Safe Utilization Research Articles

Facile dehydrogenation of MgH2 enabled by γ-graphyne based single-atom catalyst

Solid-state hydrogen storage is a promising roadmap for the safe and efficient utilization of hydrogen energy due to its moderate operating environment and high hydrogen storage density. However, as a representative solid-state hydrogen storage material, magnesium hydride (MgH2) is significantly limited in the commercial application due to its sluggish kinetics in the dehydrogenation process. Single-atom catalysts are a promising solution to this dilemma. However, the promising graphene-based single-atom catalysts are not yet sufficient to meet the dehydrogenation needs in engineering. To further address this dilemma, we designed a novel γ-graphyne based single-atom catalysts including eight 3d transition metals for promoting the dehydrogenation process of MgH2. Through using spin-polarized density functional theory calculations, we found that the energy barrier for MgH2 dehydrogenation has been significantly reduced even to 0.70 eV, which is far lower than the current graphene-based single-atom catalyst. In detail, the migration trajectory of hydrogen atom in the dehydrogenation process has been observed and confirmed using the ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. To investigate the intrinsic origin for its high catalytic activity of single-atom catalyst, we analyze the HMg bond activation mechanism through the electron localization function, charge density difference and crystal orbital Hamiltonian population. Finally, we found the relationship between energy barrier with electronic structure of single-atom catalyst, such as electrostatic potential and system electronegativity. This work can not only provide new ideas for the optimize of dehydrogenation catalyst, but also lay a theoretical foundation for the design of novel energy storage material.

Physical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Coal Gas Reservoir in Pingdingshan No. 10 Coal Mine

The physical properties of coal reservoirs are the main restrictions to exploration and development of Coalbed methane (CBM). The study of the physical characteristics of coal reservoirs and their controlling factors is of great significance to the safe and efficient development and utilization of CBM resources in the mining area. The Pingdingshan No. 10 coal mine was chosen for this study because of its better gas production effect at the test wells. The reservoir properties of the main coal seams of the No. 10 coal mine were tested and analyzed to comprehensively evaluate the reservoir properties, and the physical characteristics and controlling factors of the coal reservoir in Pingdingshan No. 10 coal mine were studied. The results indicate the following: (1) The gas content and methane purity of the No. 4 coal seam were significantly higher than the No. 2 seam, and therefore they have better development potential than the No. 2 seam. (2) The average adsorption time of the No. 2 coal seam was less than that of the No. 4 seam, making it easier to reach the peak production capacity of CBM wells in the short term, but was not conducive to long-term stable production of CBM. The Langmuir volume of the No. 2 coal seam samples was significantly greater than for the No. 4 coal seam; however, the No. 4 coal seam contains about three times the amount of gas in the No. 2 seam. (3) All three coal seams have high porosity, which was favorable for large amounts of CBM adsorption and storage. Micropores predominated; transitional pores were less frequent, and a few mesopores occurred; macropores were the least common. Samples from the No. 4 seam contained the highest proportion of micropores. (4) Organic pores were common in all the coal samples, with pore diameters not more than 30 µm, mainly concentrated between 50.5 and 1000 nm. Microfractures with apertures less than 70 nm were relatively frequent, mainly in the 50–65 nm range. A large number of the nanoscale microfractures were curved or jagged. (5) Fractures in the No. 2 and No. 4 coal seam samples with widths of 50 nm to 20 µm were more developed, and many were filled with kaolinite, quartz, and other minerals. (6) The samples contained mostly layered silicate minerals (kaolinite), with hard granular minerals (quartz) next, and a very small quantity of iron-type minerals, such as siderite and pyrite in dendritic form. The results of this study can provide a reference basis for the large-scale development and utilization of subsequent CBM wells.

Arthroscopic-Assisted Fracture Fixation About the Elbow.

Arthroscopic-assisted fracture fixation can be used for some adult elbow fractures. In particular, for articular fractures of the anterior elbow (coronoid/capitellum), elbow arthroscopy can provide excellent visualization of fracture fragments using a less invasive surgical exposure. Meticulous adherence to safe techniques and utilization of specialized equipment can help maximize safety and facilitate reproducible surgical results.

Screening and combination selection of multifunctional actinomycetes for aerobic composting.

To screen the most effective combination of multipurpose actinomycete strains for aerobic composting, lignocellulose-degrading strains were obtained through enrichment culture, separation and purification, and multiselection culture. The isolated strains were identified on the basis of morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and comparison. The obtained actinomycetes were screened for the lignocellulose degradation rate, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide removal rate, and cellulase activity. Subsequently, a combination of strains with ecological coordination and complementary functions was determined through antagonistic tests. The combined strains were subjected to a straw fermentation test to evaluate their degradation effect. As a result, 20 strains of actinomycetes were isolated and identified from more than 56 samples from different sources, including 18 strains of Streptomyces sp. and 2 strains of Nocardiopsis sp. After a number of screenings, eight strains of actinomycetes with strong function were obtained. From the results of function and antagonistic tests, strains A3, A7, A8, A11, and A16 were selected to form consortia. The straw fermentation test showed that the lignocellulose degradation rate of the strain combination was as high as 39.8%, which was significantly higher than that of eachevery single strain (P < 0.05). The screened multifunctional actinomycete strains and their combination enriched the actinomycete germplasm resources used for microbial enhanced aerobic composting.IMPORTANCEWith the development of animal husbandry in China, the production of a large amount of livestock and poultry manure has become one of the main agricultural pollution sources. High-temperature aerobic composting stands out as one of the most crucial methods for the safe and resourceful utilization of livestock and poultry manure, serving as an essential link between crop cultivation, animal breeding, and sustainable agricultural development. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the addition of exogenous multifunctional bacterial agents to compost reduces not only harmful emissions but also sequesters or increases essential nutrients. However, these efficacies depend on the specific functions of the bacteriophage itself, the harmonization and complementarity within the colony, and its ability to adapt to the environment. In recent years, relatively few studies have been conducted on actinomycetes. This experiment provides excellent actinomycete resources for the production of high-efficiency and high-quality compost compound microbial agents of manure and straw.

Experimental study on impact toughness of structural steel and its butt-welded joint at low temperature and corrosion

The safe and life extension utilization of steel structures in cold offshore regions demand studies on the toughness of structural steel at low temperature and corrosion. In present work, the effects of low temperature and corrosion on impact toughness of the typical structural steel of Q235 and its butt-welded joint are studied. Constant current acceleration associated with salt spray acceleration corrosion experiment are performed to corrode specimens. The Charpy impact tests for Q235 steel and its butt-welded joint at different temperatures and corrosion times are carried out. The micro-morphologies of impact fracture surface are also studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It can be found that the impact energies of Q235 steel and its butt-welded joint are degraded as temperature decreases and corrosion rate increases. The effect of corrosion on impact energy is aggravated by low temperature. The impact toughness of Q235 steel and its butt-welded joint are influenced by the coupling effect of low temperature and corrosion. This study can provide information for the fracture resistant design of steel structures in low temperature and corrosion environment.

Assessment of modeling methods for predicting load resulting from hydrogen-air detonation

As hydrogen becomes an increasingly vital component in the transition toward a sustainable energy system, its flammable and detonable properties necessitate a comprehensive understanding of its explosive characteristics. This study evaluated the accuracy and computational efficiency of an innovative numerical approach that integrates CESE compressible CFD solver, chemistry reaction model, and structural FEM solver within LS-DYNA to predict hydrogen detonation loads. Comparisons were made with the commonly used energy equivalent methods, i.e., the TNT equivalent method, and the high-pressure volume method, which utilizes multi-material ALE techniques. Hydrogen detonation test results from open-air space, open-air space with a blast wall, and semi-confined space were compared against numerical simulations. The results revealed that, for scaled distance exceeding 0.79 m/kg1/3, all three methods accurately predicted the peak overpressure. The TNT equivalent method exhibited an unexpectedly high energy efficiency factor exceeding 0.51, significantly surpassing the recommended range of 0.01–0.1 for typical vapor cloud accidents. The CESE-chemistry coupling method exceled in capturing overpressure duration and structural response due to its consideration of chemical kinetics. As the scaled distance reduced to 0.37 m/kg1/3, the CESE-chemistry coupling method maintained its proficiency in modelling pressure waves, while the TNT equivalent method overestimated peak pressure by 494%. Conversely, the high-pressure volume method underestimated the peak pressures within or near the H2-air cloud. Nevertheless, the CESE-chemistry coupling method required significantly higher computational costs, with 15–20 times more computational time compared to the other two methods, and 60–70% of the total computation time was spent solving chemical kinetics. It is concluded from the current study that for scenarios involving close scaled distances (less than 0.37 m/kg1/3) or where the structure locates inside or near the gas cloud, the CESE-chemistry coupling method may be preferred despite its higher computational demands. Conversely, for simulations prioritizing computational efficiency and larger scaled distances, the TNT equivalent method or high-pressure volume method is recommended. These findings offer guidelines for researchers and engineering professionals engaged in assessing and mitigating risks associated with hydrogen explosion accidents in the pursuit of safe and sustainable hydrogen utilization.

State of health prediction of lithium-ion batteries based on bidirectional gated recurrent unit and transformer

Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in various aspects of our lives, playing a crucial role in numerous applications. The state of health (SOH) serves as a pivotal indicator, and accurate prediction of SOH is essential for the safe utilization, management, and maintenance of lithium-ion batteries. In order to accurately predict SOH, a hybrid prediction model by combining bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) and Transformer with multi-head attention mechanism (AM) is proposed, which can effectively address the challenge of long time series prediction. In the proposed prediction model, the indirect health indicator (HI), which can characterize the degradation of lithium-ion batteries, is fed into the BiGRU to learn the hidden states of the input features and thus further extract time series features. On this basis, multiple attention is given to the Transformer encoder layer and the input feature vectors, which gives it a better performance in the long-term dependence of the time series. The study based on the lithium-ion battery data from NASA Prediction Center of Excellence (PCoE) shows that the proposed BiGRU-Transformer model has higher accuracy, better robustness and generalisation capability.

Preparation of geopolymer concrete with Bayer red mud and its reaction mechanism

Red mud (RM) is a hazardous waste product resulting from alumina production in the aluminum industry. In China, the alumina industry generates a significant amount of solid waste RM annually. The accumulation of RM not only occupies a large area of land but also leads to environmental pollution. Currently, Bayer red mud (BRM) constitutes the majority of the piled-up RM in China. Due to its high alkalinity and low activity, BRM cannot be directly used in the cement industry, and its comprehensive utilization is severely limited. Thus, finding a bulk, safe, and cost-effective utilization method is crucial in tackling the massive accumulation of BRM. This study primarily focuses on the reactivity and reaction mechanisms of BRM in cement-based and geopolymer material. Firstly, it was demonstrated through compressive strength, chemical bound water content, SEM microstructures, and flowability that BRM exhibits relatively low reactivity in cement-based material. Experimental investigations were conducted to study the impact of the BRM addition and curing methods on the mechanical properties of BRM based geopolymer materials. The dosage range of BRM under different conditions was given. Through SEM-EDS analysis, the influence of BRM with its high-temperature activation on the early hydration products in geopolymer material was investigated. The reaction mechanism of BRM in geopolymers was analyzed, and a reliable, affordable, and efficient way to use BRM on a large scale was developed.

Exploring the Iosipescu method to investigate interlaminar shear fatigue behavior and failure mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced composites

Iosipescu method, commonly adopted to determine the static shear properties of composite material, is extended to analyze the shear fatigue properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Following the results of the ultimate shear strength (τ) and interlaminar shear modulus (G13) in the static tests, this work conducted interlaminar shear fatigue tests with two stress ratios and four stress levels to obtain the S-N and stiffness degradation curves. The S‐N curves of the stress level versus logarithmic fatigue life exhibit a good linear relationship, and the specimens display a better fatigue performance at the stress ratio of 0.1 than −1. A significant three-stage cumulative damage evolution characteristic was found in the fatigue stiffness degradation process. In addition, the damage evolution, dominated by the propagation of matrix microcracks along the fiber direction inside the material, that is, debonding and delamination of the interface, was captured and analyzed via microscopic observation of the damaged zone on the specimen surface. Understanding the revealed processes of shear fatigue failure is crucial for ensuring the safe utilization of composite structures.

The roles of health literacy in parents’ honey use and the use of complementary alternative medicine in a Turkish population

BackgroundAs a biologically based therapy, honey is used by parents in many parts of the world as a home remedy for their children. While information exists regarding the traditional use of honey for health issues in children, data regarding its relationship with health literacy is lacking. The aims of this study were to determine the use of honey to address children’s health issues among parents of children aged 0–72 months and to explore the relationship between the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and health literacy.MethodsThe data for this descriptive, cross-sectional study were collected between October and November 2022 via an online survey of 907 parents of children aged 0–72 months. A sociodemographic data collection form, the Holistic Complementary and Alternative Medicine Questionnaire (HCAMQ), and the Turkey Health Literacy Scale-32 (THLS-32) were used to collect the data. A t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation analysis were used to analyze the data.ResultsThe majority (86.5%) of the parents used honey for their children’s health problems. Among the parents, 83.1% utilized honey as a remedy for alleviating cough symptoms, 10.4% employed it as a treatment for diarrhea, and 14% administered it for the management of oral mucositis. The mean THLS-32 and HCAMQ scores of the parents were 29.39 and 21.31, respectively, and there was a moderate correlation between the parents’ THLS-32 and HCAMQ mean scores (r = 0.662, p < 0.001).ConclusionThis study revealed that a significant proportion of parents who used honey to alleviate their children’s health issues displayed positive attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) while concurrently exhibiting insufficient or limited health literacy levels. Therefore, it is advisable to enhance health literacy regarding the proper and safe utilization of honey, which functions as a biologically based CAM therapy.

Development and validation of a method for preparing heated tobacco product aerosol condensate (HTPAC) for large-scale toxicity data acquisition

A method of preparing heated tobacco product aerosol condensate (HTPAC) was developed to expedite HTP toxicity evaluation, and the effectiveness was assessed. To prepare HTPAC, HTP aerosol was generated and collected using a Cambridge filter (particulate phase) and Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS; gaseous phase). The aerosol collected on the Cambridge filter was extracted using methanol, which was thereafter removed by nitrogen purging. The HTP aerosol residue was mixed with DPBS loaded with the collected HTP vapor, ultimately yielding HTPAC. Nicotine and formaldehyde, key harmful compounds in HTP aerosol, were detected in HTPAC (901 ± 224 and 22.2 ± 3.90 µg stick–1, respectively, comparable to those in HTP aerosol (990–1350 (nicotine) and 2.33–21.9 µg stick–1 (formaldehyde)). Propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, which influence the amount of HTP aerosol, were detected at similar levels in HTPAC and HTP aerosol (propylene glycol = 616 ± 57.1 (HTPAC) and 320–630 µg stick–1 (aerosol) and vegetable glycerin = 2418 ± 224 (HTPAC) and 1667–4000 µg stick–1 (aerosol)). Known components of HTP aerosol (hydroxyacetone, acetic acid, triacetin, and 2-furanmethanol) were also detected in HTPAC. Consequently, HTPAC offers an effective method for concentrating harmful compounds found in HTP aerosols. This, in turn, facilitates comprehensive toxicity assessments, paving the way for guidelines ensuring the safe utilization of HTP.

Qualitative and quantitative characterization of metallic aluminum in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash

The reaction of alkaline solution and metallic aluminum present in municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration bottom ash (IBA) generates hydrogen gas. Thus, it is crucial to characterize the metallic aluminum in IBA for its safe utilization and proper disposal. However, the inherent inhomogeneity of IBA, random distribution of metallic aluminum in IBA grains, presence of aluminum in compound forms, and lack of reliable quantitative characterization techniques pose significant challenges to the holistic understanding of metallic aluminum in IBA. This research aims to address these questions systematically and present a comprehensive understanding of metallic aluminum in IBA. A classification strategy based on mineralogical and particle size basis is adopted to minimize the inhomogeneity of IBA. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of metallic aluminum in IBA is studied through SEM/EDS of the IBA grains cross-sections of different particle sizes and mineralogical classes. Subsequently, a modified in-house designed collecting gas over liquid setup was developed for an easy and reliable quantitative characterization. The metallic aluminum content was the highest for 0.3–1.18 mm and lowest for < 0.3 mm range, and within a given mineralogical class, the metallic aluminum content decreases with decrease in particle sizes. The microanalysis of cross-sections of IBA grains showed that the aluminum is present as aluminum alloy formed during incineration or in oxide form, majorly in fine fractions (< 0.3 mm). The current study seeks to provide a complete picture of metallic aluminum distribution in IBA.

Distribution characteristics and source identification of heavy metals and safe utilization in surface soils from high-selenium regions in China

Distribution characteristics and source identification of heavy metals and safe utilization in surface soils from high-selenium regions in China

Lactoferrin improves symptoms of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through modulation of cellular senescence

The multifaceted effects of lactoferrin (LF) on the digestive and immune systems make it an attractive therapeutic option in inflammatory bowel diseases. In this study, we aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of LF in colitis, particularly in relation to cellular senescence. We hypothesize that LF has the potential to modulate the senescence process. The effects of LF on senescence were tested in vitro using HCT116 and SW480 cell lines, and in vivo, the dextran sulfate sodium–induced mouse model of colitis. LF (500 mg/kg) alleviated symptoms of colitis in mice with a significant decrease in colon damage (P < .0001 vs. control) and microscopic (P < .05 vs. control) scores. Cellular senescence markers p16 and p21 were significantly upregulated in the mouse colon during inflammation (both P < .01 vs. control), and LF at 500 mg/kg decreased these markers (both P < .05 vs. dextran sulfate sodium–treated mice). In vitro, LF significantly affected the expression of p16 and p21 (P < .05–P < .0001 vs. control), senescence associated secretory phenotype (P < .01–P < .0001 vs. control), and telomere-specific proteins: telomeric repeat binding factor 1 and 2 (P < .05–P < .0001 vs. control) in a concentration-dependent manner. LF modulates the expression of cellular senescence markers and shows hallmarks of senolytic and pro-senescent activity, depending on dose. Further studies are needed to fully understand the anti-inflammatory effect of LF in the context of senescence and safe utilization in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.

Unveiling the molecular interactions between alkyl imidazolium ionic liquids and human serum albumin: Implications for toxicological significance

Alkyl imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) are promising for diverse industrial applications; however, their growing prevalence has raised concerns regarding human exposure and potential health implications. A critical aspect to be clarified to address the adverse health effects associated with ILs exposure is their binding mode to human serum albumin (HSA). In this study, we delved into the binding interactions between three alkyl imidazolium ILs (1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium (C6[MIM]), 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (C8[MIM]) and 1-decyl-3-methyl-imidazolium (C10[MIM]) and human serum albumins (HSAs) using a comprehensive approach encompassing molecular docking and multi-spectroscopy (UV–visible, Fluorescence, Circular Dichroism, FTIR). Furthermore, for the first time, we developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) approach time to quantify plasma protein binding rates. Our results revealed that the ILs primarily bind to the hydrophobic cavity of HSA through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, forming stable complexes via static quenching. This affected HSA's secondary structure, reducing α-helical content, particularly around specific residues. Equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration coupled with UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed modest plasma protein binding rates (17.84%–31.85%) for the three ILs, with no significant influence from alkyl chain effects or concentration relationship. Lower plasma protein binding rates can affect bioavailability and distribution of ILs, potentially influencing their toxicity. These findings provide critical insights into the potential toxicological implications at the molecular level, thereby contributing to continuous efforts to evaluate the risk profiles and ensure the safe utilization of these compounds.

Synthesis of geopolymers using municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and construction and demolition waste: Mechanical and thermal activation

The safe disposal and utilization of MSWI FA, enriching with high amounts of heavy metals, chlorides and organic pollutants, has turned into a critical problem that restricts MSWI development. In this study, the resource utilization feasibility of MSWI FA with CDW and GGFBs by geopolymers was analyzed, and the performance of geopolymers with the different MSWI FA dose and activation method was investigated. With the increase of MSWI FA addition, the compressive strength of geopolymer showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Mechanical and thermal activation had a significant effect on the properties of geopolymers through improving the reactivity of raw materials and promoting hydration reaction. Various characterization methods indicated hydration products such as CSH, CASH and NASH gel were generated in geopolymers. In terms of S/S of pollutants, geopolymers exhibited excellent capability. Compared with MSWI FA, the concentration of heavy metals, especially Pb, in the leachate from geopolymers was significantly reduced due to the transformation of heavy metals into more stable forms. Moreover, mechanical and thermal activation could promote the S/S of heavy metals, except Pb and Zn. After geopolymerization, the total TEQ of PCDD/Fs decreased from 42.8 to 4.7 ng TEQ/kg with the IE of 45.09%. This article provides a new method for the collaborative resource utilization of MSWI FA, CDW and GGFBs.

Risk Assessment of Explosion Accidents in Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Rooms Using Experimental Investigations and Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations

For the safe utilization and management of hydrogen energy within a fuel-cell room in a hydrogen-fueled house, an explosion test was conducted to evaluate the potential hazards associated with hydrogen accident scenarios. The overpressure and heat radiation were measured for an explosion accident at distances of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 m for hydrogen–air mixing ratios of 10%, 25%, 40%, and 60%. When the hydrogen–air mixture ratio was 40%, the greatest overpressure was 24.35 kPa at a distance of 1 m from the fuel-cell room. Additionally, the thermal radiation was more than 1.5 kW/m2, which could cause burns at a distance of 5 m from the hydrogen fuel-cell room. Moreover, a thermal radiation in excess of 1.5 kW/m2 was computed at a distance of 3 m from the hydrogen fuel-cell room when the hydrogen–air mixing ratio was 25% and 60%. Consequently, an explosion in the hydrogen fuel-cell room did not considerably affect fatality levels, but could affect the injury levels and temporary threshold shifts. Furthermore, the degree of physical damage did not reach major structural damage levels, causing only minor structural damage.

The Pt-interfacial-reaction-based quantitative detection of trace H2 released from palladium hydride in aqueous solutions

Hydrogen gas holds tremendous potential across various domains, encompassing industrial applications, medical usage, and scientific research, among others. The precise and reliable detection of hydrogen gas is of paramount importance to ensure its safe utilization and accurate control of associated reactions, among other considerations. However, conventional approaches for quantitatively detecting H2, such as gas chromatography and hydrogen sensors, primarily focus on gas-phase detection, neglecting the detection of trace amounts of H2 in the liquid phase. This limitation becomes particularly pertinent when employing palladium hydride (PdHx) as a slow-releasing agent of hydrogen for medical purposes, necessitating the quantification of H2 released from PdHx in aqueous solutions, which is not straightforward to accomplish. This study presents a straightforward and convenient electrochemical method for quantifying H2 in an aqueous solution released from PdHx. The proposed method establishes a linear relationship between the theoretical concentration of H2 in the solution and the amount of H2 that reacted on the working electrode. Consequently, by measuring the amount of H2 that reacted on the working electrode in a PdHx dispersion, the actual concentration of H2 can be determined using the established linear relation. Specifically, it was found that the concentration of H2 released by 200 μg/mL PdHx at room temperature was determined to be 0.23 mM. To validate the findings, a simulation of the hydrogen detection reaction was conducted, which exhibited good agreement with the experimental results. The simulation results suggest that the presence of a peak near the primary hydrogen oxidation peak could be attributed to the adsorption of H2 and H+ near the electrode surface, and this effect diminishes with increasing temperature due to the weakening of species adsorption at elevated temperatures. Moreover, this study also demonstrated the quantitative verification of O2 in an aqueous solution using a similar method. The detection of trace amounts of H2 or O2 in aqueous solutions can find applications in determining the actual production of H2 in hydrogen evolution reactions facilitated by molecular catalysts and evaluating the trace amounts of H2 in photocatalysis as a complementary technique to gas chromatography. This methodology holds significant potential for advancing various areas of research.

Ubiquitous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Comprehensive Review

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones have found applications in various fields including military operations, construction, parcel delivery, mapping, medical, search and rescue missions, exploration of hidden areas, monitoring power lines and oil rigs, precision farming, aerial surveillance, and wireless communication. Due to their modular flexibility and programmability, drone technologies have become a strategic industrial/commercial sector that has gained significant attention as it redefines and combines different emerging domains, such as: service and delivery convergence, lean manufacturing, environmental monitoring and security. The use of swarms of interconnected UAV systems has gained popularity in providing innovative approaches to tasks requiring wide-area multiple collaborative sensors. However, despite advances in maneuverability, user interface, and cost-effectiveness, drones still face limitations in flight autonomy due to restricted flight time for continuous missions. Battery endurance, drone weight, and payload are critical development vectors. This review highlights the importance of drones, their future development priorities and functionality. Specifically, it focuses on UAV classification, swarms, and charging. Moreover, it explores UAV applications, challenges, and security issues based on recent research and development. Additionally, the study delves into anti-drone technology that can assist countries in controlling and ensuring the safe utilization of drones.

Safety profile and signal detection of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction: a Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System analysis.

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) are generally well tolerated but have been associated with uncommon and significant adverse events (AEs). This study aims to investigate and compare the characteristics of AEs associated with PDE5Is used for erectile dysfunction and identify any safety signals in a postmarketing surveillance database between 2010 and 2021. A descriptive analysis was conducted for all AEs reported to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System for 4 PDE5Is-avanafil, sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil-indicated for erectile dysfunction between January 2010 and December 2021. The frequency of the most reported AEs and outcomes were identified. A disproportionality analysis based on proportional reporting ratio (PRR) and reporting odds ratio (ROR) was conducted for the most common and clinically important AEs to identify signals to gain insights into potential differences in safety profiles. The outcome measures of the study are frequency of reported AEs and outcomes following AE. A total of 29 236 AEs were reported for PDE5Is during the study period. The most reported AE was "drug ineffective" with 7115 reports (24.3%). Eight safety signals were detected across the 4 drugs. Key signals were sexual disorders (PRR, 3.13 [95% CI, 2.69-3.65]; ROR, 3.24 [95% CI, 2.77-3.79]) and death (PRR, 3.17 [2.5-4.01]; ROR, 3.211 [2.52-4.06]) for sildenafil, priapism (PRR, 3.63 [2.11-6.24]; ROR, 3.64 [2.12-6.26]) for tadalafil, and drug administration error (PRR, 2.54 [1.84-3.52]; ROR, 2.6 [1.86-3.63]) for vardenafil. The most reported outcomes were other serious events with 6685 events (67.2%) and hospitalization with 1939 events (19.5%). The commonly reported AEs and detected signals may guide clinicians in treatment decision making for men with erectile dysfunction. This is the first comprehensive report and disproportionality analysis on all types of AEs associated with PDE5Is used for erectile dysfunction in the United States. The findings should be interpreted cautiously due to limitations in the Adverse Event Reporting System, which includes self-reports, duplicate and incomplete reports, and biases in reporting and selection. Therefore, establishing a causal relationship between the reported AEs and the use of PDE5Is is uncertain, and the data may be confounded by other medications and indications. PDE5Is demonstrate significantly increased risks of reporting certain clinically important AEs. While these events are not common, it is imperative to continually monitor PDE5I use at the levels of primary care to national surveillance to ensure safe utilization.