Safavid State Research Articles

Position of Persia on the problem of «Russian transit» in the XVI–XVII centuries: a plot about Shirvan cities

The article attempts to consider the position of the Persian Safavid state on the question of using the territory of the Muscovy empire for the development of the European-Asian relations in the period of the XVI–XVII centuries with the use of the method of diachronic analysis and historical periodization. The aforementioned problem is studied as a separate aspect of scientific topics related to the place of the then Russia in the process of the European expansion into the countries of the East. The object of the analysis is the practical activities of the Persian administrations, which had both a direct and indirect relationship to the conventional topic of «Russian transit». Nowadays the experience of the comprehensive and conceptual study of this issue is absent not only in the domestic, but also in the foreign historical science. The specific subject of the study is related to the repeated promises of official Iran to transfer control over the largest centers of the historical region of Shirvan to the Russian tsars. The source base for this work was an array of diplomatic documents on the history of Russian-Persian interstate relations of the XVI–XVII centuries. These materials, in particular, reflected Moscow’s reaction to the Safavid proposals for territorial concessions. The scientific works of Russian-speaking and foreign specialists, including the largest representatives of classical and modern historical Iranian studies, were also used. The analysis made it possible to fit the diplomatic issue about the fate of the Shirvan cities into the context of the general problem of «Russian transit». It is hypothesized that the Persian government deliberately initiated this discussion taking into account the economic potential of the Volga-Caspian trade route. It is concluded that if the appropriate agreements between the two states were reached, the Russian empire could in the future produce a certain revolution in the intercontinental trade, especially in the silk market.

The Safavid Buffer: Co-Sectarian Rivalry in Early Modern Ottoman Diplomacy with Sunni Asia

Abstract This paper offers a new perspective on Ottoman-Safavid-Mughal relations in the early modern period by exploring the broader historical context of Swedish envoy Claes Rålamb’s report of the advice offered by the Ottoman chief mufti (the highest-ranking legal authority) to the court in 1657. Rålamb reported that the chief mufti had advised that the Ottoman court reject a Mughal offer to form a Sunni alliance against Iran and instead urged the court to protect the Shiʿi Safavids. By examining early modern inter-imperial Sunni relations in general and diplomatic exchange among these Muslim states between 1648 and 1656 in particular, this article challenges the prevailing narrative of sectarian differences driving political conflicts. I show that in the period following the Ottoman-Safavid peace treaty of 1639, the Ottomans regarded the Safavid state as a buffer polity that helped to secure their legitimacy against potential Sunni rivals in Central Asia and India. The article explores how a shared religious identity fueled rather than discouraged competition for legitimacy and supremacy among Sunni rulers in an increasingly interconnected early modern world, leading the Ottomans to align with their sectarian rivals.

Manuscripts with the Seal of the Safavid Shrine in Ardabil at the Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa Library in Istanbul

Abstract Shaykh Safi al-Din Ishaq (d. 1334), who founded the Safavid (Safaviyya) Sufi order and gave his name to the Safavid dynasty, lived in Ardabil in northwestern Iran. Shah Ismaʿil (d. 1524), founder of the Safavid state, was buried in a tomb adjoining that of Shaykh Safi. Over time, a complex of buildings grew up around these two tombs and diverse objects were endowed to what became the Shakh Safi al-Din Shrine. Today, the holdings of some libraries and museums in Istanbul include manuscripts containing endowment annotations and the endowment seal of the shrine, most of which also contain the endowment seal of Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa (d. 1758), an Ottoman statesman, as well as a calligrapher, man of letters, and patron of poets. Ali Paşa served for five years in Tabriz, where he established a waqf, as well as in Ardabil and the surrounding region, before being appointed grand vizier (g.v. 1732–35, 1742–43). Shortly after he returned to the capital, he founded a complex there with a library on the grounds, to which he endowed his books, including a large number of works by poets who wrote in Persian. I argue that it must have been Ali Paşa who brought to Istanbul the manuscripts containing the endowment seal and endowment annotations of the Shaykh Safi al-Din Shrine in Ardabil.

XVIII CENTURY AZERBAIJAN HISTORICAL REALITY AND LITERATURE

Throughout the entire history of mankind, literature has been a fact of the time of its creation. When we look at the issue both in a universal context and in a local one, we see approximately the same picture. Just as Homer is a fact of ancient Greece, the work of the genius Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi of the 12th century is considered to be the fact of the mighty Seljuk Empire, the state of the Atabays of Azerbaijan. Khagani Shirvani's literary heritage, dominated by rebellious and grievous motives, was a literary phenomenon caused by the state of the Shirvanshahs, the Akhsitan dynasty. The invasion of the Mongols, the invasion of Emir Timur, the period-specific manifestations of discontent against oppression and slavery, the spread of philanthropy and the phenomenon of Imadaddin Nasimi.. The work of Alishir Navai, the Uzbek-Chagatai poet and statesman of the 15th century, the author of the first “Khamsa” in Turkic, and the great Turkic culture, which was called the Timurid renaissance, were echoes of Huseyn Baygara's rule which lasted 37 years, in culture, science and literature. The establishment of the Safavid state of Azerbaijan in the XVI century and the fact that Azerbaijan remained the “metropolis and central province of the state” (Efendiyev, 2007: 11) throughout the century, the domestic and foreign policy has had a direct impact on the change of the direction of literature. The biggest event was the stabilization of the tradition of writing in the Azerbaijani language, the preference for the folk language, and the rapid development of ashug poetry. If in the literature of three centuries ago there was a palace splendor, then in the poetry of this period there is already a roar of battlefields, heroic motives surpass love poems, ashug poetry, which is closer to the people, and therefore has a lot of influence and propaganda power. The 18th century Azerbaijani literature is also a “mirror that shows the straight and the crooked” of its time. The article examines the most important events in the history of Azerbaijan of the XVIII century, their influence on the development of literature and features of their reflection in artistic works.

ƏSLİ-KƏRƏM PROBLEMİNİN HƏLLİNƏ DAİR SƏMƏD VURĞUN FƏLSƏFƏSİ

Samad Vurgun’s Philosophy on Solving the Asli-Karam Problem Summary In the work, a comparative analysis is carried out between the epos “Asli-Karam” and the poem “Komsomol”. Some of the hidden codes present in both works are revealed and essentially similar facts and realities are analyzed. During the comparative analysis, we come to the conclusion that both works contain hidden threats to Azerbaijan’s statehood policy related to the claim of land by the Armenian mafia. These claims are still ongoing. Key words: research, historical figures, love epos, Safavid state, komsomol life

Otnosheniya gosudarstva Sefevidov s gosudarstvami Central'noj Azii v XVI–XVII vv.

This article examines the history of the relations between the Azerbaijani Safavid state and the states that existed in Central Asia (the Sheybanid state, the Bukhara and Khiva khanates). The article also reflects the fierce struggle of these states for the vast region of Khorasan, which was of great strategic importance. The author of the article paid special attention to the internal political state of the Safavid state in this period, the struggle of the Central Asian states for the territory of Khorasan, the relationships between these states, and internal political strife for the seizure of central power.

The role of Shiite clerics during the Safavid state (1501-1722).

This study deals with the political situation in Iran during the Safavid authority and the declaration of Shiism doctrine as the official state religion by Shah Ismael I (1501-1524). It presents how the Shiism was formed and strengthened, and also deals with the appearance of Shia religious men in the political and social fields from the declaration of the Safavid state until the end of their authority. Additionally, the religious changes and the relations of the Safavid rulers with religious men are investigated.The religious policy of Shah Tahmasp I (1524-1577) manifested in bringing a great number of scientists and Shia religious men from the Arab homeland to Iran. The Shah used those religious men in writing and publishing Shia jurisprudence books and expanding the Shiism. The fundamentals of Shiism was written during the reign of this Shah, and the authority of religious men reached the top. Besides, a great number of posts and religious titles were created at the reign of Shah Tahmasp. Another part of this study tackled the arrival of Ismael II (1576-1577) and his policy to weaken the authority of Shia religious men, and pay attention to the Sunni doctrine.Moreover, the study presented the religious policy of Shah Abbas the Great (1587-1622), who was the strongest Safavid Shah, and his attempt to remove the Qizal- Bash Sufis. He also reduced the political role of religious men and tried to establish a strong authority away from religious men. The authority of the religious men increased after Shah Abbas the Great, especially at the final reign of the Safavid authority at the reign of Hussein Al-Safawi (1694-1722). During that period, the Safavid state was completely controlled by religious men. At the reign of Shah Hussien, the Safavid authority became under the control of Mala (Mahmoud Baqir Majlisi) , who practiced a great deal of violence against other religions, especially the Sunni and Zaradashti religions.The degree and posts of religious men, their social position, class and their influence on the Iranian society will be investigated. The study also will discuss the role of religious men in the field of education, and how Sharia courts were managed by religious men, because these two important and influential points were the reason behind strengthening the authority of religious men as it was completely supervised by them.

Освободительная борьба против владычества Сефевидов в Афганистане, Ираке, Курдистане и княжествах Персидского залива в конце XVII – начале XVIII вв.

The following article is dedicated to the little-studied problem of national liberation uprisings that occurred in Afghanistan, Iraq, Kurdistan and the principalities of the Persian Gulf against the rule of the Safavid state during its decline. During the reign of Shah Soltan Hossein (1694-1722), in fact the last Shah of Persia, centrifugal tendencies in the Safavid state intensified. In this era, due to the weakening of the central Shah’s power and as a result of anti-Iranian uprisings in Dagestan and Shirvan, a number of powerful anti-Iranian uprisings took place on the territory of almost the entire Safavid state. The beginning of destructive performances inside Iran was laid by the uprising of the Afghan tribes of the Ghilzais and Abdalis which very soon spread to the rest of the tribes of Afghanistan. Similar unrest occurred in other possessions previously conquered by the Safavids. All this led to the aggravation of the already emerging systemic crisis in this state and the internal political struggle, inevitable with a weak Shah. As the authors note referring also to the opinion of a number of historians, in contrast to the crisis events in the Safavid state, in European countries, including the Russian State, there are opposite trends that contributed to the strengthening of their statehood which was the result of successful reforms. on their territory.

HISTORIOGRAPHY OF AZERBAIJAN FIRST HALF XVIII CENTURY IN THE WORKS OF IRANIAN AUTHORS

This article is devoted to the historiography of the history of Azerbaijan in the period of the first half of the 18th century on the basis of Persian-language historiography. Persian-language historiography contains quite a lot of interesting facts about the history of Azerbaijan above the specified period. It should be noted that these works are in the nature of primary sources, which gives us the opportunity to study this period in the history of Azerbaijan in depth. In these sources there are some historical facts of great historical value. Thanks to these works, we have a complete picture of all the ongoing events in the history of Azerbaijan during the first half of the 18th century. It should be noted that many works of Iranian historians give a sharply negative assessment of the popular uprisings in Azerbaijan in the first half of the 18th century. These works say nothing about the economic decline of the Safavid state. Many of Iran's modern historians idealize Nadir Shah. But even despite the subjective assessment of events in their works, one can find a lot of interesting information about the history of Azerbaijan in the first half of the 18th century. In the first half of the 18th century, Nadir Shah Afshar played a big role in the life of Azerbaijan and the entire Middle Eastern region in general. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the works dedicated to Nadir one can find many facts and assumptions regarding the history of Azerbaijan of this period. The conducted studies show that in the historiography of Iran there is no separate work dedicated directly to the history of Azerbaijan in the first half of the 18th century. Only in the works, in general, devoted to the region of the Near and Middle East, there are separate facts and messages concerning the studied period of the history of Azerbaijan. A close acquaintance with various works of Iranian historiography convincingly shows that the history of Azerbaijan in the first half of the 18th century occupies a significant place in the historical works of Persian-speaking authors. It also describes the relationship between the Safavids, Afsharids and Russia, as well as the internal political situation of the country. Only in the works, in general, devoted to the region of the Near and Middle East, there are separate facts and messages concerning the studied period of the history of Azerbaijan. A close acquaintance with various works of Iranian historiography convincingly shows that the history of Azerbaijan in the first half of the 18th century occupies a significant place in the historical works of Persian-speaking authors. It also describes the relationship between the Safavids, Afsharids and Russia, as well as the internal political situation of the country.

Establishment Of a Safavid State in Iran

The establishment of the Safavid state in the year 1501 on the hands of the Shah Ismail the First (1501-1722) is considered one of the most important stages in the history of Iran, given the early beginning of the formation of this new state and its independence from foreign powers, especially the Mongols and Ilkhanade empires, who had already occupied Iran in two stages, one after the other. Although some researchers believe that they belonged to the Safavid family, which did establish a national state in Iran, there is little evidence to support this view. However, we can say that the arrival of the Safavid family, the national identity begun within the boundaries of the newly established state, it is important to remember that it did not reach national security, until a new state was created. In the aftermath of this discussion, we have tried to shed light on the foundations of the Safavid family and the reasons for their emergence and development, as well as the way in which they came to power. In this regard, the study seeks to highlight the important aspects of religious, social, political, military, and even important areas under the control of the Safavid family. With the highlight of the important reasons behind the steps taken by Sheikh Ismail, the son of Sheikh Haider, to establish an independent state in one of the most complex and turbulent regions of Azerbaijan in early sixteenth-century Iran.

THE BATTLE OF CHALDIRAN: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

The general trajectory of Ottoman-Safavid relations during the 235 years period between 1501 and 1736 outstandingly marked by persisting hostility and military conflict with brief and rare intervals of tranquility. The Battle of Chaldiran that took place in 1514 was the first major Ottoman-Safavid military clash and it was an important event in the history of Islam. The battle tested the military strength of two Muslim powers of the time and ended in favour of the Ottomans. The battle occurred for a good number of reasons and finally it left a long lasting legacy for both the Ottoman empire and for the Safavid state. This article makes a humble attempt to critically present the battle of Chaldiran from a historical point of view. To that purpose, the article first addresses the points of contention that ultimately resulted in the armed clash between the Safavids and the Ottomans at Chaldiran. The article next looks into the devastating consequences of the battle.

Embassy of Prince Kozlovsky and Clerk Ivan Zinoviev

On the basis of the materials of stateinyi spisok/list of files written by ambassadors Prince S. I. Kozlovsky and by clerk (diak) I. Zinoviev, the article details the history of their diplomatic trip to the Safavid state, in the context of both the realities of Russian-Iranian relations of the time and contemporary internal and foreign political processes in Iran. The source contains unique information: about the cities and towns of Iran, about the capital of the state — Isfahan, about the court of Shah ‘Abbas II, about his nearest circle, about the peculiarities of his life and his dignitaries, about the difficulties of controlling the frontier (the North Caucasus). Since the list of files itself is a kind of report, it duplicates the provisions of the tsar’s order issued to the ambassadors for their mission. A comparison of the data enables to determine the relative success of the embassy. Most of the points of the order were hypothetical in nature. Their implementation was supposed to be due to the initiative of the Iranian side, which did not happen in reality. Among the significant aspects addressed during the negotiations, which involved several rounds, were: the purchase of saltpeter for the sovereign’s treasury, the fate of Russian prisoners, and so on. The materials of the list also reveal secret agents’ activities of the ambassadors, who managed to acquire copies of the actual foreign diplomatic correspondence of Shah ‘Abbas II, previously not known in the Russian historiography.

ТОРГОВЫЕ СВЯЗИ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА С РОССИЕЙ В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XVIII В.

The article mitropolitan the influence of changes in the region caused by the great geographical discoveries and of the development of capitalist relations during the late Middle Ages on the foreign trade relations of Azerbaijan, and, first of all, on the nature and scope of the Azerbaijan-Russia economic relations carried out through the Volga-Caspian transit trade route. The article shows that Russian Tsar Peter I, taking advantage of the new situation in the region due to the loss of the importance of the “Great Silk Road” and the deep decline of the Safavid state bigan strengthening Russia’s position in international trade, turning the Volga-Caspian trade route into the main artery of east-west trade, and most importantly, for establishing direct trade relations with India. In the article, while addressing that very topical issuesolving that issue which is quite relevant for Azerbaijani historiography, the author abandoned the traditional approaches left over from the Soviet era and tried to create an objective picture of Azerbaijan-Russia trade relations in the first half of the 18th century based on reliable sources.

Relations of the Safavid state and the kingdom of Moscow during the reign of Shah Abbas I

Relations of the Safavid state and the kingdom of Moscow during the reign of Shah Abbas I

Political Relations between the Safavid State and the Khanate of Bukhara during the Reign of Shah Abbas II.

17. yüzyılın başlarında Safevi Şahı I. Abbas’ın (1587-1629) uyguladığı reformlardan sonra Safevi İmparatorluğu her yönlü gelişerek bölgenin güçlü bir devletine çevrilmiş oldu. Bu durum Safevilerin tüm komşu ülkelerle olduğu gibi, Buhara Han¬lığı ile de siyasi ilişkilerini etkilemiştir. Böylece, Ho¬rasan’a yapılan baskınlara bir müddet ara verilmiştir. Tabii ki, bu durum Safevilerin de işine gelmiştir. Çünkü uzun zamandır savaşlar içinde olan Şah I. Abbas, Bu¬ha¬ra Hanlığı ile çıkabilecek yeni bir savaşın çok ağır mali yükünün olacağını ve aynı zamanda ülkenin de ekonomik durumunun kötüye gideceğini çok iyi biliyordu. Bu yüzden, Şah I. Ab¬bas döneminde Safevilerle Buhara Hanlığı arasında iyi ilişkilerin kurulmasına dikkat edilmiş, barışın sürekliliği için karşılıklı anlaşmalar ihmal edilmemiştir. Bazen, taht kavgasına girişmiş Özbek şehzadelerinin Şah I. Abbas’tan yardım istemeleri ise, var olan ilişkilerin Safevilerden yana gelişmesine getirip çıkarmıştır. Lakin Şah I. Abbas’ın vefatından sonra yerine geçen Şah Safi (1629-1642) zamanında Buhara Hanlığı ile münasebetler iyice bozuldu. Buhara Han¬la¬rının barış anlaşmalarını bozması var olan iyi ilişkileri gerginleştirerek, iki devletin de zarara uğramasına neden oldu. Artık, Özbeklerin Horasan’a baskınları sürekli hal almaya dönüştü. Safevilerin Buhara Hanlığı ile siyasi ilişkileri 17. yüzyılın 40’lı yıllarında ise iyi yönde gelişme sağlamaya başladı. II. Şah Abbasi (1642-1666) hâkimiyetinin hemen başlarında Buhara Hükümdarı İmam Kulu Han’ın (1611-1642) Hac ziyareti için Safevilere müracaatı ve ardından sefer zamanı II. Şah Abbasi tarafından çok iyi karşılanması bu kötü gidişatı ortadan kaldırmıştır. İmam Kulu Han’ın vefatından sonra Buhara Hanlığ’ında yaşanan taht savaşları Safevi-Buhara siyasi ilişkilerinde yeni bir dönemin başlangıcı olmuştur. Öyle ki, Belh Hâkimi Nadir Muhammed Han’ın taht mücadelesinde oğlu Abdülaziz’e mağlup olarak Safevilere sığınması, iki taraf arasında yaşanan ilişkilerde II. Şah Abbasî adeta üstün duruma taşımıştır. Safevi Şahı’nın yardımı ile Nadir Muhammed Han’ın tekrar Belh’e sahip çıkması, bu defa Abdülaziz Han’ın Safevilere iyi davranarak barış istemesi ile sonuçlanmıştır.

Kandahar Province In the political and military conflict between India and Iran during the reign of Shah Jahan Mughali (1628-1658)

The political relations of each country at a certain historical stage can be a criterion for knowing the strength and weakness of that state in the fields (political, economic, or military). The Indian Mughal Empire during the reign of Shah Jahan had the lowest relations with neighboring countries on a general level and with the Safavid state on a Private level.The relations between the two countries over Kandahar deteriorated to the point of reaching a military confrontation, and although the result of the military confrontations was not reassuring for Shah Jahan from the political and military sides, he did not despair throughout his reign from his attempts to persist in the confrontation to control Kandahar, and this It is one of the prominent political features of his reign.The research included dealing with special features related to Kandahar in terms of the importance of the city and the reasons behind the interest of the Indian Mughal Empire in this city and clarifying the challenges and developments of the war on the city during the reign of Shah Jahan. This study consists of four axes, the first axis entitled (The Indian Mughal Empire's control of Kandahar in the year 1638) and sheds light on the city of Kandahar and its importance for the Mughal Indian Empire and the Safavid state, both economically and militarily, and then emphasizing the role of (Ali Mardan Khan Zik) in handing over Kandahar to the Mughal Indian Empire, and at the end of the axis, the political and military challenges that faced both countries after controlling Kandahar were highlighted. As for the second axis, it was devoted to discussing the conditions of the city of Kandahar during the period in which calm prevailed between the Mughal Indian Empire and the Safavid state. In the beginning, the political and diplomatic steps of Shah Jahan were discussed regarding his attempts to reduce tension in his relations with the Safavid state after the death of Shah Safi I, especially In the fourth year of the reign of Shah Abbas II.As for the third axis entitled the Safavid state’s control of Kandahar in 1649, in this axis, the military steps of Shah Abbas II were discussed with the aim of returning the Kandahar state to the grip of the authority of the Safavid state.In the fourth axis and at the end of the study, the trends and developments of the war in Kandahar and its surrounding areas were highlighted after it returned to the rule of the Safavid state and its effects, as well as the desperate attempts of Shah Jahan to restore his power throughout his reign. Key word: Kandahar, Indian Mughal Empire, Safavid, Shah Jahan Mughali, shah Abbas II, politics, relations.

The general conditions of the Levant in the late sixteenth century until the beginning of the seventeenth century 1596-1635 AD

The Levant suffered from administrative chaos and the instability of its political, security and economic conditions from the late sixteenth century until the beginning of the seventeenth century. The Ottoman authority endured a great deal of bad general conditions there because it preoccupied with its external wars on the western fronts with Austria and Spain and the eastern front with the Safavid state in Persia. This period was one of the most turbulent periods in the history of the Levant since its control in 1516 AD. The research sheds light on the nature of the Ottoman administration in the Levant, which was reflected in the general conditions there during that period.

Kurds in the Geography of the Safavid State (1501-1722)

Abstract With the establishment of the Safavid Shi'ite state (1501-1722) in Iran in the early sixteenth century, important geography and the rich regions of Kurdistan came under attack from the destructive army of Qizilbash. However, due to the rise and fall of the Safavid powers and the continued occupation of their forces over the Kurdistan Region, it is still difficult to determine the real geographical range of the Kurds in this era, because the set of influential factors such as their strengths and weaknesses of rulers and princes, the volatile nature of their internal and external conflicts, and the longing of foreign powers to occupy their wealthy territories over the instability of these borders, played a significant role. In the aftermath of this study, in order to identify the Kurdish geography and the real boundaries of the Kurdish-inhabited areas in the Safavid era, we take refuge in the historical sources of that era before identifying the borders of Kurdish emirates. There were also some remote areas such as Khorasan, Gilan, and Mazandaran, where groups of the original Kurdish tribes of Kurdistan were abducted by the Safavid kings for political and military purposes in their ancient areas and were relocated and relocated to other places. Many of them still live there. Keywords: Safavid state, Kurdish nation, Kurdish geography, Kurdish emirates, Kurdish settlements.

Searching for Legitimacy of the Political Powers in İran after Safavid Period

Safevî Devleti’nin çöküşünden sonraki yetmiş sene boyunca, İran’da dört farklı boy devlet kurdu. Ancak bunlardan sadece biri (Kaçarlar) hâkimiyetini bir yüz yıldan fazla sürdürebildi. Bu araştırmada, İran’da söz konusu dönemde kurulan ilk üç yapının istikrarsızlığı, dördüncü yapıyı kuran Kaçarların devlet inşasındaki başarısı ve tüm bu devletlerin kendi hükümranlıklarını meşrulaştırma çabaları konu edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, birincil ve ikincil kaynaklar kullanılarak, bahsi geçen devletlerin kuruluş aşamaları incelenip aralarındaki benzerlik ve farklılıklar irdelenmiştir. Çalışmada ulaşılan sonuç, kurulan devletlerden ilk üçünün, Safevî mirasını önemsemekle birlikte, onların meşruiyet kaynaklarını temin edemedikleri yönündedir. Buna karşılık diğerlerine nispeten daha uzun ömürlü olabilen Kaçar Devleti’nin, Safevî Devleti’nin meşruiyet kaynaklarından öne çıkan dinî kimlik, nesep, coğrafi bütünlük ve askerî güç ilkelerini göz önünde bulundurduğu, bunları benimsediği görülmektedir.

Analysis of Three Theological-Jurisprudential Approaches of Safavid Historians in Legitimizing the Wars of Shah Ismail I to Establish the Safavid State

Analysis of Three Theological-Jurisprudential Approaches of Safavid Historians in Legitimizing the Wars of Shah Ismail I to Establish the Safavid State