Safe Preparation Research Articles

Anemia in Neoplastic Disease: Current Treatment Options

Anemia is one of the most common complications of cancer. The severity of anemia depends on the severity of the disease and the course of its development. The review of the literature presents the causes and mechanisms of anemia in patients with malignant neoplasms, discussing its negative impact not only on the quality of life, but also on the effectiveness of chemotherapy, existing clinical recommendations for the treatment of anemia with the use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents. The attention is paid to the effectiveness of modern intravenous iron preparations. A brief overview of the literature data on the problem of use of intravenous iron preparations in clinical practice is presented. The review includes mainly the data of controlled randomized clinical studies, which are considered to be most informative in evidence. Recently, effective and safe intravenous iron preparations have appeared, the ways of their introduction, doses and formulas have been developed to calculate the overall deficit of iron in the organism. The data on the anemia importance, the incidence of which in tumor diseases, increases constantly, were found. In numerous randomized studies that have taken place over the open protocol, the value of hemoglobin (Hb) level for the quality of life of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy is demonstrated. Before recombinant human erythropoietins (rHuEPO) the transfusion of erythrocyte mass was used in cancer patients with anemia. However, hemotransfusion could be accompanied by the development of complications, transmission of transmissible infections, post-transfusion reactions, aloimmunization and the effect on the tumor clone with the possibility of stimulating tumor growth. The safety of iron parenteral preparations has increased because of the creation of a new generation of iron drugs.

Whole genome sequence-based characterisation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from game meat originating from several European countries

Game meat is becoming increasingly popular but may be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria such as Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). STEC cause gastrointestinal illnesses including diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis (HC), and the haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of STEC in 92 meat samples from chamois (n = 2), red deer (n = 27), roe deer (n = 38), and wild boar (n = 25), from Switzerland and other European countries. After enrichment, Shiga-toxin encoding genes (stx) were detected by PCR in 78 (84%) of the samples and STEC were isolated from 23 (25%) of the same samples. Nine different serotypes and eight different sequence types (STs) were found, with O146:H28 ST738 (n = 10) and O110:H31 ST812 (n = 5) predominating. None of the STEC belonged to the so-called top-five serogroups O26, O103, O111, O145, and O157. Subtyping of stx identified stx1c (n = 9), stx2a (n = 1), stx2b (n = 19), stx2e (n = 2), and stx2g (n = 1). Additional virulence factors (VFs) comprised ehx (n = 12), iha (n = 21), sta1 (n = 1), and subAB (n = 19). None of the isolates contained the eae gene. Twenty-one STEC contained VFs associated with extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Overall, the pathogenic potential of STEC in game meat is moderate, though the isolation of one STEC strain carrying stx2a, and of STEC/ExPEC hybrids suggests a role of game meat as a potential source of STEC infections in humans. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the safe handling and preparation of game meat is needed to prevent foodborne infections.

Process and performance of DAAF microspheres prepared by continuous integration from synthesis to spherical coating based on microfluidic system

In order to improve the energy output consistency of 3, 3′-diamino-4, 4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) in the new insensitive booster and the safety and efficiency in the preparation process, a continuous preparation system of DAAF from synthesis to spherical coating was designed and established in this paper, which combined ultrasonic micromixing reaction with microdroplet globular template. In the rapid micromixing stage, the microfluidic mixing technology with ultrasonic was used to synergistically strengthen the uniform and rapid mass transfer mixing reaction between raw materials to ensure the uniformity of DAAF particle nucleation-growth, and to prepare high-quality DAAF crystals with uniform structure and morphology and concentrated particle size distribution. In the microdroplet globular template stage, the microfluidic droplet technology was used to form a droplet globular template with uniform size under the shear action of the continuous phase of the dispersed phase solution containing DAAF particles and binder. The size of the droplet template was controlled by adjusting the flow rate ratio between the continuous phase and the dispersed phase. In the droplet globular template, with the diffusion of the solvent in the dispersed phase droplets, the binder precipitates to coat the DAAF into a ball, forming a DAAF microsphere with high sphericity, narrow particle size distribution and good monodispersity. The problem of discontinuity and DAAF particle suspension in the process was solved, and the coating theory under this process was studied. DAAF was coated with different binder formulations of fluororubber (F2604), nitrocellulose (NC) and NC/glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), and the process verification and evaluation of the system were carried out. The balling effects of large, medium and small droplet templates under different binder formulations were studied. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results show that the three droplet templates under the three binder formulations exhibit good balling effect and narrow particle size distribution. The DAAF microspheres were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo-gravimetric (TG) and sensitivity analyzer. The results showed that the crystal structure of DAAF did not change during the process, and the prepared DAAF microspheres had lower decomposition temperature and lower mechanical sensitivity than raw DAAF. The results of detonation parameters show that the coating of DAAF by using the above three binder formulations will not greatly reduce the energy output of DAAF, and has comparable detonation performance to raw DAAF. This study proves an efficient and safe continuous system from synthesis to spherical coating modification of explosives, which provides a new way for the continuous, safe and efficient preparation of spherical explosives.

H2O2-free strategy derived from Hummers method for preparing graphene oxide with high oxidation degree

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is required to reduce the residual potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in the traditional Hummers method for preparing graphene oxide (GO), which is dangerous and uncontrollable. In this work, spontaneous-reduction of high-valence Mn ions is induced by simply adjusting the reaction temperature/time and the dosage of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to prepare high quality GO without H2O2, avoiding the high risk of the dramatically exothermic reduction reaction caused by the quenching reaction of adding H2O2. Notably, the C/O ratio of GO prepared by this H2O2-free method is 1.986, which is less than commercial GO. Herein, this work provides a novel and efficient strategy for the safe and environmentally-friendly preparation of GO with high quality.

Critical Care Nurse’s Practice Regarding Medication Administration Safety in Intensive Care Units at Governmental Hospitals in Gaza Strip

Background: Administration of medications is primarily the nurse’s responsibility. This study aimed to assess intensive care nurses’ practice of safe medication administration in governmental hospitals in the Gaza Strip. Methods: This study utilized descriptive, cross-sectional, analytical design. The sample of the study consisted of 116 ICU nurses from five governmental hospitals (Al Shifa Hospital, Indonesy Hospital, Shohada Al Aqsa hospital, European Gaza Hospital, and Nasser Hospital). For data collection, the researcher used Patient Safety Assessment in Medication Administration Questionnaire and Observation Checklist. A pilot study was conducted on 20 nurses, and reliability of the Patient Safety Assessment in the Medication Administration Questionnaire was 0.908. Results: The results showed that 66.4% of study participants were male nurses and 33.6% were female nurses, mean age was 28.97 years, 85.4% have bachelor degree, mean experience was 4.18 years, mean income was 1431.64 New Shekel, and 67.2% are working mixed shifts (morning, evening, and night). The practice of safety medication administration indicated that the highest score was in right route (93.8%), the right time (91.8%), right patient (90.7%), right way (89.5%), right recording of administered medication (88.9%), right answer (86.7%), right guidance (86.5%), right dose (86%), right medication (85.3%), and the overall score was 88.6%. Also, observation of nurses indicated high practice of safe medication administration with an average score of 83.6%. There were statistically insignificant differences in the practice of safe medication administration related to the hospital, gender, qualification, age, experience, and income. Conclusion: The study concluded that intensive care nurses handling medication safely at a moderate level and more. The authors demonstrated the need to provide adequate number of qualified nurses in Intensive Care Units, and encouraged nurses to participate in training programs about safe medication preparation and administration.

Dual Strategies of Metal Preintercalation and In Situ Electrochemical Oxidization Operating on MXene for Enhancement of Ion/Electron Transfer and Zinc-Ion Storage Capacity in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

As an emerging two-dimensional material, MXenes exhibit enormous potentials in the fields of energy storage and conversion, due to their superior conductivity, effective surface chemistry, accordion-like layered structure, and numerous ordered nanochannels. However, interlayer accumulation and chemical sluggishness of structural elements have hampered the demonstration of the superiorities of MXenes. By metal preintercalation and in situ electrochemical oxidization strategies on V2 CTx , MXene has enlarged its interplanar spacing and excited the outermost vanadium atoms to achieve frequent transfer and high storage capacity of Zn ions in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). Benefiting from the synergistic effects of these strategies, the resulting VOx /Mn-V2 C electrode exhibits the high capacity of 530mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 , together with a remarkable energy density of 415W h kg-1 and a power density of 5500W kg-1 . Impressively, the electrode delivers excellent cycling stability with Coulombic efficiency of nearly 100% in 2000 cycles at 5 A g-1 . The satisfactory electrochemical performances bear comparison with those in reported vanadium-based and MXene-based aqueous ZIBs. This work provides a new methodology for safe preparation of outstanding vanadium-based electrodes and extends the applications of MXenes in the energy storage field.

Use of Microbiological Preparations in the Fight Against Tetranychus urticae Koch on Roses, in the Conditions of the Protected Ground of the Tashkent Region

Presents data on the effect, under protected ground conditions of the Tashkent region, on the number of spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on roses, safe preparations for the environment. Microbiological preparations were used: Bitoxibacillin P, Bioslip BV, Bioslip BT, bioinsecticide Fitoverm 5% a. e. As a result, the best biological efficiency was in the variant when using Fitoverm 5% a. e., at consumption rate of 0.8 l/ha and ranged from 84.7% to 85.9%. In order to increase the effectiveness of the fight to reduce the number of spider mites (T. urticae), applied combined options: Fitoverm 5% a. e. 0.4 l/ha + Bitoxibacillin P 2 l/ha, and Fitoverm 5% a. e. 0.8 l/ha + Bitoxibacillin P 3 l/ha, where biological efficiency was obtained in the Fitoverm variant 5% a. e. 0.8 l/ha + Bitoxibacillin P 3 l/ha, up to 98.2% already on the third day and 98.6% lasted until the 14th day of observations.

The challenges of Plasmodium vivax human malaria infection models for vaccine development.

Controlled Human Malaria Infection models (CHMI) have been critical to advancing new vaccines for malaria. Stringent and safe preparation of a challenge agent is key to the success of any CHMI. Difficulty producing the Plasmodium vivax parasite in vitro has limited production of qualified parasites for CHMI as well as the functional assays required to screen and down-select candidate vaccines for this globally distributed parasite. This and other challenges to P. vivax CHMI (PvCHMI), including scientific, logistical, and ethical obstacles, are common to P. vivax research conducted in both non-endemic and endemic countries, with additional hurdles unique to each. The challenges of using CHMI for P. vivax vaccine development and evaluation, lessons learned from previous and ongoing clinical trials, and the way forward to effectively perform PvCHMI to support vaccine development, are discussed.

The process of organisation of abnormal road transport on the example of Poland

The purpose of the article is to characterise the road transport of abnormal loads and theprocess of obtaining an abnormal transportation clearance as well as to present a method of supportingtransport organisation. The authors undertook to characterise road transport of abnormal loads inlight of Polish conditions. The current legal environment in Poland, foreign and domestic literaturewere used in the research for analysis. The planning process for transport of abnormal load with theanalysis of requirements specified was performed in a practical manner. In addition, the successivesteps of this process were included on a structured algorithm, showing the steps taken in the researchmethodology. A detailed analysis showed the complexity of abnormal road transport and the challengesit faces. The experience conducted shows that the process of obtaining an abnormal transportationclearance is time-consuming and involves many institutions working together. An analysis of therequirements for abnormal transport shows the process areas that are bottlenecks. Focusing effortson their proper organisation can ensure safe preparation of transport and effective management ofthe entire transportation process. The experience conducted to obtain an abnormal transportationclearance allows us to learn and understand this process, which can be a kind of signpost for thoseorganising such transport without the necessary knowledge. The authors conducted an experiment,applying for a hypothetical abnormal transportation clearance to the General Directorate of NationalRoads and Motorways.Keywords: abnormal transport, road transport, organisation of transport, transport management

Synthesis of a multi-branched trinuclear ionic liquid demulsifier and evaluation of its performance in W/O emulsions

A multi-branched trinuclear ionic liquid demulsifier (EDHBr-IL) was synthesized using glycerol triglycidyl ether, di-n-hexylamine and 1-bromododecane as raw materials using a simple “one-pot” method. Its structure was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. EDHBr-IL exhibited a favorable demulsifying performance in W/O emulsions at lower temperature. The demulsifying efficiency (DE) of 300 mg/L of EDHBr-IL at 50 °C reached 90 % with for 2 h. It showed an excellent acid, alkaline and salt resistance. A relatively high DE was achieved at a pH range of 4–12 and a salinity of 10,000 mg/L. In addition, the demulsification mechanism was explored based on interfacial properties and micro examination. EDHBr-IL has substantial potential for the demulsification of W/O emulsions due to its simple and safe preparation, and performance comparable to that of with commercial demulsifiers.

1166. Botulism poisoning fatalities linked to home-canned food products - Tajikistan, 2021

Abstract Background Botulism is a rare but fatal illness often caused by consumption of foods containing Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins. We investigated an outbreak among people having attended a family dinner in Kushkiya village, Tajikistan in December 2021. Methods We interviewed dinner participants using a structured questionnaire to collect clinical, demographic, and prior 48-hour food histories. We abstracted data from medical records. A case was defined as a person who attended the event with symptoms clinically compatible with botulism. Results Thirteen people attended the dinner event. Of these, 10 (77%) were classified as a case. Case-patients ages ranged from 2 to 40 years old; five were children < 12 years old. All case-patients had muscle weakness, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, and vomiting. Two had abdominal pain, five had symmetric paresis, two had shortness of breath, and two had double vision. Median time from dinner event to development of symptoms was 22 hours (range 17-30 hours). Four patients (40%) were hospitalized in serious condition, including two children in comas. Four patients died (40%). Deaths occurred on average 48 hours after the dinner (range 41-55 hours). All ten cases had eaten homemade canned salad. Two other dinner participants ate the canned salad, but did not get sick. The canned salad was made of tomatoes, onions, garlic, and oil. It had been prepared in September 2021. Due to limited capacity for botulism testing in Tajikistan diagnostics were not performed. The infectious disease hospital did not have botulism antitoxin in stock upon patient admission. Deceased patients had not received antitoxin. On the third day after exposure, botulism antitoxin (A, B, C and E) was given to 9 dinner participants; all of whom survived. Conclusion The high case fatality rate highlights the need to increase clinician awareness of botulism, educate and improve their ability to provide emergency and respiratory care, and ensure stocks of anti-botulinum serum in health facilities. Additionally, improved national diagnostic capabilities to detect botulism and identify toxin types can help identify sources. Lastly, public health messaging may help increase safe food preparation practices. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Polygalacturonates of Biogenic Metals - Prospective Components of New Composite Preparations for Wheat

New bi- and polymetallic complexes of polygalacturonic acid with essential trace elements for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds were created.
 Aims: The goal of the research was to create effective environmentally safe preparations of multifunctional action, with low cost rates for grain crops based on natural polymers of pectin nature and to determine the effectiveness of their use for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds.
 Methodology: Methods of chemical synthesis of products, research of their structure by atomic force microscopy were used in the work. Laboratory and vegetative experiments were carried out. The substrate is quartz sand. Physiological and biochemical methods were used to determine the working absorbing surface of the roots and its absorbing activity, amylolytic activity, the content of photosynthesis pigments according to Wellburn. The results were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics.
 Results: The atomic force microscopy method made it possible to detect a mixture of individual polymer molecules and their aggregates in pectin fractions. Depending on the concentration of pectins in the solution, they form different structures. New bi- and polymetallic complexes of polygalacturonic acid with essential trace elements for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds were created. According to the results of laboratory and vegetation experiments, the growth-stimulating activity of polygalacturonates of copper, iron, calcium, and nickel, which were used for pre-sowing processing of Smuhlyanka variety winter soft wheat seeds was determined. Preparations contribute to the active development of the root system of plants, strengthening their physiological activity. The investigated compounds are effective promising components of complex compositional preparations for modern agrotechnologies of winter wheat cultivation. 
 Conclusion: The use of such metal complexes at an insignificant rate of expenditure should contribute to the increase of economic and ecological indicators of crop production — the reduction of the cost price of wheat grain due to the increase in yield and grain quality.

Safe week, unsafe weekend? Consumers’ self-reported food safety practices and stomach sickness in cabin environments of varying infrastructure levels

Food poisoning is a threat to health and economy across regions and living standards, with an estimated 600 million cases worldwide every year. In consumer households, water and electricity facilities are key to safe food preparation and storage. However, recreational home environments may be of lower standard and expose dwellers to higher risk of foodborne illness. The aim of this study was to assess risk behaviours in Norwegian cabin kitchens in relation to the level of cabin infrastructure and compared to home practices. Cabin dwellers (N = 339) answered an online questionnaire about infrastructure, appliances, cleaning routines, and food habits at the cabin and at home. Correspondence analysis was used to define three cabin types of low (16%), medium (31%) and high (53%) infrastructure. The cabin types were compared to one another as well as to home in terms of cabin visit frequency and length, kitchen equipment, cleaning practices, food consumption, and incidence of stomach sickness. Consumer practices were evaluated for their impact on potential exposure to foodborne pathogens in light of the food safety situation and recommendations in Norway. Large variations in cabin kitchen equipment were found, where 35% of the respondents did not have running water in the kitchen and 18% did not have a refrigerator. The lack of running water and/or electrical appliances in cabins appeared to lead to adaptive consumer practices regarding hygiene routines (e.g., more hand disinfectant). Food consumption differed from home towards safer choices in all cabin types (e.g., less raw chicken and more canned foods). The estimated incidence rate of stomach sickness was of 4‰ occurrences per day at the cabin. Across cabin types, the incidence rate was 4.0 times larger in low-infrastructure cabins and 3.1 times larger in medium-infrastructure cabins compared to high-infrastructure cabins. The results uncover a need for information campaigns on the elevated risk for foodborne illness in cabin environments and how consumers should change practices to reduce the risk.

Recent advances of electrodeposition of Bi2Te3 and its thermoelectric applications in miniaturized power generation and cooling

ABSTRACT Thermoelectric (TE) technology enables direct conversion between thermal and electrical energies and thus has been regarded as an alternative for energy harvesting and refrigeration. Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) is the most widely used TE material at room temperature due to its high figure of merit (∼1). Since the first publication on the electrodeposition of Bi2Te3 films in 1994, a large number of publications has emerged in the last two decades, owing to its advantages such as simple and safe preparation, high deposition rate, convenient micromachining, good compatibility to semiconductor microfabrication techniques and so on. This article reviews the recent research progress in the electrodeposition of Bi2Te3 and its application in TE devices. Additionally, an outlook towards the future development of this area has also been discussed.

Continuous, safe and large-scale preparation of insensitive high-energy TATB/HMX composite particles by microfluidic self-assembly technology

Recently, to prepare energetic materials (EMs) with high energy and low sensitivity has attracted much attention in the field of EMs research. However, the safe and efficient manners to prepare such EMs are still limited. In this work, a continuous microfluidic self-assembly method was developed to prepare TATB/HMX composite particles, which has great safety performances (H50 = 64.6 cm, friction sensitivity = 0 %) and detonation properties (detonation velocity 8375 m/s, ρ = 1.780 g/cm3). The XRD and SEM results show that in-situ generated nano-TATB (mass fraction 10 %) is not only bonded to the surface of HMX, but also embed in the crystal. Furthermore, this method realizes the continuous and stable preparation of TATB/HMX composite particles within 80 min. We anticipate that this work will inspire new perspectives for the preparation of insensitive high-energy explosives.

Unmanned aerial vehicles in the construction industry - Towards a protocol for safe preparation and flight of drones

PurposeUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), colloquially called drones, are widely applied in many sectors of the economy, including the construction industry. They are used for building inspections, damage assessment, land measurements, safety inspections, monitoring the progress of works, and others.Design/methodology/approachThe study notes that UAV pose new, and not yet present, risks in the construction industry. New threats arise, among others, from the development of new technologies, as well as from the continuous automation and robotization of the construction industry. Education regarding the safe use of UAV and the proper use of drones has a chance to improve the safety of work when using these devices.FindingsThe procedure (protocol) was developed for the correct and safe preparation and planning of an unmanned aerial vehicle flight during construction operations.Originality/valueBased on the analysis of available sources, no such complete procedure has yet been developed for the correct, i.e. compliant with applicable legal regulations and occupational health and safety issues, preparation for flying UAV. The verification and validation of the developed flight protocol was performed on a sample of over 100 different flight operations.

Optimalisasi Pendampingan Ibu Hamil Trimester III melalui Program Perencanaan Persalinan dan Pencegahan Komplikasi (P4K) untuk Mengurangi Kecemasan saat Persalinan

Pregnancy is a beautiful period, but the major changes in the body with a short time often caused from some disturbances and complaints, that reduce enjoyment during pregnancy. Anxious feeling often occurs during pregnancy, especially in mothers who have unstable soul and reach a climax at the time of delivery. Women who experience pregnancy anxiety are more likely to experience labor complications. Health programs to reduce the occurrence of complications that can be implemented include the Delivery Planning and Complications Prevention Program. The Maternity Planning and Complications Prevention called (P4K) includes pregnancy exercises and preparation for childbirth. Physical exercise during pregnancy and preparation for childbirth can be done in safe planning and preparation for the possibility of complications during childbirth. The purpose to increase of knowledge for pregnant women to do exercises during pregnancy and plan physical exercise can reduce anxiety and prevent complications. Participants are third trimester in prenatal class, divided into 3 groups with the covid protocol, each of group maximum 8-9 people. The implementation of this community service collaboration with Purwosari Village, Sayung District, Demak Regency with 25 participants. The result of this program has plan to produce targeted outcomes, namely: Publications in newspapers and scientific journals.

Medicinal Plants used in Four Local Government Areas of South-Western Nigeria for the Management of Diabetes and its Comorbidities: An Ethnopharmacological Survey.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to pose a major global health threat with serious economic burden in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Nigeria. This condition is often worsened as most diabetic patients have other accompanying comorbidities such as hypertension, stroke, heart disease and obesity, further putting a strain on their wellbeing. In spite of the several orthodox medicines for the treatment of diabetes and its comorbidities, complication arising from the use of such agents have limited therapeutic success. It is therefore imperative to search for safer alternative and affordable treatment options from plants. 
 This study aimed at accessing and documenting the medicinal plants used in four local government areas of South-Western Nigeria for the management of diabetes and its comorbidities. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to obtain information from traditional medical practitioners, village elders and herb sellers. The data obtained were analyzed and discussed in relation to previously published literature. Fifty-three respondents mostly males (77.4%) provided information on medicinal plants useful for the management of diabetes and its comorbidities. A total of 77 medicinal plants used concomitantly belonging to 44 plant families were mentioned by the respondents. 53 medicinal plants are being used for managing diabetes, 35 for hypertension, 28 for stroke, 17 for heart diseases and 25 for obesity. The frequently used plant species were Vernonia amygdalina Delile with use-mention-index (UMi) of 0.208, Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle (UMi 0.170), Viscum album L. (UMi 0.151), Carica papaya L. (UMi 0.151) and Allium sativum L. (UMi 0.132). Citrus aurantifolia was the only plant mentioned for the management of the five ailments. Most diabetic patients often have one or more accompanying comorbidities. A safe and efficacious single herbal preparation that can manage both diabetes and its comorbidities may provide scientific breakthrough and relief from the side effects associated with the use of different synthetic drugs that is often experienced by sufferers of DM with accompanying comorbidities.

Metal bioaccumulation in fish from the Araguari River (Amazon biome) and human health risks from fish consumption.

Recently, high concentrations of metals have been found in the waters from sampling sites located in the Araguari River lower section. These metals can be bioaccumulated by fish, but also biomagnified, representing a potential risk through human consumption. Here, we aimed to (1) determine the metal concentrations in muscle samples from fish; (2) evaluate bioaccumulation of metals in muscle tissue of fish species with different feeding behaviors; and (3) investigate the risks of single metals, as well as mixture of metals, to human fish consumption. Eleven fish species were sampled (3 carnivorous, 5 omnivorous, and 3 detritivorous). In four fish species, Cd and Pb concentrations exceeded the Brazilian maximum limits (MLs) for human consumption. Individually, Pb and Cd concentrations in the muscle of these fish indicate risks to human health. When considering the mixture of metals, the consumption of all fish species represents risks. The highest risks implicate detritivorous species. For all fish species evaluated, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of Hg shows values above its reference dose (RfD). Our results suggest the need to establish an environmental monitoring program that aims to preserve environmental quality, biodiversity, and human health. It is also necessary to develop actions that aim to educate Amazonian populations on safe fish preparation and consumption.

Thermal hazard evaluation of sodium dichloroisocyanurate via TG-MS, DSC, and ARC

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) is a novel and effective material for sterilization, disinfection, and bleaching. However, the utilization of NaDCC has caused several thermal runaway incidents worldwide, raising attention to exploring its unknown thermal hazards. This paper simulated the different incident conditions to conduct a comparative study on the thermal stability and decomposition of NaDCC using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC). The gaseous products of the thermal decomposition of NaDCC were analyzed by a thermogravimetry-mass spectrometer (TG-MS). Several kinetic methods were used to calculate Ea of the pyrolysis reaction of NaDCC under different conditions. TMRad and self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) were calculated based on the thermodynamic and kinetic analysis. The results of TMRad showed that the adiabatic induction period decreased significantly, and the risk of losing control enlarged with increasing temperatures. Meanwhile, by comparing the SADT of NaDCC under several common packaging materials, the chemical plastic drums should be used for packaging materials of NaDCC. The result clarifies the reason for incidents and provides the fundamentals and valuable data for safe preparation, production, transportation, and storage of NaDCC.