Sad Events Research Articles

The ambiguity of loss affects some, but not all autobiographical memories: redemption and contamination, agency and communion

ABSTRACTCompared with clear-cut loss by death, ambiguous loss is defined as a loss that is not definite because the person is missing or mentally absent but physically present (e.g., through Alzheimer's disease). We expected the ambiguity of loss to show in psychologically more compromised loss memories and self-defining memories, but not in autobiographical memories in general. Thirty Chinese adults who had lost a parent through death, thirty whose parent had gone missing, and thirty who cared for a demented parent narrated their loss experiences and memories of sad and turning-point events as well as self-defining memories. Individuals with ambiguous loss narrated the loss and a self-defining memory with more contamination and fewer redemption sequences, and only the loss memory with fewer themes of agency and communion than individuals with definite loss, but not in memories of sad and turning point events. Effects of ambiguity of loss were independent of prolonged grief, which in turn independently predicted some of these effects. Thus the ambiguous quality of loss predicts effects on loss memories and self-defining memories independently of psychiatric symptoms.

Response to the presentation of the Service Award of the Meteoritical Society

Response to the presentation of the Service Award of the Meteoritical Society

القمر في الثقافة العراقية القديمة: اعادة قراءة لرواية" الهلال" لديانا ابو جابر و"طشاري" لأنعام كججي

Man used to attribute good and evil in his life to celestial bodies. Therefore, ancient civilizations paid much attention to astronomy which had a lasting impact on mythology and religion. In ancient Iraqi mythology, sad and happy events like war and peace, death and fertility, flood and famine, were attributed to the appearance and disappearance of the moon.Among the post-modern writers who wrote novels about Iraq are the Arab-American Diana Abu Jaber (1959 -) and the Paris-based Iraqi Inaam Kachachi (1952 -). Abu Jaber's Crescent (2003) tells a love story between an Iraqi professor and an Iraqi-American girl. The crescent of the title has to do with the Islamic ritual of marking the beginning of a lunar month like Ramadhan. As the novel suggests it has to do with patience and the unknown as represented by the sudden and unexpected reappearance of the protagonist (Hanif) after a long time of absence. Whereas Kachachi's Tashari (2013) details the scattering of Iraqis in different parts of the world after the-2003 events. It attributes this tragedy to the Pope's refusal to visit the city of Ur, the birthplace of Prophet Abraham which also used to be the residence of Nana, the moon god of the ancient Sumerians. While apparently both novels deal in part with the religious beliefs and practices related to the moon in Islam and Christianity, they, however, make no direct reference to ancient Iraqi myths. Although Abu Jaber expressed the wish of writing about "the legacy of Iraq", "the cradle of civilization" and Kachachi wrote mainly about Iraq and its " good old days", but rarely they made a direct reference to the moon and its significance in ancient Iraqi culture. Nevertheless, both novels implicitly abound in references to the moon that can be analyzed in terms of its status and the lasting impact it had on ancient Iraqi culture, which will be the focus of this paper.

A terhesség és magzatkép az Edo-kor második felében

In this paper I analyze primary sources to reveal the image of the fetus inthe second half of 18th century Japan. While discussing the topic in general,I focus mainly on the decrees issued by Matsudaira Sadanobu to reducemabiki (infanticide). Through official texts we can approach not only the imageof the fetus, but also people’s opinion about childbirth and pregnancy. I point out that the Kansei period was a turning point in both the regulations issuedby the authorities and the general image of the fetus shared by commonpeople. I argue that we find the reason of the new mabiki policy of the periodin the Tokugawa shogunate’s social system and economic problems. In thesecond half of the 18th century the regime had to re-evaluate birth controland social welfare. This new political atmosphere clearly influenced people’sideas. The growing interest in children at the timeemerges in Santō Kyōden’sliterary works. Though killing the fetus or the newborn child was a seriousand sad event for the parents, Kyōden could encode the topic in a form thatcould be laughed at. Therefore, reading offered a kind of solution to theconflict that appeared between in the real dangers of giving birth, and theconcrete difficulties of everyday life.

Socialization of Pain Memories: Parent-Child Reminiscing About Past Painful and Sad Events.

Parent-child reminiscing about past negative events has been linked to a host of developmental outcomes. Previous research has identified two distinct between-parent reminiscing styles, wherein parents who are more elaborative (vs. repetitive) have children with more optimal outcomes. To date, however, research has not examined how parents and children talk about past painful experiences nor compared parent-child reminiscing about past painful versus other distressing events despite key developmental differences in how young children respond to pain versus sadness in others. This study aimed to fill that gap. Seventy-eight children aged 4 to 7 years underwent a tonsillectomy. Two weeks postsurgery, children and one of their parents discussed past autobiographical events (i.e., the tonsillectomy, another painful event, a sad event). Parent-child conversations were coded using established coding schemes to capture parental reminiscing style, content, and autonomy support. Findings revealed robust differences in parent-child reminiscing about painful versus sad events. Parents were less elaborative, used less emotionally negative words and explanations, and were less supportive of their children's autonomy while reminiscing about past painful versus sad events. These findings demonstrate that through reminiscing, parents may socialize children about pain in a way that is different from other distressing events (e.g., sadness). Future research should examine the influence of differential reminiscing about pain versus sadness on developmental and health outcomes.

Beyond the Text Given: Studying the Scaffolding of Narrative Emotion Regulation as a Contribution to Bruner and Feldman's Cultural Cognitive Developmental Psychology.

Feldman et al. (Human Development, 36, 327-342, 1993) called for a new kind of psychology, a cultural cognitive developmental psychology. We critically consider their initial studies to discuss the scope of their program. In the spirit of this program we explore the development of scaffolding of narrative emotion regulation in adolescence. We present two co-narrations of sad events between mothers and their 12- and 18-year-old offspring to exemplify these mothers' age-sensitive strategies to scaffold adolescents' narrative emotion regulation. We identified three kinds of narrative arguments which mothers used for scaffolding and which are apparently acquired only in the course of adolescence: Embedding events in extended temporal, biographical contexts, relating events and reactions to individuals' enduring personalities, and re-appraising events by including more others', external, and hypothetical perspectives. They confirm developmental observations made by Feldman et al. (Human Development, 36, 327-342, 1993) and demonstrate their utility in the context of the development of emotion regulation.

Witches, fire, and fairies: Parent–child conversations during fantastic and real emotionally charged stories

AbstractPreschoolers' fantasy–reality distinctions vary by the emotional content of the information; they report that happy and sad fantastic or real events can occur more often than frightening events. Given that children rely on parents' testimony when evaluating information, the present study examined the role parents play in children's fantasy–reality distinctions for emotionally charged events. Fifty‐nine parents and their 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds read happy, frightening, and sad stories that contained either fantastic or real events. Conversations during the readings were coded and analysed for patterns across story conditions. Findings reveal that topics of conversations differed significantly by discrete emotion and at times by reality status. Parents and children engaged with happy and sad events (e.g., by relating events to children's lives and helping the story characters) and distanced themselves from frightening events (e.g., by ameliorating the situation and switching negative tone to positive). Findings provide new insights into how parents talk to children about emotionally charged fantasy and reality that contribute to our understanding of how children construct their understanding of real and unreal information.Highlights The study examined parent–child conversations about happy, frightening, and sad fantastic and real events. While reading stories, parents and children interacted with the happy and sad events and distanced themselves from the frightening events. Conversations about fantasy and reality may influence children's fantasy–reality distinctions.

POLITENESS AND COMPLIMENTING WITHIN AN ALGERIAN CONTEXT -A SOCIO-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS-

Complimenting is the speech act that reflects some politeness strategies in every day’s life. Its main characteristic is expressing positive appraisal in order to build up new relationships or reinforce current relationships and give them support. It is commonly used or found in various circumstances and within different moods i.e. in happy and sad events and temperaments. Actually, the satisfaction which generally results from receiving a compliment may lead to the conviction that the person who uses compliment is in a way or another is polite and friendly or at least tries to make the addressee feels more relaxed. The research at hand aims at investigating the way Algerians make, receive, accept and reject compliments. The methodology followed is based on two main tools namely; participant observation and questionnaire tool so as to be able to capture the phenomenon as it occurs. The results shows that complimenting in Algeria may result in either accepting or rejecting as it can lead to the employment of some religious terms so as to avoid the happening of bad incident.

REPRESENTASI RELIEF OGUNG (GONG) PADA KUBUR KUNA SITUS SUTAN NASINOK HARAHAP, KECAMATAN BATANG ONANG, KABUPATEN PADANG LAWAS UTARA, SUMATERA UTARA

Gong musical instrument as an ornamental motif is found on ancient graves at Sutan Nasinok Harahap Site, Batang Onang Subdistrict, North Padang Lawas Regency, in North Sumatera Province. Sutan Nasinok Harahap site is an ancient grave complex located on a quite extensive landscape of about ± 7 Ha. The purpose is to find out the reasons for the use of gong decorative motifs and interpret the use of gong decorative motifs on the ancient graves at the site.The applied method is qualitative research with ethno-archaeology study. The study was used to interpret more deeply the ogung (gong) relief at the ancient grave site of Sutan Nasinok Harahap. Comparison with existing ethnographic data is expected to give a good picture about the meaning of ogung (gong) relief on ancient grave complex at Sutan Nasinok Harahap Site. The result shows that ogung (gong) relief on the ancient grave complex of Sutan Nasinok Harahap Site confirms the long journey of utilization of the instrument from the past until now. Its position on the tombs in particular also reveals that the figures who have been buried had carried out customary duties such as horja godang during their lives – namely Siriaon (joyous event), Sipareon (to raise dignity), and even on the occasion of death or Siluluton (sad event) – carried out by their heirs. The existence of ogung (gong) reliefs and the like can also illustrate that the buried figure is a distinguished figure and had been given the title of adat king.

Approach-avoidance responses to infant facial expressions in nulliparous women: Associations with early experience and mood induction

Infant expressions are important signals for eliciting caregiving behaviors in parents. The present study sought to test if infant expressions affect adults’ behavioral response, taking into account the role of a mood induction and childhood caregiving experiences. A modified version of the Approach Avoidance Task (AAT) was employed to study nulliparous female university students’ implicit responses to infant faces with different expressions. Study 1 showed that sad, neutral and sleepy expressions elicit a tendency for avoidance, while no tendency for approach or avoidance was found for happy faces. Notably, differences between approach and avoidance response latencies for sad faces and participants’ negative caregiving experiences were positively correlated (r=0.30, p=0.04, Bonferroni corrected), indicating that individuals who experienced insensitive parental care show more bias toward sad infant faces. In Study 2, we manipulated participants' current mood (inducing sad and happy mood by asking to recall a happy or sad event of their recent life) before the AAT. Results showed that sad mood enhanced the bias toward sad faces that is buffered by positive mood induction. In conclusion, these findings indicate that implicit approach avoidance behaviors in females depend on the emotional expression of infant faces and are associated with childhood caregiving experiences and current mood.

SUMMER OF DEAD DREAMS – 1945 PRUDNIK COUNTY IN THE AWARENESS OF ITS INHABITANTS. THE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE PRUDNIK COUNTY MUSEUM

Some years have already passed since the book Summer of dead dreams by Harry Thürk (2015) was published. Some inhabitants of Prudnik County have treated the German perception as presented in its pages and interwoven in the historicists’ motifs, as a non-fiction and as a reliable source. This is why it has become essential to take some steps to present this multithreaded post-war event more honestly. One of the museums’ functions is their multi-dimensional educational activity, achieved through exhibitions and publications. Consequently, the Prudnik County Museum in Prudnik town has undertaken the task of showing the chequered history of this region from 1945 to 1947 by: a) preparing and elaborating a permanent exhibition entitled “Seen through a net curtain. The multiculturality of Upper Silesia based on Prudnik County”; b) publishing a book of the same title which brings closer the intangible heritage of Prudnik county, seen in its traditions and folk rituals of various social and cultural groups which together form its current “ethnos”; c) publishing a collection of eyewitness accounts by people who remember the years 1945–1947. The issue of changing borders and resettlements still evokes emotions for both the Polish and German communities. Although, the Polish and German tragedy of the civilian population had different origins, the tragedy itself was the same: extermination, forcing people to abandon their homes, going into the unknown, exile, illnesses and death are the common denominators of those sad events at the end of WWII. The museum’s role is to familiarise the public with a very frequently difficult and tragic history which would be free of stereotypes and subjectivity.

As the body must appear: contemporary performances in post-Marikana South Africa

On the 16th of August 2012 34 Lonmin miners lost their lives at Marikana in South Africa. Marikana bears witness to the socio-economic inequality and precarious work and living conditions in South Africa’s new globalized state. Two site-specific contemporary performances Mari and Kana (2015) and lqhiya Emnyama (The black cloth, 2015) voice this sad event in a remarkable way. In this article we critically reflect on the performances’ avenues of creating transformative encounters between performers, spectators and the performance sites in South African society. Both performances invoke for the audience members a remarkable awareness of the performance site as the spectator is obliged to navigate him- or herself in a politically induced public landscape in Cape Town’s Company Garden. We concur that Mari and Kana and Iqhiya Emnyama both elicit a profound reflection on the daily life struggle of mourning women against inhumanity and socioeconomic inequality in a neoliberal South Africa. Unsettling the dominant focus on resilient subjects, the omnipresence of women’s vulnerability in the two performances nurtures a rethinking process on structural justice. In doing so, we more closely analyse the performances’ intention to subvert the constructed category of ‘the mourning South African woman’ via multiple representations of mourning precedents as cultural elements. We conclude that both performances entail unique driving forces that question existing power systems that impact on SA and the problematic structural injustice at the heart of the massacre.

As the body must appear: contemporary performances in post-Marikana South Africa

On the 16th of August 2012 34 Lonmin miners lost their lives at Marikana in South Africa. Marikana bears witness to the socio-economic inequality and precarious work and living conditions in South Africa’s new globalized state. Two site-specific contemporary performances Mari and Kana (2015) and Iqhiya Emnyama (The black cloth, 2015) voice this sad event in a remarkable way. In this article we critically reflect on the performances’ avenues of creating transformative encounters between performers, spectators and the performance sites in South African society. Both performances invoke for the audience members a remarkable awareness of the performance site as the spectator is obliged to navigate him- or herself in a politically induced public landscape in Cape Town’s Company Garden. We concur that Mari and Kana and Iqhiya Emnyama both elicit a profound reflection on the daily life struggle of mourning women against inhumanity and socio-economic inequality in a neoliberal South Africa. Unsettling the dominant focus on resilient subjects, the omnipresence of women’s vulnerability in the two performances nurtures a rethinking process on structural justice. In doing so, we more closely analyse the performances’ intention to subvert the constructed category of ‘the mourning South African woman’ via multiple representations of mourning precedents as cultural elements. We conclude that both performances entail unique driving forces that question existing power systems that impact on SA and the problematic structural injustice at the heart of the massacre. Key words: Marikana, South Africa, Infecting the City, performance, gender inequality, neoliberalism, widowhood

As narrativas autobiográficas como eixo interdisciplinar entre a psicologia e a educação: contribuições para a licenciatura em Educação do campo

Resumo: As narrativas autobiográficas são um instrumento usado por pesquisadores das ciências humanas, como a psicologia e a educação na formação de docente. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar as contribuições potenciais das narrativas autobiográficas como estratégia de ensino interdisciplinar na formação de professores no curso de licenciatura em Educação do Campo. Partiu-se da hipótese que as relações construídas entre as teorias estudadas atreladas ao relato dos contextos pessoais de aprendizagem dos alunos promoveria uma aprendizagem significativa. A metodologia da memória autobiográfica foi desenvolvida dentro da proposta de um diário, na qual o aluno relatava suas experiências em perguntas estruturadas pela professora da disciplina de Psicologia da Educação. Após a realização dos encontros, no último dia de aula, aplicou-se um questionário com quatro perguntas. Os alunos possuíam uma faixa etária de 19 a 52 anos. Os dados demonstraram que os alunos se identificaram mais com as teorias de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento de Rogers e Piaget. Os alunos avaliaram a utilização das narrativas autobiográficas como eficientes para articular suas histórias de vida com o conteúdo proposto, contudo enfatizaram que relembrar os acontecimentos tristes como um processo dolorido.Palavras-chave: Formação de professores. Narrativas autobiográficas. Psicologia da educação.

Trafik Kazaları ve Kader İlişkisi -Dua, Sadaka ve Tevekkül Bağlamında-

Trafikte kargaşa olmaması için konulan kurallar vardır. Bunlara uyulmaması durumunda trafik kazaları denilen üzücü olaylar olabilmektedir. Allah her şeyi bir çeşit sebeplere bağlamış, insan bu sebepleri yerine getirirse Yaratıcı da, kulun özgür iradesine bağlı olarak yaratmaktadır. Bu bir ilâhî kanundur yani kaderdir. Trafik kazaları kaderde var mıdır? Bizim irademizin ve tedbir almamızın etkisi ne kadar? İnsan, başına gelen kazaları dua ve sadaka ile önleyebilir mi? Ecel geldiği için mi kazalarda insanlar ölmektedir? gibi bir çok soru zihinlere gelmektedir. Bu makâlede trafik kazaları ve kaderle ilgili tartışmalar ile çözüm önerileri akaid ve kelâm ilmi çerçevesinde değerlendirilecektir.

Going with the flow and yet controlling the Flow: the Early Life, Education, and Scholarship of Takatsukasa Seigyoku, Current Abbess of Zenkōji’s Daihongan Convent

Takatsukasa Seigyoku (b. 1929) is the current abbess of Daihongan convent, which is one of the two administrative heads of the popular Japanese pilgrimage temple Zenkōji. In this paper, I analyze Takatsukasa’s autobiographical materials about her early life, her monastic education, and her scholarly works. Her early life, here defined as the time from her birth until 1979, demonstrates the ways in which she asserted or relaxed control over her life at various times, following her motto “going with the flow and yet controlling the flow.” Her education at the Pure Land Nuns’ Sectarian School brings to light the ways that women come to embody being a nun. Her scholarship demonstrates the ways that biographical narratives can function to create ideals within the monastic community, while at the same time, they place Takatsukasa’s convent and the tradition she is a part of within the larger (mostly male) historic record. I also analyze media accounts about her ordination in 1955. From these accounts we can determine that Japanese society’s views about nuns (and laywomen, as well) in mid-century combined elements of medieval understandings of taking the tonsure as a sad event with twentieth-century discourses that defined women’s roles to be “good wives and wise mothers.” Additionally, we can see how Takatsukasa has reclaimed the narrative of her life through writing autobiographical materials, effectively challenging the interpretations of her life produced in newspapers and magazines.

A Retrospective Study about the Pattern of Suicides among Students’ Population

Suicide of any individual, irrespective of their age, is a very sad event for their family and for society also. The rate of the suicide attempts and suicidal deaths are increasing in trend especially in youth community. A Retrospective Study about the Pattern of Suicides among Students’ Population was conducted in the Dept of Forensic Medicine, Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, from Jan 2012 to Dec 2014 for three years duration. There were totally 134 cases were studied. Hanging was the most common method preferred by the victim, followed by poisoning and burns.

Mood congruity and episodic memory in young children

Although mood congruity effects on episodic memory have been reported extensively in adults, they have not been reported for children younger than 10years. The current research investigated mood congruity effects in story recall using an embodied approach to mood induction involving a facial manipulation task with 3- and 4-year-old children. Participants held a chopstick or a popsicle stick in their mouths in a way to either produce or inhibit a smile while they listened to a story featuring happy events for a happy character and sad events for a sad character. Children’s mood ratings before and after mood induction indicated that mood became more positive in the smile condition, with no change in the no smile condition. Children in the smile condition, but not in the no smile condition, remembered more about the happy character than the sad character in the story. These results extend mood congruity effects to 3- and 4-year olds, suggesting that at this age representations of emotion interact with basic memory processes. Moreover, the efficacy of reenactment of sensorimotor components of emotion in modifying mood is consistent with embodied representation of emotion during early childhood.

A neglected case of Sacrococcygeal teratoma in a neonate

Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT), although rare, is the most common congenital neoplasm in neonates. A mass in the sacrococcygeal region at the time of birth is the usual presentation. Routine antenatal abdominal ultrasound of mother can detect almost all the cases. The prognosis is favorable when diagnosis is done antenatally and proper management is instituted soon after the baby is born. Presented herein a 2 days old neonate with a neglected SCT who died unfortunately due to massive bleeding from the tumor. A brief review of the literature has been presented to make everyone aware of the condition so that future recurrence of such sad events may be avoided.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i2.10448Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(2) 2015 108-110

Risk factors for chronic pelvic pain: hospital-based case-control study from Turkey

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a complicated condition that can have a large impact on life. The aetiology of CPP is often unclear and the origin appears to be multifactorial. This study aims to identify risk factors associated with CPP complaint in women. The study is a descriptive case–control study in nature. The study was conducted in one university and one state hospital. Women with CPP (n = 134) composed the case group while those who consulted to the polyclinics with other problems formed the control group (n = 383). The data were collected through a questionnaire which was prepared in light of the related literature and the ‘Pelvic Pain Assessment Form’ developed by the International Pelvic Pain Society. Women in the case and control groups were found to have similar socio-demographical features. This study has detected that CPP is associated with factors such as having a relative with recurrent pelvic pain complaint, having cancer or CPP history, having pain during menstruation, feeling of fullness in the abdominal region and stool consistency, recurrent urinary tract infections, having a diagnosed woman's disease (ovarian cyst, genital tract infection, prolapsus and menstrual irregularity), having had an abdominal operation, taking vaginal showers after sexual intercourse or for any other reason, falling down from height or having an accident that caused back damage, experiencing a sad event during childhood, being exposed to physical violence or forced to sexual intercourse. In Conclusion, this study has found that reproduction, urinary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal systems and psychological factors affect women with chronic pelvic pain.