Safe Investment Research Articles

The Saudi Information System Law and its Effectiveness (A Study of the Degree to Which Major Saudi Organizations Apply the Best Practices of Information Systems)

Information Security Law is the body of legal rules, codes, and standards that require companies to protect that information and the information systems that process it from unauthorized access. The government's development, issuance, and maintenance of law requirements help to ensure that standards are met, which, in turn, supports the country's safety, productivity, and economic development. The purpose of this paper is to assess the adequacy of the current Saudi laws and regulations related to information security and the extent to which information security laws impacted companies' application of information security best practices. The Saudi laws related to information security were studied and compared with the American information security regulations in the first part of the research. Then the experimental setting was used to perform the search by designing an electronic questionnaire to reveal the impact of Saudi information security laws on the reality of information security in companies. The questionnaire consists of 3 general questions and 11 questions regarding corporate practices that support the application of information security laws. The questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of information security workers in a number of major Saudi companies, and forty participants responded, and the largest proportion of respondents were executives, and the respondents' years of experience ranged between 1 and 40 years. It is concluded from the research that having stricter and flawless information security laws provides a strong foundation for corporate policies, and a safe investment environment.

KRİPTO VARLIKLARIN İCRA VE İFLÂS KANUNLARINDA GÖRÜNÜMÜNE DAİR İSVİÇRE ÖRNEĞİ

Kripto varlıkların hukuki durumu henüz belirli değildir. Türk hukukunda bu hususta bir düzenlemeye ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada kripto varlıklarla ilgili İsviçre örneği ele alınmaktadır. İsviçre hukukunda 2021 yılında yürürlüğe giren düzenlemelerin amacı, kripto varlıklar hakkında değişik sistemleri içerisinde barındıran hukuki bir yatırım ortamı tesis etmektir. Bu anlamda İsviçre örneğinde kripto varlıklar hakkında hukuki düzenlemeler yapılırken ekonomi hukukunun maddi hukukun ve icra ve iflâs hukukunun birçok kurumlarından yararlanılmıştır.
 Kripto varlıklar için hazırlanan yatırım ortamının oluşmasına hizmet eden düzenlemelerden biri, İsviçre İcra ve İflâs Kanunu madde 242a’dır. İsv. İİK’de kripto varlıkların her icra işlemindeki görüntüsü ayrı ayrı düzenlenmemiştir. Dolayısıyla kanun koyucunun kripto varlıklar hakkında düzenleme yaparken kazuistik bir yöntem kullanmadığı belirtilmelidir. İsv. İİK’de, güvenli yatırım için önemli bir unsur olan aracı kuruluşlar ile yatırımcılar arasındaki ilişkinin iflâs tasfiyesi boyutuna odaklanılmıştır. İsv. İİK m. 242a, aracı şirketlerin tasfiyesinde kripto varlıkların hariç tutulabileceğine ilişkindir. Bu maddeden bir kaç farklı sonuç çıkartılabilir. Örneğin kripto varlıkların iflâs tasfiyesine dair maddelerde yer alması, aynı zamanda kripto varlıkların haciz işlemine konu ve iflâs masasına dahil olacağını da zımnen ifade etmektedir. Bu çalışmada İsviçre hukukunda yapılan kanuni düzenlemelerde yer alan gelişmeler ışığında, iflâs tasfiyesinde kripto varlıkların durumu tartışılacaktır.

Revisiting the financial market interdependence during COVID-19 times: a study of green bonds, cryptocurrency, commodities and other financial markets

PurposeThe purpose of the present study is to contribute to the existing literature by examining the nexus and the connectedness between classes S&P Green Bond Index, S&P GSCI Crude Oil Index, S&P GSCI Gold, MSCI Emerging Markets Index, MSCI World Index and Bitcoin, during the pre-and post-Covid period beginning from August 2011 to July 2021 (10 years).Design/methodology/approachThe study employs time-varying parameter vector autoregression and Quantile regression methods to understand the impact of events on traditional and upcoming asset classes. To further understand the connectedness of assets under consideration, the study used Geo-Political Risk Index (GPR) and Global Economic Policy and Uncertainty index (GPEU).FindingsFindings show that these markets are strongly linked, which will only expand in the post-pandemic future. Before the pandemic, the MSCI World and Emerging Markets indices contributed the most shocks to the remaining market variables. Green bond index shows a greater correlation and shock transmission with gold. Bitcoin can no longer be used as a good hedging instrument, validating the fact that the 21st-century technology assets. The results further opine that under extreme economic consequences with high GPR and GPEU, even gold cannot be considered a safe investment asset.Originality/valueFinancial markets and the players who administer and communicate their investment logics are heavily reliant on conventional asset classes such as oil, gas, coal, nuclear and allied groupings, but these emerging asset classes are attempting to diversify.

Investment awareness & confidence of investors in selection of mutual funds during COVID-19 pandemic

Purposes of research are to investigate various factors of investor’s investment specific attitude on investment in mutual funds during pandemic & to investigate impact of independent factors like Investor’s safe investment & high return, Investor’s risks & rewards & Investor’s investment horizon on dependent variable Investor’s awareness & confidence in selection of mutual fund. Structured questionnaires were administered to 522 investors of mutual fund of India. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used to collect primary data from the target investors of mutual fund in Gujarat state, India. Factor analysis was done and multiple regression model was developed with the help of SPSS software. It was observed that Regression Model is significant since significance (P) value was less than 0.05. Research found that during pandemic situation investors may lose their confidence in selection of various mutual fund schemes. The main reasons behind this were extra expenditure on health, loss of job during pandemic, salary deduction and mental stress.

МОЖЛИВОСТІ ІНВЕСТУВАННЯ У КРИПТОВАЛЮТИ В УМОВАХ АКТИВНОЇ ФАЗИ ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19 У 2020–2021 РР. ТА КОНВЕНЦІЙНОЇ РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ 2022 Р.

Since the rise of the first cryptocurrency in 2008 until 2022, we can observe significant price volatility of cryptocurrency coins, periodic decline in prices for cryptocurrency coins and their growth, changes in the volume of cryptocurrency coin trading. Investors perceive cryptocurrency as an alternative (hedging) investment, a means of circulation and a measure of value. They increasingly use it in global socio-economic and military-political crises. Studying the price dynamics of cryptocurrencies during the active phase of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020-2021 (the previous pandemic was a hundred years ago – the so-called "Spanish flu") and the conventional Russian-Ukrainian war of 2022 (and a similar scale of conflict after World War II 77 years), we will try to conduct an economic analysis to examine how these crisis factors affected the dynamics of prices for major cryptocurrencies – Ether and Bitcoin. Highlighting previously unresolved parts of the overall problem. The influence of various global factors on the price of cryptocurrencies has been insufficiently studied due to the short historical period of cryptocurrencies existence. We will try to identify the dependence of cryptocurrencies' values dynamics on the presence of global positive or negative factors (pandemics, wars, etc.). The purpose and objectives of the study. The main objectives of the article are to prove that the presence of global positive or negative factors (pandemics, wars, etc.) has a significant impact on the structure of investment, in general, and the price dynamics of cryptocurrency units in particular. Methods. In the research process, in particular, the following methods were used: analysis – to reveal the object and subject of research; abstract-logical (theoretical generalizations and formulations of conclusions concerning the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020-2021 and the conventional Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022 on the value of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin). Results. The significant impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020-2021 and the conventional Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022 on various components of the financial market has been revealed. It was found that extreme socio-economic events provoke a fall in the stock market, do not provoke significant changes in the gold market and stimulate the major cryptocurrencies value growth. Bitcoin and Ether price dynamics have been shown to be highly correlated and are more suitable as short-term safe investment havens for pandemic or conventional war events than gold for economic operators who want to save and increase their savings. Conclusions. Due to the significant increase in the price of Bitcoin and Ether cryptocurrencies during the peak periods of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020-2021 and the conventional Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022, cryptocurrencies are an effective and appropriate tool for investing and saving financial resources in the short term.

PENYULUHAN HUKUM TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM DAN PENCEGAHAAN TERHADAP PENIPUAN INVESTASI ONLINE

Abstract— This legal counseling aims to carry out the tridharma obligation, namely community service where we conduct legal counseling about legal protection and prevention of online investment fraud. The method used is to conduct a survey to the target community and conduct socialization and education directly to the community. This counseling educates about forms of legal protection for victims of online investment fraud, namely preventive and repressive legal protection and prevention strategies so that people do not become victims of online investments by educating people to be smart in choosing and sorting safe investments. On the one hand, investment provides forgiveness for improving the economy and on the other hand, if you place the wrong investment, it will result in losses to consumers. This legal counseling will provide education on which investments are legal and protected by the OJK and which ones are not. Provide legal assistance to victims who have been affected by fraudulent investments and how to resolve them so that the money and perpetrators of these fraudulent investments can be caught and will not harm other people.

Impact of long run investment of stock in developed & developing economies

The current investigation explained the dissemination of long-term share yields grounded on the historic record of share marketplace outcome in an extensive cross section of 39 developing and developed nations in time span from 1841 to 2021. Our wide-ranging data set sample mitigates apprehensions over survivor and informal data biases that outbreak other work in this range. A bootstrap simulation analysis suggests considerable ambiguity about long-horizon share market effects, and we approximate a 12% probability that a diversified stockholder with a 30-year venture time horizon will lose comparative to inflation. The findings oppose the predictable guidance that shares are safe investment avenue over long holding time periods.

STUDY OF RISK AND RETURN OF MUTUAL FUNDS

There are many avenues in monetary market. An Investor can invest in Bank deposit, corporate debenture and bonds which has law hazard with low return. An investor may also additionally Investor in stock of enterprise which has excessive risk with high return. Investors look for safer investment avenues and favor to maximize their returns in according to their risk. Whereas some people also tries to make investments cash as early as feasible so that such invested amount would grow into a huge sum. Selecting an accurate investing alternative is very fundamental because a stability is required to be maintained between the risk that is there in an investment and returns concerned in investment. Return is inspiring force and principal reward in the funding process. One of the essential, cause due to which one wants to invest accurately is to meet the cost of inflation. Inflation is the percentage at which the cost of residing increases at that time.

What are the Risks and Benefits of Alternative Assets?

This paper explores the risks and benefits of alternative assets (private equity, hedge funds and cryptocurrency), and assesses whether they are worth investing in. The evaluation of the safety of the investments was done with the use of different measures of risk, such as maximum drawdown and standard deviation. I also calculated Sharpe ratio to compare different kinds of assets and correlation between them to understand how they would fit in a portfolio. The analysis shows that though cryptocurrencies (especially bitcoin) show very high returns, the risk of fall is too large to consider them as safe investments. Broadly speaking, the safest type of investment in alternative assets are hedge funds as their main goal is “to hedge risks”. Private equity is much riskier than hedge funds, but its returns are more likely to be higher. Even with the safer investments, picking the right funds becomes crucial as performance of top-quartile funds and the others tend to differ significantly. Correlation is high between hedge funds, private equity and stocks, and low between bitcoin and other types of assets. In general, the market of alternative assets is very prospective and investors should consider them as possible diversifiers in their portfolios.

Using Pumping Tests and Two Techniques of the Water Balance to Assess the Aquifer Hydraulic Characteristics and the Groundwater Recharge of Shewasoor Sub-Basin Kirkuk, NE Iraq

Shewasoor sub-Basin represents one of the hydrogeological sub-basins of the Lower Zab River and covers an area of 160 km². It is located between longitude (44º 31' 23.9" – 44º 37' 75") and latitudes (35º 45' 28.9"–35º 48' 59"). The basin is bounded from the north and northeast by the Taqtaq anticline and Chamchamal anticline represents the western and southwest boundaries, while the southeast boundary is a surface water divide with the Al- Khassah River sub-basin. The groundwater distribution levels and movement maps show that the water depths range between 414-862 m a.s.l, and it moves in line with the movement of water surface drainage, as it moves from the east, southeast, south, and southwest (recharge areas) towards the northwest regions, while the water depths vary from the ground level between relatively deep in the southwestern part to medium and shallow in the rest of the parts. An evaluation of the hydraulic characteristic and groundwater recharge by two techniques of the water balance for aquifers of the study area has been carried out. The results showed that the hydraulic properties, transmissivity value ranges between 5.6 - 169 m²/day, the hydraulic conductivity values range between 0.67 - 5.1 m/day, and the storage coefficient values, ranging from the lowest value (0.0013) to the highest value (0.27). The results reflected that the types of the aquifers are unconfined and semi-confined as well as heterogeneous and anisotropic. after analyzing and calculating the climatological parameters of Koya meteorological station as the nearest station to the Shewassor area, showed the water surplus is equal to 333.94 mm which represent 53.8% of the annual rainfall value (628.3mm) and the surface water is equal to 138.5mm as a runoff. 199.44mm (31.74%) out of the annual rainfall is percolated to recharge the aquifers of Shewasoor, while water table fluctuation method WTF showed there are two zones of specific yield in the study area and the groundwater recharge is 232.06mm, so can be said that the 215.8mm is the average of the groundwater recharge in Shewasoor sub-basin. Finally, and by using the groundwater flow net analyzing technique that the amount of groundwater discharged from the study area is about 12 million m3 (MCM) and the renewal groundwater storage is 19.42 million m3 (MCM), which means there is 7.39 million m3 is groundwater can be invested as a safe investment.

Market Harms and Market Benefits

Market Harms and Market Benefits

Uncertainty and Banks’ Security Holdings

The paper enriches the existing literature on financial intermediaries’ operations in the face of uncertainty by empirically examining the impact of banking uncertainty on banks’ security holdings. Using bank-level data in Vietnam during 2007–2019 to compute a micro uncertainty proxy based on the dispersion of bank shocks, we document that banking uncertainty tends to enhance total security holdings at banks. Decomposing aggregate securities into disaggregate components, we find that safer investments (including government bonds and financial institution bonds) dominate the overall impact of banking uncertainty on security holdings, which completely offset a drop in the volume of riskier investments (including corporate bonds and stocks) in times of higher uncertainty. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that the impact of banking uncertainty on all security holdings is stronger at riskier banks, thereby implying that bank behavior is likely attributable to the precautionary motive.

Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Investor Terkait Pembubaran Badan Hukum Reksa Dana

Mutual funds are investment instruments regulated in regulation number 23/POJK/04/2016 concerning mutual funds, as a guide for investment managers in protecting the rights of investors. Lack of carefulness of investors in choosing mutual fund products and determining the right and safe investment manager, so that legal protection is needed for mutual fund investors. The purpose of this study is to reveal the legal protection for mutual fund investors related to the dissolution of the mutual fund management legal entity where investors invest their capital. The method used in this study is a normative legal method with a statutory approach. The technique of collecting legal materials is done by classifying legal materials. Sources of legal materials used are primary and secondary law. After the data was collected, the data were analyzed by descriptive analysis. The results of the study reveal that the legal consequences for investors related to the dissolution of the mutual fund managing legal entity are regulated in Article 50 of the OJK regulation if the mutual fund product is dissolved the investor cannot resell after the dissolution of the mutual fund product. If there is a loss to the mutual fund product caused by the investment manager, the investment manager must be responsible for the loss due to his actions.

Turning on Dimensional Prominence in Decision Making: Experiments and a Model

Could introducing a tiny interest rate on positive balances of checking accounts affect investment decisions? We suggest, counterintuitively, that it might decrease allocations to checking accounts and increase riskless investments with higher returns. This violation of monotonicity is a potential outcome of a novel behavioral phenomenon that we formalize and investigate experimentally. It posits that even a small interest rate highlights or turns on the safe gains dimension, bumping up its decision weight while shrouding other considerations, such as liquidity. Consequently, choices may shift from the most liquid option, the checking account, to safe investments with superior returns. Our exploration of this phenomenon covers three different choice environments: investment decisions, social preferences, and choice under uncertainty. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis.

Analysing the financial state of selected Indian information technology companies: the assessment towards foreseeing the future of industry

The Indian economy is growing and has a huge potential market with ability to garner wide businesses due to unique business environment and reforms from the government. The economic indicator of comparative gross domestic products has indicated the accelerated growth for India from the last decade. Currently, Indian IT firms are targeting newer business domains with wide and newer footprints across the globe with acquiring new subsidiaries and incorporating new partnerships to fuel this growth. Moreover, Indian IT-ITES industry has a lower debt to equity profile and analysis of stocks is considered as safe investment. Therefore, it becomes essential to study and access the state of financial health in the industry. In this paper, the Indian IT-ITES industry is analysed with the help of financial metrics and standard models of Altman Z-score and Piotroski F-score to compare performance, predict solvency of companies, test the strength of the companies and foresee the future of Indian IT-ITES industry.

Farmers’ perceptions and adoption of Coffea arabica F1 hybrids in Central America

In the light of a changing climate, resilient coffee varieties and adoption of improved agricultural practices are needed. Agronomic studies have promoted the first generation of Coffea arabica hybrid cultivars (F1 hybrids) as resistant to pest and diseases and able to grow under shade. Thus, needing fewer pesticides and promoting afforestation and biodiversity, and at the same time ensuring the sustainable supply of quality coffee. This is the first study that examines how these cultivars perform when coffee farmers manage them, what they think about the cultivars, and what are their incentives and barriers to adoption. The study evaluates and discusses the acceptance of these cultivars and the possible dissemination to a wide range of farmer types, including smallholders, who are the most vulnerable to climate change. The results of 79 interviews with farmers ranging from micro-producers to managers of large commercial plantations in Costa Rica and Nicaragua revealed that farmers adopt the F1 hybrid varieties because they offer higher yields, fast fruiting, rapid plant growth, excellent cup quality and fewer risks than other coffee varieties, as they are more resistant to pest and diseases. These features make them a safer investment. Nevertheless, having access to the plantlets, both physically and financially, are the major barriers to adoption. Most of the farmers who have adopted the F1 hybrids are willing to continue growing them as the benefits outweigh the costs. This study reveals important agronomic and social aspects about multiple widely used coffee cultivars. This study is an important contribution to the development of a sustainable breeding strategy that is affordable for coffee growers.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF MANAGEMENT OF THE BANK INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR AND AFTER THE QUARANTINE VIRAL PANDEMIC OF COVID-19

The types of investments used in the formation of the investment portfolio were supplemented and expanded. The principles of formation and use of the foundations of managing the investment portfolio of a commercial bank and the purpose of its strategic management were studied and augmented. It is justified that in the process of forming an investment portfolio in commercial banks, their investment attractiveness growths, which also leads to an raise in financial stability and makes it possible to increase their assets. It is noted that the efficiency and profitability of using the investment portfolio depends on the quality of performance of such functions of its management, namely: stabilization of the bank profits regardless of the phases of the business cycle; reduction of credit risk in the portfolio of bank loans; diversification of such loans taking into account the geographical coverage of clients; maintaining the level of liquidity; using a portfolio as collateral; insurance of banking activity against losses as a result of changes in exchange rates and interest rates; ensuring the flexibility of the bank portfolio of assets; increasing the financial indicators of the bank balance thanks to the quality of securities. The main goal of the formation and use of the commercial bank investment portfolio is determined, which is to ensure the implementation of its investment strategy by selecting the most effective and safe investment projects and financial instruments. It was established that the investment portfolio should be formed considering their current profitability; rates of capital cost growth; the risk of their value changing over time; financial instruments for managing such a portfolio. It has been proven that the effectiveness of the formation and use of an investment portfolio depends on the choice of its management strategy; influence of internal and external factors; an innovative approach to the speed of reaction of management personnel to such changes and the ability to constantly adjust the strategic management process; getting out of crisis situations with the least losses in the process of managing the investment portfolio.

Gold vs. PSX Sectors during Political Uncertainties: An Event Study Analysis

Amplified uncertainties in economic, financial, and political environments across nations have created a dire need to search for safe investment options that could mitigate the losses faced by investors due to such uncertainties. So researchers and investment managers have started investigating alternative investment options like real assets, to cope with such risks. Pakistani investors require such investigations more critically because Pakistan is among one of the most politically unstable economies. Previous researches have widely reported gold to be a hedge and safe haven during various economic downturns, therefore, the current study investigates whether gold could also diversify the risk of political uncertainties faced by different sectors of the Pakistan stock exchange (PSX). For this purpose, initially the impact of political uncertainty on PSX sectors and gold is investigated through event study analysis, using economically political and socio-political events from Jan 2009 to Dec 2019. Then Pearson correlation and volatility modeling using event dummies are employed to unveil the diversification characteristics of gold. Gold holds diversification characteristics in case it exhibits zero, negative or insignificant correlations with PSX sectors. Findings suggest that gold is not influenced by political events while most of the PSX sectors are influenced by socio or economical political events. Moreover, gold acts as a hedge for all sectors i.e. indicating zero correlation, and acts as a safe haven for many sectors i.e. indicating negative correlations, and an insignificant relationship indicating the absence of co-movement. So Pakistani investors could consider gold as a diversifier for diversifying traditional investment portfolios.

Die Umsetzung des EU-Rahmenwerks für gedeckte Bankschuldverschreibungen in Österreich und Deutschland

Covered Bonds have proved to be a reliable, stable and cost-efficient funding source for European credit institutions during several financial crises, providing market participants with a range of safe investment opportunities. The harmonisation of related frameworks at EU level aims at enhancing supervision and financial stability, encompassing two components: a Directive “on the issue of covered bonds and covered bond public supervision“ providing for sound structures and quality of this financial instrument; a Regulation “as regards exposures in the form of covered bonds“ amending the current CRR framework with direct force of law in Member Countries, harmonising the supervisory requirements in respect of covered bonds held in portfolios of credit institutions and insurance companies. Having come into force on 7 January 2020, implementation into national legislation is mandatory by 8^th July 2021, to be fully applicable from 8^th July 2022. The legislative process in a few Member Countries is lagging behind schedule. As at yearend 2021, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Luxembourg, Slovenia and Spain have communicated full, Czech Republic, Estonia, Lituania and Malta partial transposition. Hence, the Commission has launched related infringement procedures against 22 Member States. Nevertheless, due to the legislative package adopted on 19^th November 2021, timely enforcement in Austria is certain. Practitioners will welcome the possibility of pooling assets held by several credit institutions for single covered bond issues. Apart from that, the new Austrian Covered Bond Act provides good opportunities for credit institutions and investors.

Remittance and Inflation Nexus in Bangladesh: Application of Dynamic ARDL Model with Linear Trend

Remittance is one of the major sources of financial inclusion in Bangladesh. The contribution of remittance to the economy gradually increases with respect to time. The current study investigates the nexus between remittance and inflation by considering data from 1975 to 2019. The results of the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root indicate the variables are stationary at mixed order like as I(0) and I(1). Through the ADF test, this study conducts a dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model with considering the linear trend. The remittance has a significant and positive impact to raise inflation in the short run but is insignificant in the long run. The estimation found the speed of adjustment, Error correction term (ECT) is 69% and bound testing criteria indicate the long-run association among the variable. This investigation also concludes that the exchange rate has a positive impact on inflation where the real exchange rate has no positive impact to raise inflation in Bangladesh. The empirical findings suggest the productive and safe investment rathe expense in consumption purpose due to reducing the consequence of remittance inflows on inflation in Bangladesh.