S2 Class Research Articles

Evaluation of land suitability for the development of Hiyung cayenne pepper in Hiyung Village, Tapin Tengah District, South Kalimantan

Hiyung Village is one of the centers of agricultural production, especially cayenne pepper. The advantage of Hiyung cayenne pepper is its spiciness which has capcaisin compound of 94.5 thousand ppm. It is 17 times spicier than cayenne pepper in general. The success of agricultural cultivation is greatly influenced by the land suitability. Furthermore, soil and environmental conditions affect plant growth and development. This study aims to analyze the soil properties and land characteristics to evaluate their suitability for the development of Hiyung cayenne pepper. This study is a descriptive research, carried out using a land suitability evaluation survey method to obtain data on land characteristics and current land management. Soil samples were taken from five locations, each about 1 km apart. Three sample points were taken at a depth of 0 cm to 20 cm in each location. Observation were made on effective depth, slope, surface rocks, rock outcrops, flood hazard, coarse material in soil cross section, erosion hazard, temperature, mean annual precipitation, length of the dry season, and current land management. The results showed that the actual land suitability is included in the S3 (marginally suitable) with limiting factors of temperature, water availability (rainfall), and nutrient retention (pH and base saturation). Potential land suitability is still included in S3 class (marginally suitable) because the only limiting factors that may be improved are soil pH and base saturation.

GIS and AHP Based Techniques for Agricultural Land Suitability Assessment in Erbil Province, Kurdistan region, Iraq

The study area comprises Erbil province, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Thirty-five soil samples have been taken from different districts. Several soil analyses have been performed in order to find soil loss as a criterion for land suitability assessment. The other criteria were elevation, slope, aspect ratio, and land use and land cover (LULC). All used criteria have been weighted using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology to find their priorities in order to use them on weighted overlay methodology (WOM) based on the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technique. Integration of AHP and GIS have been utilized in purpose to find the land suitability based on five classes; high suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3), not suitable (N1), and not suitable permanently (N2). The result of land suitability shows that the S1 class is generally located at the northwest of the middle part in the study area extended to the southwest, and it occupies an area of 1243.94 km2 (8.61%). The S2 class occupies a minimum area of 85.52 km2 (0.59%), while the S3 class occupies a massive area relatively about 4886.75 km2 (33.82%). The N1 class occupies the highest area, around 6538.32 km2 (45.26%). At the same time, N2 class takes 1693.16 km2 (11.72%). Both N1 and N2 have an area of 8,231 km2 (56.98%) of the total area while S1, S2, and S3, which takes only 6,216 km2 (43.02%).In this study we found the possibility of using GIS and AHP in order to find the land suitability assessment.

Disaster mitigation-based land suitability for settlements using Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) method in The Northern Part of South Barito Regency

Settlements are indispensable to humans as a place of residence and for other activities. Moreover, there is an increase in land requirements for settlement construction due to the high population. The development of cities and settlements in the context of SDGs needs consideration to mitigate, adapt to climate change, and resist disasters. Therefore, this study aims to identify, analyze, and describe disaster mitigation-based land suitability and availability for settlements in the Northern Part of South Barito Regency. The method used was Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), while the inclusion criteria are slope, soil type, rocks, drainage, soil texture, elevation, land use, and distance to the rivers. Each criterion was weighted using an AHP, while scoring and map overlaying were carried out using a GIS to determine the class of land suitability. The flood hazard map was used to obtain the area of free flooding. The results showed that actual land suitability for the most extensive settlements is in the S2 (Moderately Suitable) class. Meanwhile, the land that is used without flood hazards is approximately 18.9% of the Northern Part of South Barito Regency landmass. This analysis is used as consideration by policymakers to develop spatial planning in South Barito Regency.

Rapid Land Assessment for Salt Farming Development in the Coastal Area of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The government of Indonesia has faced several challenges to its goal of achieving salt self-sufficiency, necessitating the formulation and implementation of strategic steps to increase salt production. Among its islands, Java has a great deal of potential for salt production, as does the Special Region of Yogyakarta, where the government has initiated salt farming development as part of its coastal community empowerment program. This study aimed to (1) evaluate the land suitability of existing salt farms and (2) identify potential sites and make a productivity estimation of salt farms in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, with the broad objective of demonstrating a rapid land assessment for salt farming development using the combination GIS and field survey. The approach was carried out in three phases; i.e., the analyses of land availability, land characteristics, and land recommendations. On-screen digitizing using GIS was applied to identify land availability through several data sources (satellite imagery and a land-use map from the Indonesian topographic map). This process led to the discovery of 19 sites. Land characteristics and land recommendations analysis were carried out in those sites, resulting in multiple land suitability classes, mostly in the S2 class (moderately suitable). Several impediment factors, such as wind, material texture, and temperature, were also identified, along with other obstacles including high tide and tsunami exposure. In terms of supporting the Indonesian salt self-sufficiency program, these results are significant, with salt productivity estimations of the potential sites meeting the target set by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia.

Analysis of Land Suitability Level and Efficiency of Corn Farming Business in Kempo District, Dompu

The development of corn plants should pay attention to the level of land suitability and the resulting economic value. This study aims to evaluate the level of land suitability and efficiency of corn farming in Kempo District so that the results can be used as a reference in making agricultural decisions, especially for the development of corn plants. The research was conducted in the Kempo District, Dompu Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The research method used is a survey method. The results showed that there was corn farming land cultivated in the land suitability class that was not suitable (N) of 9.30 ha (0.05%), according to marginal (S3) covering an area of ​​8,634.94 ha (45.05%), sufficient suitable (S2) covering an area of ​​6,841.55 (35.70%) and very suitable (S1) covering an area of ​​1,086.59 (5.67%). Corn farmers who cultivate land for corn farming in land suitability class N, farmers incur costs that are higher than the total revenue from corn, the average respondent loses, this is not realized by the farmers concerned, while the highest level of farming efficiency is shown in exploitation land class is very suitable (S1) followed by class S2 and then S3. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that farmers not cultivate corn on land that is categorized as unsuitable, while on land that is categorized as quite suitable (S2) and marginally suitable (S3), land engineering efforts are needed according to their respective limiting factors to increase the level of suitability be more suitable. While the highest level of farming efficiency was shown in the very appropriate class (S1), followed by the S2 class and then the S3 class

Assessment of Land Characteristics and Recommendation for Improvements in Patchouli Plantations in Aceh Province, Indonesia

Background: Land characteristics and its criteria are important factors affecting the success of crop cultivation. This research aimed to evaluate the value and criteria of land characteristics for Aceh patchouli. Methods: The study was conducted at smallholders’ adopting patchouli farming in North Aceh (AU) and Gayo Lues (GL) using purposive sampling method. Eleven patchouli farming in both AU and GL were selected. Soil sampling and agroclimate data were collected from the farming. Result: The results revealed that the altitude varied at each plantation and there were significant differences of altitudes, climates and soil characteristics between plantations in those two regions. It is found that the land characteristics in AU and GL of patchouli plantations are classified into marginally suitable (S3) and not suitable (N). But, the best class for patchouli lies between S1-S3, where S3 class requires adequate rainfall and organic-C, enabling the land to upgrade its class, to be resulted in an increase of patchouli production. The best patchouli growth and production was determined by land characteristics like base saturation (BS), total-N, erosion hazard, stoniness and rocks outcrop and have been evaluated and suitable suggestions were given.

Optimized Land Use through Integrated Land Suitability and GIS Approach in West El-Minia Governorate, Upper Egypt

Land evaluation is imperative for its efficient use in agriculture. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the suitability of a region in West El-Minia for cultivating some of the major crops using the geographical information system (GIS). The results focus on allocating space for cultivating sugar beet and utilizing the free period of sugar beet in other crops. This exploitation helps to maintain the quality of the land and increase its fertility by using crop rotation with integrated agricultural management. A machine learning technique was implemented using the random forest algorithm (RF) to predict soil suitability classes for sugar beet using geomorphology, terrain attribute and remote sensing data. Fifteen major crops were evaluated using a suitability multicriteria approach in GIS environment for crop rotation decisions. Soil parameters were determined (soil depth, pH, texture, CaCO3, drainage, ECe, and slope) to characterize the land units for soil suitability. Soils of the area were found to be Entisols; Typic Torrifluvents, Typic Torripsamments and Typic Torriorthents and Aridsols; Typic Haplocacids, Calcic Haplosalids and Sodic Haplocalcids. Overall, the studied area was classified into four suitability classes: high “S1”, moderate “S2”, marginal “S3”, and not suitable “N”. The area of each suitability class changed depending on the crop tested. The highest two crops that occupied S1 class were barley with 471.5 ha (representing 6.8% of the total study area) and alfalfa with 157.4 ha (2.3%). In addition, barley, sugar beet, and sorghum occupied the highest areas in S2 class with 6415.3 ha (92.5%), 6111.3 ha (88.11%) and 6111.3 ha (88.1%), respectively. Regarding the S3 class, three different crops (sesame, green pepper, and maize) were the most highly represented by 6151.8 ha (88.7%), 6126.3 ha (88.3%), and 6116.7 ha (88.2%), respectively. In the end, potato and beans occupied the highest areas in N class with 6916.9 ha (99.7%) and 6853.5 ha (98.8%), respectively. The results revealed that the integration of GIS and soil suitability system consists of an appropriate approach for the evaluation of suitable crop rotations for optimized land use planning and to prevent soil degradation. The study recommends using crop rotation, as it contributes to soil sustainability and the control of plant pests and diseases, where the succession of agricultural crops on a scientific basis aims at maintaining the balance of nutrients and fertilizers in the soil.

Physical Potentials and Constraints of Tidal Peat Swamps for Agriculture (Case Study of Rasau Jaya District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia)

Tidal swamps which are widespread in lowland areas have the potential to be used for agricultural activities. The amount of rain potential available in this type of land can be used to supply water for irrigation purposes so that plants grow optimally. However, the tidal potential especially on the peat swamps area may have a negative impact, namely the occurrence of nutrient leaching from the soil, which is harmful to plants. Rasau Jaya, a tidal lowland area with peat swamp soil characteristic, is an area allocated for rice and corn cultivation. The study was conducted with the aim to determine the physical potential and constraints of land and water management in Rasau Jaya for the cultivation of both types of plants. This research was conducted through field observations and measurements as well as laboratory tests and model scale to evaluate the characteristics of existing land quality based on Land Suitability Classification by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The result of this study shows that characteristics of water availability in Rasau Jaya is classified as Class S1 Highly Suitable for rice and corn crops, while existing conditions of land in Rasau Jaya III are generally classified in the S2 class Moderately Suitable for rice and corn crops. Appropriate land management is needed to increase land productivity for the cultivation of the Rasau Jaya’s assigned priority crops.

Pemetaan Kelas Kesesuaian Lahan Untuk Budidaya Tambak Dengan Metode Skoring

Pond cultivation is a coastal sector’s potential in Nusawungu District. To optimize the potential of fish and shrimp ponds in Nusawungu District, mapping of the suitable coastal locations as pond cultivation areas was carried out. This research was included in descriptive – quantitative study of the suitability class of pond cultivation land by using the scoring method from the overlay parameter of land usage, soil type, soil texture, slope inclination, pond to river distance, and pond to beach distance. The land suitability class based on this method was divided into 3 (three) classes, suitable (S1), conditionally suitable (S2), and unsuitable (S3). The results showed that 48.32% or an area of 29.6008 km 2 , categorized S1 (suitable) as location for pond cultivation. Furthermore, the S2 (Conditionally suitable) class was recorded for 33.98% or an area of 20.8039 km 2 . S3 (unsuitable) class was recorded for 17.72% or an area of 10.8553 km 2 .

ProcData: An R Package for Process Data Analysis.

Process data refer to data recorded in log files of computer-based items. These data, represented as timestamped action sequences, keep track of respondents' response problem-solving behaviors. Process data analysis aims at enhancing educational assessment accuracy and serving other assessment purposes by utilizing the rich information contained in response processes. The R package ProcData presented in this article is designed to provide tools for inspecting, processing, and analyzing process data. We define an S3 class 'proc' for organizing process data and extend generic methods summary and print for 'proc'. Feature extraction methods for process data are implemented in the package for compressing information in the irregular response processes into regular numeric vectors. ProcData also provides functions for making predictions from neural-network-based sequence models. In addition, a real dataset of response processes from the climate control item in the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment is included in the package.

Ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization of Arabian extra light oil (AXL) with molecular characterization of the sulfur compounds

The oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of model oil (BT, DBT, and 4,6-DMDBT) was studied with Mo/Ti-TUD-1 catalyst under mechanical stirring and ultrasonic-assisted conditions. ODS of DBT followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model under both conditions and achieved a maximum conversion of 99%. The use of ultrasound instead of mechanical stirring significantly shortens the reaction time from 80 to 15 min. The oxidative reactivity of sulfur compounds in the model oil followed the same order under the mechanical stirring and ultrasound: 4,6-DMDBT > DBT > BT. Then ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization of Arabia extra light oil was performed at 60 °C. It removed 55.1% of sulfur from the Arabian extra light oil feedstock. APPI FT-ICR characterized the sulfur compounds distribution. The S1, S2, O2S1, and O4S2 class species were identified in Arabian extra light oil feedstock, raffinate, and methanol extraction phase samples. The abundant O2S1 class species which had 9–15 Double Bond Equivalent (DBE) values and 15–30 carbon numbers, O4S2 class species with 11–20 DBE and 20 < carbon number < 40 were detected in the extraction phase. 1H NMR and 13C NMR results revealed that the molecular structure in Arabian extra light oil is aromatic-base with a high alkylation degree. Combined with the FT-ICR and NMR results, those sulfur-containing compounds with lower alkylation degrees were converted to sulfone over Mo/Ti-TUD-1 catalyst and extracted by methanol.

PENGARUH BIOCHAR SEKAM PADI TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK TANAH DAN HASIL TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays) DI KELURAHAN LAPE KECAMATAN AESESA

This study aims to determine the condition of the physical properties of the soil and maize yields given rice husk biochar in Lape Village, Aesesa District. The continuous use of inorganic fertilizers will have a negative impact on the soil such as destroying the physical properties of the soil and reducing maize yields. Therefore, this research is a descriptive study. Determination of soil samples using purposive sampling method with the criteria of land cultivation of corn and rice husk biochar. The variables observed were soil color, structure, texture, porosity, bulk density, moisture content, temperature, humidity and maize yield. The results showed that the criteria for the physical properties of the soil in the maize cultivation area were dusty clay soil texture and categorized as S1 class, soil color was dominated by 10 YR 2/1 Black and categorized as S1 class, and soil structure was dominated by granular criteria. B0 content density value: 1.01; B2: 0.9; B3: 0.87; B4: 0.81; B4: 0.8 and categorized as S2 class, soil porosity value B0: 61.76; B1: 65.91; B2:67,18; B3: 69.41; B4; 69.89 and categorized as S1 class. Value of water content B0: 36.78; B1:41,14; B2: 40.82; B3: 35.06; B4: 39.55 and categorized into class N. temperature analysis results B0: 33.75; B1: 34.00; B2: 32.75; B3: 33.25; B4: 34.00 and can be categorized as class N. Moisture analysis results B0: 67.00; B1: 68.00; B2: 64.50; B3: 66.25; 68.00 and categorized in S1 class. And maize yields. Corn kernels yield tan-1(g) B0: 347.30; B1: 360.40; B2: 380.70; B3: 385.40; B4: 401.35. Yield of shelled corn ha-1(tons) B0: 9.26; B1: 9.61; B2: 10,15; B3: 10.28; B4: 10.70

The land suitability evaluation of upland rice in the low dryland of Bengkulu Province

The problem with dry land is that it has a low fertility rate which causes low land productivity, so that production is low. This study aims to determine the suitability of upland rice land and soil fertility status in 3 sub-districts, namely Air Periukan, Pondok Kelapa, and Kerkap. The parameters observed were land characteristics which included climate data and soil physical and chemical properties. Data analysis was carried out by matching each land characteristic with the conditions for upland rice growth. The conclusion was based on the smallest value (minimum law) as a land suitability decision. The results showed that the suitability of the upland rice field in Air Periukan District, Pondok Kelapa district, and Kerkap district are included in S3 classes. Furthermore, the limiting factors for those districts are different. In the Air Periukan District, water availability and nutrient retention as limiting factors. However, only water availability is a limiting factor in Pondok Kelapa district. The land suitability in the Kerkap district for upland rice land has a limiting factor regarding nutrient retention and nutrient availability. The suggested alternative for soil cultivation in the research area is increasing C-organic and CEC, improving other nutrient content by providing manure, straw compost, and giving balanced inorganic fertilizers.

Land Suitability Evaluation Of New Settlement For Citizen Affected By The Construction Of Cisokan Reservoir In West Bandung

The construction of the Cisokan Reservoir caused residents who previously lived and carried out activities around the land that would be inundated to have to move to another place. Based on the Land Acquisition and Relocation report, 10 locations were selected and already occupied by residents affected by the construction of the Cisokan Reservoir to be used as new residential land. An increase in the population of a space in a certain period of time is accompanied by an increase in the need for land, especially for housing needs. In an agrarian society, land is also needed for a production function. Land use for settlements must be regulated by taking into account ecological aspects so as not to cause problems and disasters in the future. With the Geographical Information System approach with the spatial scoring technique, the final results obtained at the research location were 3 land suitability classes, namely S1, S2, and S3 classes. The land suitability class N was not found in the study area. Meanwhile, for the resettlement locations of residents affected by the construction of the Cisokan reservoir from the 10 locations, all locations are in areas with land suitability class S2.

Land Arrangement for Citronella (Cymbopogon Nardus) and Arabica Coffee in the Cultivation Area in Gayo Lues District, Aceh Province Indonesia: A Land Suitability Approach

Gayo Lues District is known as Citronella and Arabica coffee producer in Aceh province, Indonesia. This paper aims to manage Citronella and Arabica coffee's land arrangement in the Gayo Lues District's cultivated area. This implementation is aimed at maintaining the peculiarities of citronella products and Arabica coffee. Thus, the two commodities must be separated in terms of allocated sites. The altitude for the area is 200-2,000 meters above sea level, consisting of ten classes, and the type of soils are Entisols, Oxisols, Inceptisols, and Ultisols. The area's slope between 0- to 40% (4 classes) was used to delineate the land units. There are 49 land units observed within the cultivated area of 160,017.17 ha. The guidelines for land suitability classification by the Ministry of Agriculture for Citronella and Center for Coffee and Cocoa Research, Jember for Arabica coffee were utilized. The results showed that 58,275.5 hectares of land were suitable for citronella, and 13,765.75 ha has been planted. The actual land suitability of citronella inside the area of 58,275.5 ha is suitable (S2 class) and marginally suitable (S3-class) and not suitable (N-class) with limiting factors are temperature, water availability, erosion hazard, and nutrient retention. This land suitability can be improved by providing inputs to increase the level of suitability with temperature, water availability, and erosion hazard (slope) limiting factors. Also, 48,765.3 hectares can be developed for Arabica coffee, and 4,653.5 ha has been planted. The actual land suitability for Arabica coffee is Suitable, Marginal Suitable, and Not Suitable, limiting the soil's physical properties (adequate soil depth), slope, and chemical properties of the soil. Once repaired, the land's suitability becomes Suitable (S1-class) (without limiting factor), Suitable, and marginal suitable with the slope as a limiting factor. There is an area of 44,509.75 hectares of land at 200-1,400 m above sea level within the cultivation area developed with a Citronella. There is an area of 44,111.8 ha at the height of 800-2,000 m above sea level, potentially for Arabica coffee.

An insight into the molecular structure of sulfur compounds and their reactivity during residual oil hydroprocessing

The molecular structure of sulfur compounds in residual oils and their desulfurization reactivity during residue hydroprocessing (RHT) process were investigated by virtue of the self-established semiquantitative APPI FT-ICT MS combined with the kinetic analysis of the hydrodesulfurization of individual sulfur compounds. In order to increase the characterization accuracy and gain more structure details on the sulfur compounds, a prior SARA separation scheme of residual oils into clearly-defined fractions was performed. Results show that S1, S2, S3, and N1S1 class were the dominated species in the residual oil feedstock. During RHT process, the S1 class species were identified as the key refractory sulfur compounds, while S2 and S3 class species were identified as the easily-removed sulfur compounds. The molecular structure change of S1 class species during RHT process was marked by a drastic increase in the aromaticity and polycondensation, indicating that S1 class species with less-aromatic cores exhibited higher reactivity. Moreover, a novel DBE-based lumping kinetics approach containing 6 sulfur groups of S1 class compounds was developed to investigate the desulfurization reactivity of individual sulfur compounds. The results revealed that the reactivity of sulfur compounds depends on their structure, and different molecular structure brings distinctly different reactivity. The reactivity difference between the individual sulfur compounds in residual oils is considerably smaller than that in other petroleum fractions with lower boiling points, such as VGO, diesel. This research provides a deep insight into complex desulfurization chemistry during RHT process.

Soil Suitability for Apple (Malus domestica) Cultivation within the Borders of the Municipality of Bužim

The consequences of improper land management are long-term, inadequate for agricultural production, and reflected through the loss of land, reduced yields, soil erosion, etc. In order to determine the optimal role or suitability of the land for apple cultivation within the Bužim municipality, a survey was conducted according to the FAO method of AEZ (FAO, 1976), and based on the obtained results, an assessment of the suitability of the land for apple cultivation was carried out. It was found that a significant land portion of the total of 13,026.27 ha agricultural land within the Municipality of Bužim is suitable for fruit production marked from S1 to N suitability class. Thus, the areas with the best graded class S1 cover only 1.23% or 159.52 ha, the S2 class occupies 5.51% (717.24 ha), the S3 class occupies 2.29% (298.24 ha). However, the largest areas are marked as the unfavourable N-class with 36.68% (4,772.60 ha). It is evident that pre-existing conditions for apple production within the municipality do exist. With the implementation of the necessary measures of soil/ land regulation, education of agricultural producers, and mindfulness of constraint factors hindering intensive production such as terrain slope, depth, rockiness and soil response, progress in production can be made.

Soil salinity mapping by remote sensing south of Urmia Lake, Iran

Urmia Lake is a shallow terminal Lake located in northwest Iran and it is one of the largest permanent Lakes in the Middle East. In this study, the changes in soil salinity at Urmia Lake were investigated using satellite images and the oldest salinity map of the area over a period of 45 years from 1973 to 2018. The distribution of salinity in 2018 was estimated using the supervised classification by the nonlinear hybrid model of artificial multi-layered neural network-genetic algorithm model (ANN-GA) while the salinity map for the years of 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2015 was estimated by the unsupervised method. Further, the salinity data of surface soil in the region for the year 1973 was also digitized and utilized. For this purpose, 291 surface samples (258 samples for modeling and 33 samples for the re-evaluation of the model) of the studied region were collected and analyzed in 2018. The input neurons were selected by analyzing the satellite imagery bands, salinity indices, salinity ratio index and normalized difference vegetation index. The correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error of the training network model were equal to 0.94 and 0.04, respectively. The salinity map of the studied region was estimated using this model and classified into six classes (S0 to S5). The produced map of 2018 was used to re-evaluate the results. It showed that lower estimation accuracy was in classes S1 and S2. The obtained results in this study indicated that roughness, moisture, the density of halophyte plants and sodium slickspot were some of the sources for estimation of errors in lower salinity classes. The time-series changes in the salinity class of estimated maps showed that S3, S4 and S5 classes have expanded between 1973 and 2018. These are in agreement with the field observation and with the other scientific reports about the studied area.

Strategy for improving sustainable cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) plant productivity in South Sulawesi based on land suitability

This study aimed to establish land suitability classes in South Sulawesi for cocoa plant development, determine the productivity potential of South Sulawesi cocoa, and determine efforts to optimize cocoa productivity in South Sulawesi. The method used was a mixed qualitative and quantitative. The study was conducted in three cocoa producing districts with different climate types. 18 units of soil profiles were analyzed and interviews with farmers was carried out to obtain information on the actual cocoa yield and implemented management. Land suitability analysis was conducted using a parametric approach (square root method), farming analysis (B/C ratio), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for decision making, and correlation analysis to determine the relationship of suitability index with cocoa yield. The results show that the climate suitability analysis at the location was S3 (marginally suitable) and S2 (moderately suitable). The results of land suitability in Bantaeng Regency are mostly S3 (marginally suitable) with limiting factors for soil depth and humidity. Whereas in the districts of East Luwu and Pinrang, land suitability classes obtained were S3 (marginally suitable) and S2 class (moderately suitable). The limiting factors included climate (rainfall and humidity), soil depth, pH and slope. Overall cocoa farming in South Sulawesi is feasible to be developed with an R/C value> 1, NPV of IDR13,495,268; Net B/C 1.1, and IRR of 15.8%. Correlation analysis between land suitability index and cocoa productivity was not statistically significant (P <0.05). The priority strategy for increasing cocoa crop productivity is the addition of organic fertilizer.

Land characteristics and suitability for tilapia culture at different seasons in brackish water ponds of Bontoa Subdistrict, Maros Regency, Indonesia

Non-shrimp commodities diversification is an alternative for increasing aquaculture production, including brackish water ponds in Bontoa Subdistrict, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Therefore, a study was conducted to analysis land characteristics in an effort to determine land suitability for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in ponds at different seasons. Factors considered in determining land characteristics and suitability are topography and tide, soil quality, water quality, and climate. Spatial analysis in Geographic Information Systems is used in determining land suitability for tilapia in ponds. The results showed that the land of ponds in the Bontoa Subdistrict has a slope of less than 2%, a tide of 1.38 m, dominated by acid sulfate soil, low water salinity in the rainy season and relatively high of salinity in the dry season with rainfall reaches 3,531 mm/year. In rainy season, from 3,072.6 ha of ponds in Bontoa Subdistrict, 252.2 ha classified as highly suitable (S1 class) and 2,820.4 ha is moderately suitable (S2 class) for tilapia, while in dry season which is moderately suitable (S2 class) area of 2,207.9 ha and classified as not suitable (N class) area of 864.7 ha. High water salinity in the dry season in Bontoa Subdistrict is the main limiting factor for tilapia in ponds.