Addition Of Saccharin Research Articles

Detection of Non-caloric artificial sweetener saccharine in soft drinks and ice-creams through intermolecular H-bonding by using AuNPs-based fluorescent probe

Artificial sweeteners (ASs) are widely utilized as sugar substitutes in food products. However, excessive consumption of ASs poses potential health risks, necessitating their early detection. In this study, pamoic acid (PA)-functionalized gold nanoparticles (PA@AuNPs) were employed for the detection of ASs using fluorescence spectroscopy. The PA@AuNPs exhibited high selectivity and excellent sensitivity towards saccharine (SAC) (LoD (limit of detection) = 0.14 × 10−6 M and LoQ (limit of quantification) = 0.47 × 10−6 M), compared to other commercially available ASs. The fluorescence emission intensity of PA@AuNPs was significantly quenched (∼3-fold) upon the addition of SAC (0 → 50 × 10−6 M) through the formation of a ground state complex, PA@AuNPs•SAC. This complex formation was corroborated by FTIR analysis. The non-radiative process validated by time-resolved fluorescence analysis. Morphological analysis revealed that the spherical morphology of PA@AuNPs remained unchanged upon SAC interaction. PA@AuNPs effectively detected SAC in soft drinks and ice creams, with recovery ranges from 121 % to 105 %.

The Effect Of Increasing Concentrations Of Sodium Saccharin As Sweetener On Physical Properties Of Salbutamol Dispersible Tablet With Mannitol As Filler

Salbutamol one of asthma medicine which can be made in to dispersible tablet with the addition of sodium saccharin as sweetener. This study aimed to determine effect of increasing concentration of sodium saccharin as sweetener on physical properties and patient acceptabelity of the tablet. The tablet was made into 5 formulas with the 0% of sodium saccharin concentration as Formula 1, 0.2% as Formula 2, 0.4% as Formula 3, 0.6% as Formula 4, and 0.8% as Formula 5. The tablet made by direct compression method. The evaluation of granule including flow time test, angle of repose, and compressibility test. The tablet evaluation including organoleptic, weight uniformity, size uniformity, friability, hardness, wetting time, disintegration time, content uniformity, and hedonic test. The results of the physial properties were the hardness F1 until F5 subsequently 1.70, 1.54, 2.48, 2.67, and 2.73 Kp; the disintegration time F1 until F5 subsquently 55.67, 56.67, 56.67, 57.00, and 58.00 seconds; the friability test 1.09, 1.98, 0.77, 0.65, and 0.63%. The results showed that there were significant differences among all the formulas. It could be concluded that increasing concentration of sodium saccharin as sweetener in salbutamol dispersible tablet increase physical properties and could be made as preferable and acceptable tablet.

Effect of saccharin addition on formation, wear and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited Ni-Cr coatings

Abstract Numerous factors play a pivotal role in shaping the mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of electrodeposited Ni-Cr alloy coatings. This study delves into the deposition of Ni-Cr alloy coatings on AISI 1040 steel, examining the influence of saccharin additives within the electrodeposition bath. Specifically, the concentration of saccharin within the solution was varied over a range of 0 to 2 g/l. Following the electrodeposition process, a comprehensive array of characterization techniques was employed, encompassing 2D surface roughness analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and assessments of wear and corrosion performance. The characterization results of this article reveal a compelling difference between saccharin-free Ni-Cr coatings and their saccharin-modified counterparts. Notably, microcracks, a common occurrence in saccharin-free coatings, were suppressed in the saccharin-modified Ni-Cr coatings. Additionally, the latter exhibited a smoother and more uniform surface texture. A crucial observation was that the introduction of saccharin into the bath was directly associated with an increased incorporation of chromium within the coatings, resulting in higher nanohardness values. Furthermore, the residual stress within the coatings shifted from tensile to compression as saccharin concentrations increased. Concurrently, surface roughness and wear rates exhibited a consistent downward trend with increasing saccharin concentrations in the solution. The most significant findings were seen in the domain of corrosion resistance. Saccharin-modified Ni-Cr coatings outperformed the bare steel substrate and saccharin-free Ni-Cr coatings. Intriguingly, the enhancement of corrosion resistance was not linearly proportional to saccharin concentration; the optimal corrosion resistance was achieved at a concentration of 1 g/l.

Effect of deposition potential and saccharin addition on structural, magnetic and magnetoresistance characteristics of NiCoFeCu films

Abstract NiCoFeCu films were electrodeposited on Ti substrates at different deposition potentials and different concentrations of saccharin added to solution. Compositional analysis showed that although Ni was the highest concentration in solution at low potentials of −1.0 V and −1.5 V, the Ni content was lower than the Co content in the films. Anomalous co-deposition behaviour of iron group metals was observed. When the deposition potential increased to −2.0 V and −2.5 V, the Ni content of films increased while the Co, Fe and Cu content decreased. In the case of saccharin addition to the solution, there is a slight change in the film content. All films have face-centred cubic structure. Structural analysis clearly showed that the potential has a significant effect on the texture degree of the films, since the crystal texture changed from (111) to (220) with increasing potential. The surface morphology of the films was observed to be affected by the deposition potential and saccharin concentration. For the magnetic analysis, saturation magnetisation, M s value gradually decreased from 905 to 715 emu/cm3 with the variation of film content caused by the increase of the potential from −1.0 V to −2.5 V. And, a slight increase in M s was detected with the addition of saccharin. Besides, the longitudinal and transverse magnetoresistance magnitudes increased from ∼2.5 % to 7.0 % with increasing deposition potential and all films exhibit anisotropic magnetoresistance. Films with desired magnetic properties can be obtained for potential use as magnetic materials in electronics such as magnetoresistive devices.

A Comparison between Porous to Fully Dense Electrodeposited CuNi Films: Insights on Electrochemical Performance.

Nanostructuring of metals is nowadays considered as a promising strategy towards the development of materials with enhanced electrochemical performance. Porous and fully dense CuNi films were electrodeposited on a Cu plate by electrodeposition in view of their application as electrocatalytic materials for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Porous CuNi film were synthesized using the hydrogen bubble template electrodeposition method in an acidic electrolyte, while fully dense CuNi were electrodeposited from a citrate-sulphate bath with the addition of saccharine as a grain refiner. The prepared films were characterized chemically and morphologically by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Rietveld analysis of the XRD data illustrates that both CuNi films have a nanosized crystallite size. Contact angle measurements reveal that the porous CuNi film exhibits remarkable superhydrophobic behavior, and fully dense CuNi film shows hydrophilicity. This is predominately ascribed to the surface roughness of the two films. The HER activity of the two prepared CuNi films were investigated in 1 M KOH solution at room temperature by polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. Porous CuNi exhibits an enhanced catalysis for HER with respect to fully dense CuNi. The HER kinetics for porous film is processed by the Volmer-Heyrovsky reaction, whereas the fully dense counterpart is Volmer-limited. This study presents a clear comparison of HER behavior between porous and fully dense CuNi films.

Effects of sweeteners on host physiology by intestinal mucosal microbiota: Example-addition sweeteners in Qiweibaizhu Powder on intestinal mucosal microbiota of mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

In recent years, sweeteners have gained massive popularity under the trend of limiting sugar intake. Our previous study found that Qiweibaizhu Powder (QWBZP) could improve gut microbiota dysbiosis and has good efficacy in treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). In this study, we investigated the effects of sucrose, sorbitol, xylitol, and saccharin on the intestinal mucosal microbiota of AAD mice treated with QWBZP. When the AAD model was constructed by being gavaged mixed antibiotic solution, Kunming mice were randomly assigned to seven groups: the control (mn) group, the ADD (mm) group, the QWBZP (mq) group, the saccharin + QWBZP (mc) group, the sucrose + QWBZP (ms) group, the xylito + QWBZP (mx) group, and the sorbitol + QWBZP (msl) group. Subsequently, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the intestinal mucosal microbiota composition and abundance. The results showed that feces from AAD mice were diluted and wet and improved diarrhea symptoms with QWBZP and sorbitol. In contrast, the addition of sucrose, saccharin, and xylitol delayed the healing of diarrhea. The relative abundance of intestinal mucosal microbiota showed Glutamicibacter, Robinsoniella, and Blautia were characteristic bacteria of the mx group, Candidatus Arthromitus, and Bacteroidales_S24-7_group as the typical bacteria of the mn group, Clostridium_innocuum_group as the distinct bacteria of the mm group. Mycoplasma and Bifidobacterium as the characteristic bacteria of the ms group. Correlation analysis of typical bacterial genera with metabolic functions shows that Blautia negatively correlates with D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism. Bacteroidales_S24-7_group has a significant negative correlation with the Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. The study confirmed that sucrose, sorbitol, xylitol, and saccharin might further influence metabolic function by altering the intestinal mucosal microbiota. Compared to the other sweetener, adding sorbitol to QWBZP was the best therapeutic effect for AAD and increased the biosynthesis and degradation activities. It provides the experimental basis for applying artificial sweeteners in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as a reference for further rational development and safe use of artificial sweeteners.

Characterization of the Reduction Mechanism of Chromium(III) By in Situ Microgravimetry and Volumetric Determination of Hydrogen

Processes for chromium electrodeposition based on hexavalent chromium compounds are more and more restricted by governmental laws1 due to the toxic and carcinogenic nature of Cr(VI) compounds. The most promising alternatives to replace hexavalent chromium solutions are trivalent chromium electrolytes considering process management, quality of the deposits and cost issues.2 However, many of these electrolytes suffer from low current efficiencies and reduced process stability compared to hexavalent chromium electrolytes. Organic additives are used to reduce the overvoltage of Cr(III) reduction and, hence, reach an acceptable current efficiency.3 In order to improve performance and reliability of the deposition process, a profound knowledge of the deposition mechanism and the effect of additives is crucial.In this work the stepwise reduction process of Cr(III) to metallic chromium is investigated by gravimetric and volumetric in-situ methods under variation of current density. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) was used to quantify the mass of deposited chromium metal.4 The amount of evolved hydrogen gas was determined with a gas burette in combination with a purpose-built setup for collecting the gas. Based on the results, the partial current densities of the two reduction steps of Cr(III) and the hydrogen evolution were calculated. A shift in the ratio of the partial current densities and an increased current efficiency of metal deposition was observed after the addition of saccharin, which is used as additive in chromium electrolytes for decorative applications.5 A mechanism on the mode of action of saccharin during chromium electrodeposition is proposed. European Chemicals Agency, Authorisation List, EC No. 215-607-8, 231-801-5, 231-889-5, 231-906-6, 232-140-5, 232-143-1, 234-190-3, 236-881-5. Z. X. Zeng, A. M. Liang, and J. Y. Zhang, Recent Pat. Mater. Sci., 2 (1), 50-57 (2009). D. Del Pianta, J. Frayret, C. Gleyzes, C. Cugnet, J. C. Dupin, and I. Le Hecho, Electrochim. Acta, 284, 234-241 (2018). M. Leimbach, C. Tschaar, U. Schmidt, and A. Bund, Electrochim. Acta, 270, 104-109 (2018). R. Katirci, Int. J. Surf. Sci. Eng., 10 (1), 73-85 (2016).

Nanostructure and Molecular-Level Characterization of Aminoalkyl Methacrylate Copolymer and the Impact on Drug Solubilization Ability.

The effects of pH changes and saccharin (SAC) addition on the nanostructure and mobility of the cationic aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer Eudragit E PO (EUD-E) and its drug solubilization ability were investigated. Small-angle X-ray scattering performed using synchrotron radiation and atomic force microscopy showed that the EUD-E nanostructure, which has a size of approximately several nanometers, changed from a random coil structure at low pH (pH 4.0-5.0) to a partially folded structure at high pH (pH 5.5-6.5). The EUD-E also formed a partially folded structure in a wide pH range of 4.5-6.5 when SAC was present, and the coil-to-globule transition was moderate with pH increase, compared with that when SAC was absent. The equilibrium solubility of the neutral drug naringenin (NAR) was enhanced in the EUD-E solution and further increased as the pH increased. The enlargement of the hydrophobic region of EUD-E in association with the coil-to-globule transition led to efficient solubilization of NAR. The interaction with SAC enhanced the mobility of the EUD-E chains in the hydrophobic region of EUD-E, resulting in changes in the drug-solubilizing ability. 1H high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR measurements revealed that the solubilized NAR in the partially folded structure of EUD-E showed higher molecular mobility in the presence of SAC than in the absence of SAC. This study highlighted that solution pH and the presence of SAC significantly changed the drug solubilization ability of EUD-E, followed by changes in the EUD-E nanostructure, including its hydrophobic region.

Turbulent fluid flow-assisted rapid electrodeposition of Zn–Ni γ-phase from modified Watt’s type bath by addition of saccharin

Turbulent fluid flow-assisted rapid electrodeposition of Zn–Ni γ-phase from modified Watt’s type bath by addition of saccharin

The effects of saccharin on the electrodeposition of NiCoFe films on a flexible substrate

In this work, the influence of saccharin on the electrodeposition of NiCoFe film on a flexible substrate was investigated. NiCoFe electrodeposition was carried out at different potentials from electrolytes both with and without saccharin. The addition of saccharin modified the nuclei growth mechanism, making the growth phase slower than that in the saccharin-free electrolyte. Ohm’s law suggested that the two electrolytes differed in their resistance values. The presence of saccharin increased the current efficiency of NiCoFe electrodeposition at all co-deposition potentials and slightly enhanced the deposition rate due to the inhibition of hydrogen evolution during the reaction. The addition of saccharin also significantly decreased the anomalous co-deposition of NiCoFe compared to that which took place in the saccharin-free system. This approach successfully grew the crystalline phase of NiCoFe films on indium tin oxide-coated flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate by varying the applied co-deposition potential, which controlled the chemical composition of the films.

Colorimetric and “turn-on” fluorescence detection of saccharin using silver nanoparticles-graphene oxide composite

Saccharin (SAC) is a synthetic sweetener used in soft drinks and candies. Consumption of excess SAC leads to several health problems. Therefore, developing a simple method to detect its concentration in food stuffs and soft drinks is very important. The present study describes a simple colorimetric method for SAC determination using graphene oxide-silver nanoparticles (GO-AgNPs) composite solution. The yellow color GO-AgNPs was changed to reddish brown while adding 600 μM SAC and the emission of GO was “turn off” after the formation of AgNPs. However, the emission was “turn on” after the addition of SAC. This was ascribed to the strong interaction between sulfonamide groups of SAC with AgNPs, resulting the leaching of AgNPs from GO surface. The emission intensity increases linearly when SAC concentration increases from 500 nM to 1 mM with R2 = 0.9971 and the limit of detection was 0.7 mg L−1 (S/N = 3). The present GO-AgNPs composite was also used to selectively determine SAC containing 1400-fold higher concentration of interferents. Finally, the real sample analysis was carried out by determining SAC in candies and soft drinks by using GO-AgNPs.

Synergistic effect of surfactant and saccharin on dispersion and crystal refinement for electrodeposition of nanocrystalline nickel/graphene oxide composite

Homogeneous dispersion of graphene oxide (GO) in nickel sulfamate solution is a significant challenge for electrodepositing high-performance nickel/GO composite coatings. In the present work, three typical surfactants, including anionic surfactant Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and non-ionic surfactant Polyethylene glycol (PEG), and saccharin are used to disperse GO nanoparticles and refine crystallite size of nickel/GO composite coating. The synergistic effect of surfactant and saccharin is revealed from the perspectives of dispersion, crystal refinement and their impact on mechanical and tribological properties of nickel/GO composite coating. Our results indicate that PEG possesses the optimal dispersibility to GO dispersion, followed by CTAB and SDS. The addition of saccharin in electrolyte does not affect the surface charge of GO particles, but it helps to reduce the particle size of GO and thus reduce potential reaggregation. Additionally, PEG shows the most significant reduction of crystallite size from ~35 nm to ~19 nm. The synergetic effect of surfactant and saccharin is indicated by increasing the concentration of saccharin from 0 to 0.2 g/L with various surfactants, where the overall crystallite size is gradually reduced. Moreover, the hardness of PEG-GO and CTAB-GO coatings is remarkably increased by 252% and 312%, respectively, compared to pure nickel coating. The increased hardness is due to the synergistic effect of crystal refinement from both additions of GO and saccharin. The tribological test indicates that the PEG-GO coating can achieve the maximum reduction of friction coefficient with 0.15 with the addition of saccharin of 0.2 g/L.

Corrosion protection of reinforcement with phosphate coatings

As a method of protection against corrosion, the application of phosphate coatings to the surface of steel reinforcement before the manufacture of a reinforced concrete product can be considered. The influence of modifiers introduced into the cold phosphating solution on the structure and protective properties of phosphate coatings was studied. It is established that from solutions with the addition of saccharin, glucose, Trilon A, Trilon B and washing preparations, fine crystalline, dense phosphate films are obtained. The introduction of the proposed additives also reduces the time of formation of a phosphate coating on the surface of the steel and leads to a decrease in their porosity. It has been established that phosphate coatings are resistant to the effects of aqueous, salt and acidic environments. Films deposited from modified cold phosphating solutions provide better corrosion protection compared to films obtained from a traditional cold phosphating solution. Presented phosphate coatings have high protective properties, because, due to their lower porosity, they well prevent the penetration of aggressive particles to the surface of the protected reinforcement.

Electroplated NiCo Alloy with Low Residual Stress from the Sulfate Bath

NiCo alloys are electroplated in sulfate bath. The concentration of cobalt sulfate and current density were varied to optimize the surface hardness. The properties of NiCo deposits were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface hardness of the NiCo alloy was increased up to 500 Hv at 24 wt% Co in the deposits due to the grain refinement. The size of grain was reduced to 12 nm. The residual stress of the deposits was varied from tensile to compressive as the saccharin concentration increased. The zero residual stress was achieved at 0.05 g/L saccharin addition.

Study of Ni63-Co37 nanocrystalline electrodeposited alloy as anti-wear coating on mild steel substrate

Ni63-Co37 nanocrystalline electrodeposited alloy is studied as wear protective coating on StW24 mild steel. The analyses of coatings composition by XRF demonstrate an anomalous codeposition behavior of Ni-Co alloy. SEM shows that saccharine leads to the nanometric granular grains of Ni-Co coatings. XRD pattern of Ni-Co deposits confirms that the addition of saccharin in the electrolyte leads to crystallites size in the nanometric order and also to the predominance of (111) as preferential crystallographic orientation. Vickers micro-indentation shows that the solid solution hardening and the Hall-Petch strengthening lead to hardness of Ni-Co coating three times higher than that of substrate. The pin-disc wear tests under dry sliding conditions reveal that Ni-Co coated steel has much higher wear resistance than the uncoated substrate thanks to its relatively higher hardness, but the coated substrate shows higher friction coefficient because the formation of uncompleted tribofilm on its worn surface due to its specific wear mechanism, where SEM observations on the wear tracks morphologies of the uncoated and Ni-Co coated substrate show that the mechanism governing the wear of the bare steel is an abrasive oxidative mechanism, whereas that of the Ni-Co coated substrate is a mixed adhesive-abrasive oxidative mechanism.

Altered in Vitro Metabolomic Response of the Human Microbiota to Sweeteners.

Non-nutritive sweeteners represent an ingredient class that directly affects human health, via the development of inflammatory processes that promote chronic diseases related to microbiota dysbiosis. Several in vitro tests were conducted in the static GIS1 simulator. The aim of the study was to highlight the effect of sweeteners on the microbiota pattern of healthy individuals, associated with any alteration in the metabolomic response, through the production of organic acids and ammonium. The immediate effect of the in vitro treatment and the influence of the specific sweetener type on the occurrence of dysbiosis were evaluated by determining the biomarkers of the microbiota response. The presence of the steviol reduced the ammonium level (minimum of 410 mg/L), while the addition of cyclamate and saccharin caused a decrease in the number of microorganisms, in addition to lowering the total quantity of synthesized short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The bifidobacteria appeared to decrease below 102 genomes/mL in all the analyzed samples at the end of the in vitro simulation period. Barring the in vitro treatment of steviol, all the sweeteners tested exerted a negative influence on the fermentative profile, resulting in a decline in the fermentative processes, a rise in the colonic pH, and uniformity of the SCFA ratio.

The effect of saccharin addition to nickel electroplating on the formation of nanocrystalline nickel deposits

This study investigates the effect of saccharin addition on nickel deposits. Coating substrates with nickel is carried out through electroplating. This method involves Watts bath, 0, 1, 3, and 5 g/L saccharin, and a current density of 6 A/dm2. The electroplating process lasts for 20 minutes at 50ºC. The plated substrate is a Steel Plate Cold Rolled Coil (SPCC). The deposits attached to the SPCC surface is characterized by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to observe the structural changes of the deposits and an X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to calculate their grain size. The results show that, first, nickel deposits without saccharin addition has a pyramidal and crystal polyhedral structure while those with saccharin reflect a globular structure and colonial patterns. Secondly, the addition of 5g/L saccharin produces the smallest grain, 17.39 nm.

Electroplating and Characterization of Invar Fe–Ni Alloy Films from Plating Baths Containing Organic Acids

In Fe–Ni alloys, coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of Fe–Ni alloys with 30 to 45 mass% Ni are small compared to that of Fe (CTE = 12 ppm/K) or Ni (CTE = 13 ppm/K) at near room temperature. In particular, the Fe–Ni alloy with 36 mass% Ni exhibits the lowest CTE (approximately 1 ppm/K) among the Fe–Ni alloys. These Fe-Ni alloys with 30 to 45 mass% Ni are called “Invar alloys.” The Fe–Ni alloy electroplating can allow lower cost of Invar alloy production compared with the conventional rolling process. Furthermore, the electroforming process can provide precise micrometer-sized three-dimensional structures of Invar alloys with excellent thermal dimensional stability, e.g., MEMS (microelectromechanical systems). An acidic Fe–Ni alloy electroplating bath usually contains an organic acid, which acts as a masking agent for Fe3+ generated via electrochemical and air oxidation and pH buffer agent. However, it is known that an organic additive addition often effects on properties, e.g. internal stress in the Fe–Ni alloy electroplated films. For MEMS applications in particular, internal stress should be minimized. So far, the internal stresses in the electroplated Fe–Ni alloy films in the Invar composition range obtained from the alloy plating baths containing various organic acids have not been studied in detail. In this study, we investigated the influence of the type of organic acid added to the alloy plating bath on composition, current efficiency and internal stress in the Fe–Ni alloy films electroplated from various Fe2+ concentration baths. Electroplating of the Fe–Ni alloy was carried out using sulfate/chloride bath (modified Watts-type Ni plating bath) with additives at a current density of 40 mA/cm2. Bath compositions were as follows: FeSO4 (0 to 0.4 mol/L), NiSO4 (0.95 mol/L), NiCl2 (0.17 mol/L), boric acid (0.49 mol/L), sodium saccharin (0.008 mol/L) and organic acid (0.05 mol/L). Organic acids were selected based on the stability constant (log KMA) of the complex with Fe3+: tartaric acid (log KMA = 6.49), malonic acid (log KMA = 7.52), or citric acid (log KMA = 11.5). The bath temperature was maintained at 50 °C and the bath pH was adjusted to pH 2.5. Pure Ni sheets were used as anodes. Internal stress in the films was estimated by the bending strip method using a Cu–Be foil as a substrate, and the value of internal stress was calculated based on Stoney’s equation. The composition of the electroplated Fe–Ni alloy film was determined by the fundamental parameter method. Regardless of the presence or absence of an organic acid, the Fe content in the electroplated Fe–Ni alloy film increased with the increase in the concentration of Fe2+ in the plating bath, and at the Fe2+ concentration of 0.3 to 0.4 mol/L, Fe–Ni alloy electroplated film with a Ni content of 30 to 45 mass%, in the Invar composition range, was obtained. Without addition of an organic acid, current efficiency showed high efficiency of 95 % or more at any Fe2+ concentration. In contrast, the current efficiency decreased to approximately 90 % due to the addition of the organic acid. Citric acid added bath exhibited lower current efficiency than those form baths with tartaric acid or malonic acid at the Fe2+ concentration of 0.3 to 0.4 mol/L. The decrease in the current efficiency in the Fe–Ni alloy plating reaction was related to hydrogen evolution as a side reaction. Organic acids promoted hydrogen evolution during Fe–Ni alloy plating reaction. Citric acid most promoted hydrogen evolution at 0.3 to 0.4 mol/L of Fe2+ to obtain an Invar Fe–Ni alloy electroplated film. Without addition of saccharin, micro cracks occurred in the Invar Fe–Ni alloy electroplated films because the films generated very large internal stresses (tensile). Addition of tartaric acid or malonic acid to Fe–Ni alloy plating bath including saccharin kept the internal stress in Invar Fe–Ni alloy electroplated film relatively low (tensile, approximately 200 MPa), and furthermore, may prevent a decrease in toughness of the film by masking Fe3+. Consequently, these optimized Invar plating baths can be used for MEMS electroforming. In contrast, due to the addition of citric acid to form a more stable complex with Fe3+, internal stresses in the Invar Fe-Ni alloy electroplated films became very high (tensile, 300 MPa or more) and micro cracks occurred in the films; it was difficult to provide the obtained films as MEMS materials. It is expected that the internal stress behavior in the Invar electroplated films depending on the type of organic acid added to bath will be related to hydrogen evolution and impurity incorporation to the film during the Invar electroplating.

Electroplating and Characterization of Invar Fe–Ni Alloy Films from Plating Baths Containing Organic Acids

Practical plating baths and plating conditions for preparing Fe–Ni alloy electroplated films with compositions in the Ni content range 36–100 mass% have been proposed. The addition of saccharin in sulfate-chloride bath is indispensable for preparation of Fe-30–45 mass% Ni alloy electroplated films, i.e., those in invar composition region. The addition of tartaric acid or malonic acid to Fe–Ni alloy plating baths (containing saccharin) prevents a reduction in the toughness of the plated film by masking Fe3+ generated by oxidation. It was possible to suppress the internal stress in invar Fe–Ni alloy electroplated films to low levels. Resultantly, the invar electroplated films obtained from these optimized plating baths show promise for electroforming. On the contrary, the addition of citric acid, which forms a more stable complex with Fe3+, causes very large internal stress in the resultant invar Fe–Ni alloy electroplated films, making them unsuitable as MEMS materials. It was confirmed that Fe–Ni alloy electroplated films with Ni contents of 45–100 mass% comprise a single-phase alloy having an fcc structure but the invar Fe-36–42 mass% Ni alloy electroplated film is a metastable bcc phase or a mixture of bcc and fcc phases. Therefore, to impart low thermal expansion characteristics to as-plated invar alloy films, it is necessary to induce phase transformation to an fcc phase, which is the equilibrium phase at high temperature, by the means of heat treatment.

Study on the effect of sugar canes and saccharin to the value of electrical impedance of apple cider manalagi (Malus sylvestris mill)

Saccharin additives addition as a substitute for natural sweeteners is done to reduce production costs. This paper will discuss the effect of sweetener on the electric impedance of apple cider. The electrical impedance spectroscopy method was applied to the sample using four electrodes. Electrical impedance measurements made by injecting 100 μA currents in samples within the chamber in the frequency up to 1 MHz. The results showed that the electrical impedance value of apple cider manalagi is 1721.166 Ω to 41.870 Ω. The effect of sugar cane s mass composition and saccharin mass added to apple cider can be observed well in low frequency up to 10 kHz. The electric impedance characteristic of the apple cider manalagi increases with the addition of sugar canes mass, whereas the electric impedance value of the apple juice manalagi decreases with the addition of saccharin mass.