sIgA Levels Research Articles

Impact of social distancing from the COVID-19 pandemic on the immuno-inflammatory response of older adults

BackgroundOlder adults, as the population considered at increased risk for severe COVID-19, were the most impacted by social isolation. Thus, this study aimed to assess the salivary immune/inflammatory response of older adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA cohort of 11 older adults (mean age 66.8 ± 6.1) was followed at three different time points: before (S1) and after 6 (S2) and 20 months (S3) of the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Unstimulated saliva samples were obtained to assess the levels of antibodies (secretory IgA, IgG and IgM) by ELISA and cytokines (IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10, TSLP, IFN-γ, TNF-α) by multiplex analysis. Significant differences were evaluated using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's post-test.ResultsNone volunteer presented periodontal disease or caries. All volunteers received at least two doses of the COVID-19 vaccines after S2 and before S3. A tendency to increase salivary levels of SIgA and IgM at S2 and of IgG at S3 were observed compared to the values found at S1 and S2. Significantly decreased levels of IL-2 and IL-5 were found at S2 and S3 (p < 0.001) time points. Lower levels of IFN-γ were found at S2 as compared to the values observed at S1 (p < 0.01). A significant decrease in the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio was found at S2 (p < 0.01). When assessing the Th1/Th2 ratios, a significant decrease was found in the IFN-γ/TSLP ratio at S2 (p < 0.001) and S3 (p < 0.001) when compared to the values at S1. In addition, a significant increase was observed in the TNF-α/IL-5 ratio at S2 (p < 0.001) and S3 (p < 0.001) in comparison to the values at S1. In a similar way, an increase in the TNF-α/IL-6 ratio (Fig. 5E) was observed at S3 (p < 0.001) when compared to the values at S1.ConclusionsOverall, this study provides valuable insights into the impact of COVID-19-induced social isolation on immune/inflammatory responses in the upper airway mucosa, particularly those present in oral cavity, of older adults. It demonstrates that a controlled shift in Th1 and Th2 immune responses, both during infection and post-vaccination, can create favorable conditions to combat viral infections without exacerbating the immune response or worsening the pathology.

Influence of using a domestic adhesive cream for fixation of removable dentures with plantain extract on mucosal microbiome and secretory immunity of the mouth

Relevance. Denture stomatitis, including fungal infection, which affects many wearers of removable dental prostheses, has a multifactorial etiology with poor oral hygiene as the main predisposing factor. Therefore, the search for means that contribute to the prevention of occurrence and elimination of denture stomatitis in persons using removable dental prostheses remains relevant.Objective. The effect of the adhesive cream for fixation of dentures Asepta Рarodontal with plantain extract on the mucosal microbiome and secretory immunity of the mouth of patients using removable dentures was evaluated.Materials and Methods. The content of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in saliva was studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and microbiological examination for periodontopathogens (Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus, Treponema denticola, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porhyromonas gingivalis), as well as Streptococccus spp, Staphylococcus spp and Candida spp in 3 groups of patients who did not use any dental prostheses (1 control group, 30 people). ), as well as those who were made partial removable acrylic dentures from the first day of application were offered to use domestic adhesive cream for fixation of dentures Asepta Рarodonta (2 main group, 30 people) and who were made partial removable acrylic dentures, but their adaptation period and subsequent use of dentures passed without the use of any adhesive means for fixation of dentures (3 comparison group, 30 people).Results. It was found that after 6 months of application of adhesive cream for fixation of dentures with plantain extract there was a significant decrease in detection of Bacteroides forsythus and Porphyromonas gingivalis in comparison with the control group, as well as a significant increase in the level of sIgA, which was noted 1 month after the beginning of application of Asepta Carodontal denture fixation agent and continued after 6 months. This indicates the strengthening of secretory immunity, which leads to increased binding of microbes in saliva with their further excretion, inhibition of adhesion of C. albicans to the walls of the denture and epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, which ultimately contributes to a decrease in colonization of the oral mucosa epithelium by fungi and a decrease in the incidence of stomatitis.Conclusion. Prevention of denture stomatitis by optimizing the microbiome of the oral mucosa and mucosal immunity is possible due to the use of adhesive cream for fixation of dentures Asepta Carodontal, as it creates the possibility of preserving and optimizing the microbiocenosis and immune balance in the oral cavity after dental prosthetics, which allow us to recommend the use of adhesive agents for fixation of removable dental prostheses, including cream Asepta Carodontal.

The improvement of immunity and activation of TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway by Romboutsia ilealis in broilers.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Romboutsia ilealis on the immune function of broilers and the underlying mechanisms. A total of 48 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were allocated to 4 groups as follows: broilers treated daily with 1mL live R. ilealis in general anaerobic medium broth media (0, 1 × 104, 1 × 106, and 1 × 108 CFU/mL) from days 1 to 7. Samples were collected on days 8 and 14. The results showed that R. ilealis had no negative effect on the body weight of broilers (P > 0.05). R. ilealis significantly increased the levels of lysozyme, IFN-γ, IFN-γ/IL-4, and IgG in the serum (P < 0.05). R. ilealis significantly increased the levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, sIgA, lysozyme, and iNOS in the ileal mucosa (P < 0.05). R. ilealis significantly increased the mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IgA, pIgR, iNOS, and MHC-II in the ileum (P < 0.05). R. ilealis significantly increased the relative abundance of Enterococcus and Paracoccus in the jejunum and ileum, ileal Candidatus Arthromitus, and cecal Romboutsia and Intestinimonas (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that Enterococcus, Paracoccus, Romboutsia, and Intestinimonas were significantly positively correlated with humoral immune function (P < 0.05). In conclusion, R. ilealis boosted the immune system, activated the intestinal TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway, and improved the gut microbiota in broilers.

Comparative characteristics of treatment methods for chronic stomatitis in pediatric patients

Study of the immunological effectiveness of the use of standard treatment, according to protocols, and the use of standard treatment in combination with magnetic laser exposure in children with chronic stomatitis. Materials and methods. 80 children with chronic stomatitis aged 4 to 18 years were examined: group E (21 children) aged 4-7 years and group R (19 children) aged 8-18 years received only standard treatment, group F (21 children) at the age of 4-7 years and group S (19 children) at the age of 8-18 years received standard treatment in combination with magnetic laser exposure. The control groups consisted of children without a history of diseases of the oral mucosa aged 4-7 years (group C, n=20) and children aged 8-18 years (group D, n=20). The levels of alpha-amylase, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, myeloperoxidase, immunoglobulin M, and secretory immunoglobulin A were determined. Results. In group E, the initial levels of lactoferrin, sIgA, IgM and myeloperoxidase were statistically significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than in group C. After treatment, the levels of lactoferrin, sIgA and myeloperoxidase decreased compared to the initial level, but retained statistically significant differences in comparison with the control group (p&lt;0.05). In group R, the initial levels of lysozyme, sIgA and myeloperoxidase were statistically significantly different (p&lt;0.05). Lysozyme and sIgA levels were lower than in children in group D, and myeloperoxidase levels were higher. After treatment, the level of lysozyme increased relative to the initial level, but statistically significant differences were revealed in comparison with the control group (p &lt;0.05). The level of sIgA reached the values of the control group (p&gt;0.05). In group F, the levels of lysozyme, lactoferrin, sIgA and myeloperoxidase were statistically significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than in children of group C. The level of IgM was statistically significantly lower (p&lt;0.05). After treatment, the levels of lysozyme, lactoferrin, sIgA, IgM and myeloperoxidase reached the levels of group C (p&gt;0.05). In group S, the levels of lysozyme and lactoferrin were statistically significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) than in children of group D, and the level of myeloperoxidase was higher (p&lt;0.05). After treatment, the levels of lysozyme, lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase reached the levels of the control group (p&gt;0.05). In groups E and R, positive dynamics were observed in the levels of the studied indicators, however, statistically significant differences remained (p&gt;0.05) in comparison with control groups C and D. In group F and S, the levels of the studied indicators reached the levels of control groups C and D, and there were no statistically significant differences (p &lt;0.05). Conclusion. The inclusion of magnetic laser exposure in standard therapy promotes the dynamics of immune status indicators (lysozyme, lactoferrin, alpha-amylase, myeloperoxidase, immunoglobulin M, secretory immunoglobulin A) in children with chronic stomatitis aged 4-18 years.

The Effect of Dental Implants on Secretory Iga Level in Saliva

Background and aims: The host immune response is altered by a series of physiological and pathological factors such as age, gender, inflammation, surgery, and medications. This study was conducted to evaluate differences in salivary IgA (S-IgA) levels in individuals who underwent dental implant surgery and compare them to individuals who were not exposed to dental treatments. S-IgA levels were determined at least 3 months after implant installation. Methods: A total of 60 healthy individuals were included in the study; 30 participants received implant treatment (Implant Group) and were compared with 30 participants with no implant treatment as controls (Control Group). 1.5 ml of unstimulated saliva was obtained for all participants. The quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used for the measurement of salivary IgA levels. Results: The age range of the participants in the implant group was 38-62 years, with a mean age of 47.9 years; 18 (60%) were males and 12 (40%) were females. The age range of the study's controls was 38-59 years, with a mean age ± SD of 45.2 ± 5.2 years for 18 (60%) males and 12 (40%) females. The mean number of implants was 2.7 ± 0.83, and the mean period after implant placement was 19.2 ± 8.2 months. A low sIgA level (&lt; 250 μg/mL) was present in 10% of implant patients, but not in any cases in the control group. In contrast, only 6.7% of implant patients had this amount at a level greater than 351 μg/mL, compared to 53.3% in the control group. The mean ± SD for cases was 302.7 ± 36.8 g/mL versus 370.8 ± 59.2 μg/mL for controls, indicating that all normal distribution values were significantly lower in the implant patient group compared to higher values in healthy controls. Males had higher normal values across the board in both groups (cases and controls). Male dental implant patients' mean and standard deviation (312.2 ± 38.3 vs. 408.2 ± 42.2 µg/ml) showed a statistically significant decrease. Female dental implant patients' mean and standard deviation (287.3 30.6 vs. 314.7 ± 27.6 µg/ml) showed a statistically significant decrease. Overall, there was a significant decrease in the mean ±SD of dental implant patients (302.7 ± 36.8 µg/ml) versus the rising level in the total healthy control group (370.8 ± 36.8 µg/ml). The observed averages of sIgA for the presence of peri-implant mucositis in the two independent samples (yes, no) differed significantly by 60.7, with a 95% confidence interval of 41.1-80.3, and this finding is very significant (p&lt;0.0001). Conclusion: Salivary immunoglobulin A level values were significantly lower statistically in implant patients compared to the control group. The results, however, showed that there is a connection between lower sIgA levels in saliva and the development of pre-implant mucositis, meaning that low sIgA levels are risk factors for peri-implant mucositis or that peri-implant mucositis causes lower sIgA levels to be produced in mouth saliva.

Динамика клинических и иммунологических показателей при патогенетической терапии острого или обострения хронического фарингита

Objective. To study the anti-inflammatory properties of Tonsilgon N preparation and its effect on the indices of local immunity of oropharyngeal mucosa in patients with acute or exacerbation of chronic pharyngitis without a pronounced systemic inflammatory syndrome. Patients and methods. 60 people diagnosed with acute catarrhal pharyngitis with intoxication syndrome were examined. Group 1 – 30 people took the drug Tonsilgon N in the form of alcohol solution, group 2 – 30 people – sage in the form of tablets for resorption in the oral cavity according to the scheme of 25 drops or 1 tablet every 2 hours for the first 3 days of treatment, then 3 times a day until day 7 inclusive. Pharyngoscopy was performed by an otorhinolaryngologist at each visit on day 1, day 3–4 and day 7–8 of the disease. Using a 10-point visual analogue scale (VAS) with scores from 0 (no sign) to 10, we evaluated the severity of symptoms (pain when swallowing, a feeling of parching in the oropharynx, a feeling of a foreign body in the oropharynx, dry cough, weakness, headache) and the condition of the oropharyngeal mucosa. Additionally, at 3 visits, scrapings from the oropharyngeal mucosa were made with a cytobrush probe and the content of IL-6 and sIgA proteins was determined by enzyme immunoassay. For the control group, 30 conventionally healthy people were taken, not differing in sex and age from the main group of patients and having no inclusion criteria. Results. All patients by day 7 of observation had no expressed complaints, none of them had progression of inflammatory process or development of any complications, patients did not need further continuation of treatment. Pain at swallowing, feelings of foreign body in the oropharynx, feelings of feathering and intensity of hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall when treated with Tonsilgon N on the 3–4 day of observation compared to the group of patients taking Sage. On the 7th day of observation at Tonsilgon N treatment all analyzed clinical manifestations of pharyngitis were absent, and in Sage group in some cases weakly expressed symptoms of pain at swallowing, feeling of foreign body in the oropharynx, feeling of fever, intensity of hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the back wall of the pharynx (Me = 0 [0;1] points) and dry cough (Me = 0 [0;0.5] points) remained. On day 1 of observation, an increase in IL-6 protein content compared with normal was noted in pharyngitis, and sIgA levels were low. Further, both groups showed a decrease in IL-6 level, in group 1 in the group receiving Tonsilgon N, its level on the 2nd and 3rd visit was lower compared to group 2. The amount of sIgA on the first day with pharyngitis was minimal, then in group 1 its values increased on day 3 but remained below control, and in group 2 further decreased, on day 7 of observation in group 1 sIgA slightly increased but was below control. In group 2 the sIgA level was determined in minimal values. Conclusion. Tonsilgon N or sage therapy showed a clear relief of clinical symptoms of tonsillopharyngitis during the treatment period without taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and their reduction was significantly faster with Tonsilgon N. Decrease of proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 on the background of treatment was faster on the background of treatment with Tonsilgon N. Increased synthesis of sIgA against the background of Tonsilgon N treatment allows to explain the rapid onset of clinical recovery in patients and to identify an additional mechanism of action of this drug on the local immune response of the oropharyngeal mucosa. It can be assumed that Tonsilgon N is not only pathogenetic, but also immunoregulatory, creating the most effective response of the body to inflammation. Key words: pharyngitis, oropharyngeal mucosa, interleukin-6 (IL-6), secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), treatment, Tonsilgon N, sage

Bacillus siamensis Targeted Screening from Highly Colitis-Resistant Pigs Can Alleviate Ulcerative Colitis in Mice.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is often accompanied by intestinal inflammation and disruption of intestinal epithelial structures, which are closely associated with changes in the intestinal microbiota. We previously revealed that Min pigs, a native Chinese breed, are more resistant to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis than commercial Yorkshire pigs. Characterizing the microbiota in Min pigs would allow identification of the core microbes that confer colitis resistance. By analyzing the microbiota linked to the disease course in Min and Yorkshire pigs, we observed that Bacillus spp. were enriched in Min pigs and positively correlated with pathogen resistance. Using targeted screening, we identified and validated Bacillus siamensis MZ16 from Min pigs as a bacterial species with biofilm formation ability, superior salt and pH tolerance, and antimicrobial characteristics. Subsequently, we administered B. siamensis MZ16 to conventional or microbiota-deficient BALB/c mice with DSS-induced colitis to assess its efficacy in alleviating colitis. B. siamensis MZ16 partially counteracted DSS-induced colitis in conventional mice, but it did not mitigate DSS-induced colitis in microbiota-deficient mice. Further analysis revealed that B. siamensis MZ16 administration improved intestinal ecology and integrity and immunological barrier function in mice. Compared to the DSS-treated mice, mice preadministered B. siamensis MZ16 exhibited improved relative abundance of potentially beneficial microbes (Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Christensenellaceae R7, Ruminococcus, Clostridium, and Eubacterium), reduced relative abundance of pathogenic microbes (Escherichia-Shigella), and maintained colonic OCLN and ZO-1 levels and IgA and SIgA levels. Furthermore, B. siamensis MZ16 reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels by reversing NF-κB and MAPK pathway activation in the DSS group. Overall, B. siamensis MZ16 from Min pigs had beneficial effects on a colitis mouse model by enhancing intestinal barrier functions and reducing inflammation in a gut microbiota-dependent manner.

Effects of Huangqi Gancao Decoction on intestinal immunity and microbiota in immunocompromised mice models.

The classical medicinal formula Huangqi Gancao Decoction (HQGCD), originating from the medical book" Yi Lin Gai Cuo". Up to now, the studies focusing on the immunoenhancement effects of HQGCD are few, and the actionpathway is not yet clear. In this study, SPF male KM mice were utilized as a model for immunosuppression. Comprehensive observations were made regarding the general behavior and condition of the mice, in addition to monitoring fluctuations in body weight and food intake. The blood routine index was measured, and morphological changes in the ileum and colon tissues were examined. The level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in ileum and colon tissues were quantified. Additionally, the bone marrow total DNA index was assessed. Flow cytometry analyzed the proportions of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T lymphocytes in small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Lastly, the composition and diversity of the cecal microbiota were evaluated using 16S rDNA sequencing technology. After HQGCD intervention, there were no significant changes in the mice's feed intake and body weight. However, the tissue structures of the ileum and colon showed recovery. In the blood routine index, there was an increase in the total white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin content. Additionally, the bone marrow total DNA index was elevated. Level of SOD and sIgA in ileum and colon tissues increased, while the level of MDA decreased. The proportions of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ T lymphocytes within IELs increased, along with an increase in DP T lymphocytes in IELs (DP IELs), whereas the proportion of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes decreased. The cecal microbiota underwent changes, with an increase in the variety and number of beneficial microbiota. HQGCD could restore the intestinal immune function of immunocompromised mice, and had a certain positive effect on cecal microbiota.

Development of a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of nasal mucosal secretory IgA against SARS-CoV-2.

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 begins in the upper respiratory tract and can trigger the production of mucosal spike-specific secretory IgA (sIgA), which provides protection against reinfection. It has been recognized that individuals with high level of nasal spike-specific IgA have a lower risk of reinfection. However, mucosal spike-specific sIgA wanes over time, and different individuals may have various level of spike-specific sIgA and descending kinetics, leading to individual differences in susceptibility to reinfection. A method for detecting spike-specific sIgA in the nasal passage would be valuable for predicting the risk of reinfection so that people at risk can have better preparedness. In this study, we describe the development of a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic (ICT) strip for detecting SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike-specific sIgA in nasal mucosal lining fluids (NMLFs). The ICT strip was designed to detect 0.125 μg or more spike-specific sIgA in 80 μL of NMLFs collected using a nasal swab. Purified nasal sIgA samples from individuals who recently recovered from an Omicron BA.5 infection were used to demonstrate that this ICT strip can specifically detect spike-specific sIgA. The signal levels positively correlated with neutralizing activities against XBB. Subsequent analysis revealed that people with low or undetectable levels of spike-specific sIgA in the nasal passage were more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. This nasal spike-specific sIgA ICT strip provides a non-invasive, rapid, and convenient method to assess the risk of reinfection for achieving precision preparedness.

Danggui Buxue decoction regulates the immune function and intestinal microbiota of cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppressed mice.

Danggui Buxue decoction (DBD) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the combination of Astragali Radix (AR) and Angelica sinensis (AS) is a classic prescription of tonifying qi and enriching blood. DBD has the functions of hematopoietic, immune enhancement and inflammation inhibition, usually used to treat qi and blood deficiency symptoms. Cyclophosphamide (CY) can inhibit humoral and cellular immunity, leading to the overall immune disorder of the body, resulting in immunosuppressive (IS). Pre-laboratory studies confirmed the immunomodulatory effects of DBD, but its mechanisms have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, the main purpose was to determine the effects of DBD on the immune function and intestinal mucosal barrier function of IS mice induced by CY, and initially explored the immunomodulatory mechanism of DBD. 100g of AR and 20g of AS were accurately weighed and 0.5g/mL of the DBD was obtained by boiling, filtration and rotary evaporation. Then, mice in the DBD group were administered 5g/kg of DBD by gavage, positive group were administered 40mg/kg of levamisole hydrochloride, whereas those in the control and model groups were given the corresponding volume of normal saline by gavage for 1week. At the end of the experiment, blood, spleen, thymus, ileum and cecum contents of all the experimental mice were collected aseptically. IS mouse model induced by intraperitoneal injection of 80mg/kg CY for three consecutive days. Pathomorphology was used to observe the physical barrier of the intestine, flow cytometry to detect splenic lymphocytes, immunohistochemistry to determine the content of intestinal barrier-associated proteins, ELISA to measure the secretion of ileal SIgA, qRT-PCR to detect the mRNA expression of immune-related genes in the intestine, and high-throughput sequencing and analysis of cecum contents. DBD alleviated spleen tissue damage and restored impaired immune functions, such as increased thymus index and CD4+/CD8+ subsets of spleen lymphocytes. In addition, DBD could increase ileum villi length and the ratio of villi length to crypt depth (V/C), and decrease crypt depth. Moreover, DBD administration up-regulated the expression of ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1, MUC-2 mRNA in ileum. And the secretions of sIgA and ZO-1 in ileum were also significantly improved. Furthermore, the administration of DBD can increase the diversity of gut microbiota, improve the composition of intestinal flora and increase the relative abundance of beneficial genus, such as Bacteroides. DBD alleviated CY-induced immune damage by decreasing the ratio of spleen index to CD4+/CD8+ of T lymphocyte subsets. And the intestinal barrier function of mice was by improves improving the intestinal morphology of the ileum and up-regulating the expression levels of ZO-1, MUC-2 and SIgA. DBD regulates CY-induced gut microbiota dysregulation in mice by increasing species diversity and richness, regulating the phylum, class and order levels of Bacteroidetes.

Evaluation of effectiveness of the diets developed for children with allergical pathology living in conditions of adverse environmental exposures

Introduction. Nutrition is one of the important preventive measures aimed at enhancing body resistance to adverse effects of environmental factors. Nutrition modelling taking into account its basic quality and environmental exposures is of particular importance for effective management of risks for the disease.&#x0D; Our objective was to assess the effectiveness of the diets specially developed for children with allergies environmentally exposed to industrial pollutants.&#x0D; Materials and methods. We examined cytomorphological features, nutritional status, general health status, and skin manifestations in eighty 3 to 6-year children suffering from allergies and sensitized to food products.&#x0D; Results. A hypoallergenic elimination and detoxification diet specially developed with account for food intolerance, immune status, protein, energy and micronutrient sufficiency, genomic status, mental and physical health of the preschoolers with allergies led to a 1.5-fold decrease in the number of underweight children and &#x0D; a threefold average drop in blood levels of lead, aluminum, arsenic, copper, and cadmium. The mean number of children with clinical manifestations of food intolerance demonstrated the 1.6-fold decline, the level of sIgA increased, while cytogenetic abnormalities in buccal epithelium decreased by 2.1 times.&#x0D; Limitations. A limitation of the study was the lack of compliance of parents with recommendations for nutritional support.&#x0D; Conclusions. The applied method of modelling the diet using dietary techniques based on basic nutrition data, toxic exposures, genetics, anthropometric, clinical, and immunological indicators has had a beneficial effect on all assessed health parameters in children with allergies living in a large industrial city.

GUT MICROBIOME IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Introduction: The intestinal microbiome is a diagnostic indicator and therapeutic target for non-communicable diseases. The aim of this work is to test the relationship between arterial stiffness, elasticity, gut microbiota and inflammation markers in the patients with acute coronary syndrome.&#x0D; Methods: Elastic properties of arteries were evaluated by non-invasive arteriography (Tensiomed, Hungary), and intestinal microbiota was studied with the determination of key representatives by routine culturing methodology using biochemical identification kits (LACHEMA, Czech Republic). The level of SIgA and cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data obtained for the clinical experimental group of patients were compared with the results obtained for the control group.&#x0D; Results: Obtained data demonstrated a strong correlation between intestinal colonization by Enterococcus faecalis and PPbr (r=0.98), AIbr (r=-0.99) and AIao (r=-0.99). Significant correlations were found for Escherichia coli (lac+) and PPbr indicators (r=-0.97), and for Klebsiella oxytoca and SBP (r=-0.95), the systolic area index of the volumetric curve (r=+0.99), and the index of the diastolic area of the volumetric curve (r=-0.99). Indexed areas of the volumetric curve were correlated with colonization of Streptococcus spp. (r=-0.9 and 0.9 for systolic and diastolic area, respectively). Blood pressure correlated with the consentration of Candida spp. (r=0.95).&#x0D; Conclusion: Detected bacteria (E. faecalis, K. oxytoca), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and intestine level of SIgA correlated with increased arterial stiffness and elasticity observed in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) might be used as a rationale for the prevention and individual treatment of ACS in the earlier stages of the disease.

Household smoking impact on the oral health of 5- to 7-years-old children

BackgroundChildren’s exposure to secondhand smoke, particularly by their parents, could adversely affect their oral health. Thereby, this study aimed to assess the oral health status of children subjected to household smoking and the impact of smoking patterns on the severity of oral health deterioration.MethodsA total of 210 healthy children were enrolled in this case-control study and allocated into children subjected to household smoking (HS) and control groups. Participants’ guardians were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic characteristics and parental smoking habits. All participants were subjected to clinical dental examination to assess dental caries (ICDAS), hypomineralized primary molars (HSPM), and gingival status (GI). Stimulated saliva samples were collected to assess saliva composition and characteristics. Urine samples were collected and analyzed for cotinine concentration. Data were analyzed using SPSS (v.25) software at a test value of p ≤ 0.05. The t-student test was used to find significant differences between participants’ age, gingival index score, saliva pH, flow rate, sIgA, and cotinine level. The Chi-square test was used to test for the significance of parental employment, number of rooms, gender, sweets consumption, brushing frequency, and HMPM. The correspondence analysis was used to test for significance of parents’ levels of education, type of house ventilation, ICDAS score, smoking form, frequency, and smoking pattern. The correlation between cotinine level and sIgA was tested for association using Bivariate correlation test.ResultsThe HS group showed a significantly increased risk for dental caries (p < 0.000), HSPM lesions (p = 0.007), and GI score (p < 0.000). A significant reduction in salivary flow rate, saliva pH, and sIgA were evident in HS group (p < 0.000). Parental consumption of more than 20 cigarettes/day was accompanied by increased dental caries activity (p < 0.000) and higher risk for increased severity of gingival inflammation (p < 0.000) of children in the HS group. Children of parents who smoke cigarettes and use the hubble/bubble anywhere in the house found to have greater distribution of HSPM (p < 0.000). Reduced sIgA values were found to be significantly associated with increased cotinine concentrations in HS children (p < 0.000).ConclusionsFrequent exposure to household smoking could be associated with an increased risk of dental caries progression, enamel hypomineralization, gingival inflammation, and saliva characteristics changes in children.

Oxytocin as a transdiagnostic biomarker of well-being in severe mental illness during the Covid-19 pandemic

Individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) have been found to suffer a greater decline in psychological well-being compared to the general population in times of stress. The present study aimed to examine clinical and endocrine resilience factors of psychological well-being in SMI patients during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: After Covid-19 crisis outburst in Israel 112 participants, 69 outpatients, and 43 inpatients and day treatment patients were recruited. Outpatients signed an online informed consent and filled in questionnaires regarding their level of mental health symptoms (OQ-45), fear of Covid-19 (FCV), and psychological well-being (PWB). Inpatients answered the same questionnaires and in addition, went through a positive social interaction paradigm while providing three saliva samples to measure their s-IgA and oxytocin (OT) levels. Results: A strong negative correlation was found in the whole sample between reported mental health symptoms, fear of Covid-19, and well-being. Hierarchical regression did not find additional contribution of the fear of the pandemic in predicting well-being beyond the impact of symptomatology. For inpatients (N = 39) only, hierarchical regression found that oxytocin, but not s-IgA could explain 5% of the variance of well-being (R2 = 0.05) in individuals with SMI regardless of their mental health symptoms (R2 = 0.46) and their marital status (R2 = 0.21). Conclusions: OT is suggested as a possible independent biological resilience factor of well-being in times of major stress among SMI patients. It is still unknown whether OT is a mediator that contributes to well-being or a biological marker that indicates the degree of beneficial social interactions.

Construction and Immunogenicity Evaluation of Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Expressing HA1 Protein of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus.

The H9N2 subtype of the avian influenza virus (AIV) is one of the main subtypes of low pathogenic AIV, and it seriously affects the poultry breeding industry. Currently, vaccination is still one of China's main strategies for controlling H9N2 avian influenza. In this study, we selected MW548848.1 on the current popular main branch h9.4.2.5 as the reference strain, and we optimized the amino acid sequence of HA1 to make it suitable for expression in Bacillus subtilis. The B. subtilis expression vector showed good safety and stress resistance; therefore, this study constructed a recombinant B. subtilis expressing H9N2 HA1 protein and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice. The following results were obtained: the sIgA level of HA1 protein in small intestine fluid and the IgG level of PHT43-HA1/B. subtilis in serum were significantly improved (P < 0.01); PHT43-HA1/B. subtilis can cause a special immune response in mice; and cytokine detection interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (P < 0.05) and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) (P < 0.01) expressions significantly increased. Additionally, the study found that PHT43-HA1/B. subtilis can alleviate the attack of H9N2 AIV in the spleen, lungs, and small intestine of mice. This study was the first to use an oral recombinant B. subtilis-HA1 vaccine candidate, and it provides theoretical data and technical reference for the creation of a new live vector vaccine against H9N2 AIV.

Seasonal changes in secretory immunity indices in saliva in indigenous and alien inhabitants of the Yakutia Arctic zone

Introduction. The combination of extreme climate with intensive migration processes creates favourable conditions for the spread of infectious diseases in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. &#x0D; The purpose of the study: comparative analysis of immunity indicators in saliva samples of indigenous and alien residents of Yakutia Arctic zone, taking into account the influence of seasonal factors. &#x0D; Materials and methods. Samples of mixed saliva of indigenous (n=212) and alien (n=120) male residents from Chokurdakh and Tiksi settlements were taken in 4 batches corresponding to the seasonal transition from summer to early winter. Levels of secretory IgA (sIgA) and cytokines IL-1ß, IL-8 and IL-6 in saliva were determined by ELISA. Main Effects ANOVA was used for the data analysis. &#x0D; Results. No significant age-related changes of the indicators were found. During the transition from summer to winter, there was a decrease in sIgA, IL-1ß, and IL-8 levels in saliva of the examined persons (p from 0.001 to 1.6•10–7). Rate of seasonal changes did not differ between indigenous and alien inhabitants. IL-6 level in saliva of Chokurdakh residents (200 km from the sea) was higher (F(1,139)=9,202; p=0.003) and sIgA level was lower (F(1,324)=3,560; p=0.060) than corresponding levels in residents of coastal settlement Tiksi. Comparison of the body mass indices (medians 24.3 in Chokurdakh and 26.2 in Tiksi, p=0.0005) confirms that it may be the result of inequality in physical activity of residents due to almost 2-fold increase in wind speed and precipitation in Tiksi. &#x0D; Limitations. Monitoring period till the beginning of winter, and not later, could predetermine the absence of the expected differences between indigenous (evolutionarily adapted) and alien residents. &#x0D; Conclusion. Evaluation of immunity indicators in saliva samples is a simple and informative approach to study mechanisms of human adaptation to extreme climatic conditions.

Effect of 1% H2O2 on Three Salivary Stress Biomarkers, Cortisol, Alpha-Amylase, and sIgA

BackgroundDue to the COVID-19 pandemic, several associations worldwide have been recommending the use of 1% hydrogen peroxide solution as a preprocedural mouth rinse before dental treatments to reduce viral load in saliva. This protocol is also employed in stress studies, especially in the context of dental treatment that uses salivary biomarkers as an indicator. However, the effect of 1% hydrogen peroxide as mouth rinse on salivary biomarkers remains unclear. ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the effects of 1% hydrogen peroxide solution as a preprocedural mouth rinse on 3 salivary stress biomarkers—salivary cortisol, salivary secretory IgA, and salivary α-amylase—both on chemical influence and mechanical irrigation. Materials and methodsNinety healthy participants with confirmed negative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction results for COVID-19 at most 2 days prior to the experiment were included in this study. All participants were randomly allocated into 3 groups: experimental (1% hydrogen peroxide solution), positive control (distilled water), and negative control (no mouth rinse). Saliva samples were collected before and after mouth rinsing with the respective solutions. Salivary biomarkers were analysed using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. ResultsSalivary cortisol and salivary α-amylase did not significantly differ before and after rinsing, whilst salivary sIgA levels decreased in all 3 groups. Nonetheless, there were no significant differences in the changes of these biomarkers across the 3 groups. ConclusionsThis study shows that using 1% hydrogen peroxide solution as a preprocedural mouth rinse for universal precaution does not alter the levels of these 3 salivary biomarkers.

The protective immunity induced by Trichinella spiralis galectin against larval challenge and the potential of galactomannan as a novel adjuvant

Previous studies showed that recombinant Trichinella spiralis galectin (rTsgal) promoted larval invasion of gut epithelial cells, while anti-rTsgal antibodies inhibited the invasion. Galactomannan (GM) is a polysaccharide capable of regulating immune response. The aim of this study was to evaluate protective immunity induced by rTsgal immunization and the potential of GM as a novel adjuvant. The results showed that vaccination of mice with rTsgal+ISA201 and rTsgal+GM elicited a Th1/Th2 immune response. Mice immunized with rTsgal+ISA201 and rTsgal+GM exhibited significantly higher levels of serum anti-rTsgal antibodies, mucosal sIgA and cellular immune responses, but level of specific antibodies and cytokines of rTsgal+GM group was lower than the rTsgal+ISA201 group. Immunization of mice with rTsgal+ISA201 and rTsgal+GM showed a 50.5 and 40.16% reduction of intestinal adults, and 52.04 and 37.53% reduction of muscle larvae after challenge. Moreover, the numbers of goblet cells and expression level of mucin 2, Muc5ac and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) in gut tissues of vaccinated mice were obviously decreased, while Th2 inducing cytokine (IL-4) expression was evidently increased. Galactomannan enhanced protective immunity, alleviated intestinal and muscle inflammation of infected mice. The results indicated that rTsgal+ISA201 vaccination induced a more prominent gut local as well as systemic immune response and protection compared to rTsgal+GM vaccination. The results suggested that Tsgal could be considered as a candidate vaccine target against Trichinella infection and galactomannan might be a potential novel candidate adjuvant of anti-Trichinella vaccines.

Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis EsxV lipid nanoparticles subunit vaccine and its immunological characteristics

To prepare a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based subunit vaccine of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigen EsxV and study its immunological characteristics, the LNP containing EsxV and c-di-AMP (EsxV: C: L) was prepared by thin film dispersion method, and its encapsulation rate, LNP morphology, particle size, surface charge and polyphase dispersion index were measured. BALB/c mice were immunized with EsxV: C: L by nasal drops. The levels of serum and mucosal antibodies, transcription and secretion of cytokines in lung and spleen, and the proportion of T cell subsets were detected after immunization. EsxV: C: L LNPs were obtained with uniform size and they were spherical and negatively charged. Compared with EsxV: C immunization, EsxV: C: L mucosal inoculation induced increased sIgA level in respiratory tract mucosa. Levels of IL-2 secreted from spleen and ratios of memory T cells and tissue-resident T cells in mice were also elevated. In conclusion, EsxV: C: L could induce stronger mucosal immunity and memory T cell immune responses, which may provide better protection against Mtb infection.

Determination of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II and secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva of patients with dementia.

The prevalence of pain and dementia increases with age, affecting a significant percentage of the population due to aging. Both pathologies are connected through the inflammatory process, specifically through the tumor necrosis factor. The effect of this cytokine is mediated through the modulation of its TNFRI and TNFRII receptors, which are linked to the dementia process. In addition, immunoglobulins such as secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) have been recognized as one of the main biomarkers of pain in saliva. sTNFRII and sIgA levels were determined in saliva samples by ELISA from healthy people and patients with dementia in GDS stages 5-7. The concentrations of these markers were also correlated with the GDS stage and sex. We observed a significant decrease (*** p ≤ 0.001) in the levels of sTNFRII (pg/mL) and a significant increase (** p ≤ 0.01) in the levels of sIgA (ng/mL) in the saliva of patients with dementia compared to the healthy control group. We did not observe a correlation with the data of the biomarkers regarding the GDS stage and sex. The results obtained for sTNFRII are consistent with those obtained by other authors on brain tissue, who conclude that unopposed neuronal TNFRI signaling, when TNFRII is selectively downregulated, leads to a more severe course of AD pathogenesis. Regarding sIgA, the elevated values of sIgA may reflect the immune status of these patients. Therefore, these biomarkers can provide us with relevant information through a non-invasive method such as saliva analysis.