulators, and consumers across all industries that suffer from safety incidents.