Rye Hybrids Research Articles

Оценка перезимовки и урожайность озимой ржи в зависимости от применения жидких комплексных удобрений в условиях Нечерноземной зоны

The analysis of winter rye overwintering in 2022/2023 and crop productivity depending on micro-fertilizers in the conditions of the Moscow region is proposed. According to the research results, all winter rye hybrids were characterized by enhanced autumn tillering, the crop was more resistant to adverse weather conditions. Rye overwintered better than the varieties of winter wheat that were grown on adjacent plots. It is noted that the indicators of overwintering and preservation in this growing year were significantly lower than the average data of the years in the region. The maximum yield of winter rye was obtained on the variant with the ZU Forzetti hybrid and triple treatment with Folirus Active micro-fertilization (41.4 c/ha, +8.8 c/ha to the variant without treatment). The variants ZU Forzetti + Arksoil KKR (37.6 c/ha, +5.0 c/ha), ZU Forzetti + Folirus Maxi (34.8 c/ha, + 2.2 c/ha) showed good results in yield. For other hybrids, higher yields were found on the variant with Folirus Active fertilizer treatments. Keywords: WINTER RYE, NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE, AGROCHEMICALS, LIQUID COMPLEX FERTILIZERS, YIELD

68 Impact of Increasing Levels of Hybrid Rye on Carcass Characteristics and Product Sensory Evaluation in Grow-Finish Pigs

Abstract The objective of this trial was to determine the effects of hybrid rye (KWS Bono) inclusion rate on lean muscle deposition and product quality of grow-finish pigs. A total of 2,400 barrows and gilts (FAST x PIC 800, 44.9 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Diets were corn-soybean based with hybrid rye replacing either 0, 40, 70 or 100% of the corn in the diet. All diets were formulated to meet or exceed the 2012 NRC requirements for all nutrients, and a five-phase feeding program was utilized (44.9 to 56.0, 56.0 to 69.0, 69.0 to 87.9, 87.9 to 107.5, and 107.5 to 111.6 kg). Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured at each phase change. Pigs were marketed across three events and (%) Yield, Hot Carcass Weight (HCW), Backfat (BF) and Iodine Value (IV) were measured at the procurement facility. Two primal sections (loins and bellies) were removed from 88 pigs (22/treatment) and sent to the KSU Meat Lab Facility to be cooked or smoked for a trained, sensory panel evaluation. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with block as a random effect and pre-planned linear and quadratic contrast statements to analyze the inclusion of hybrid rye. Results indicate that increasing hybrid rye inclusion rate from 0 to 100% decreased (P < 0.001) average market BW, % Yield, HCW, BF and IV all decreased (P < 0.001) as hybrid rye inclusion rate increased (Table 1). The sensory measures for loin chops for Initial Juiciness, Sustained Juiciness, Myofibrillar Tenderness and Overall Tenderness decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing hybrid rye. Connective Tissue Amount, Pork-Flavor Intensity and Off-Flavor Intensity were not affected (P > 0.10) by dietary treatment. All bacon measures including Texture, Saltiness, Smoke Intensity, Bacon Flavor and Off Flavor were not affected by hybrid rye inclusion (P > 0.10). In summary, while there was a reduction in HCW, BF, % Yield, IV and certain sensory values for loins as hybrid rye increased, there was no effect on any of the bacon variables measured. Therefore, depending on economics, hybrid rye can be an acceptable replacement for corn in finishing pig diets.

247 Hybrid Rye in Commercial Grow-Finish Production Diets: A Case Study

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of hybrid rye in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs would not affect growth performance. A total of 1,177 pigs (initial body weight: 25.75 ± 0.04 kg) were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments with 40 experimental pens, 30 pigs per pen, sex split evenly within pen, and pen as the experimental unit. There were 2 experimental phases with a control diet containing corn (CON) and three diets containing increasing levels of hybrid rye replacing corn (LOW, MOD, or HIGH) formulated within each phase: 10%, 20%, or 30% in phase 1 and 20%, 40% or 50% in phase 2, respectively. Prediction equations were used to calculate net energy values of hybrid rye and diets were formulated to be isocaloric, with the addition of choice white grease (CWG) as hybrid rye was increased in the diet to compensate for predicted energy values. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to feed and water. Pig body weights and feed consumption were recorded on d 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 90, 100, and 118. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed were calculated. Data were analyzed with R using linear and quadratic contrast statements to evaluate effects of increasing levels of hybrid rye in the diet, and another contrast statement to compare the control diet with the combined rye dietary treatments. Average daily feed intake was linearly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) if hybrid rye was added to the diet on d 56, 70, 84 and 90, and in the overall experimental period. Average daily gain linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05, d 90, d 100; P ≤ 0.10, d 28) or was not affected by dietary treatment throughout the experiment. Consequently, addition of hybrid rye resulted in a linear increase (P ≤ 0.05) in gain:feed on d 28 and d 90, with a tendency for a linear increase (P ≤ 0.10) also observed on d 70 and d 100. The hybrid rye treatment groups had a greater (P ≤ 0.05; overall; P ≤ 0.10; d 56) gain:feed compared with the corn-based control group, indicating improved efficiency. There were also no differences (P ≥ 0.21) among treatments in the average selling body weight on d 90, d 100, or d 118. However, it is possible that the energy value of hybrid rye was greater than predicted, and that the inclusion of CWG in the diet resulted in improvements in growth performance due to the greater energy content. Therefore, it may be concluded that hybrid rye is a suitable ingredient in swine rations with or without the addition of CWG to improve or maintain feed efficiency and market weight during the growing-finishing phase of production.

164 Effect of Processing Method of Hybrid rye on Growth Performance, Efficiency of Dietary net Energy Utilization, and Carcass Characteristics of Yearling Steers fed a Finishing Diet

Abstract Predominantly Angus steers were used in a 147-day randomized complete block design experiment (RCBD) to evaluate the effects of rye processing method on growth performance, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics. Steers [n = 192, initial body weight (BW) = 410 ± 20.9 kg] were individually weighed and allotted to 1 of 24 pens (n = 8 steers/pen; 6 pens/treatment). Four treatments were used where hybrid rye grain (total ergot alkaloid concentration = 1,007 ppb, DM basis) was processed using three different methods [unprocessed (UP); dry-rolled (DR); or hammer-milled (HM)] fed at 17% of diet DM along with 43% dry-rolled corn (DRC) compared with a control diet containing 60% DRC on a DM basis (CON). Data were analyzed as an RCBD using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with treatment as the fixed effect and block (Pen location) as the random effect; pen was the experimental unit. No differences (P ≥ 0.44) were observed among treatments for live final BW or average daily gain (ADG). Dry matter intake (DMI) was greater for HM (12.27 kg) compared with CON and DR (11.84 and 11.48 kg, respectively) with DR having 4.9% less DMI compared with UP (P = 0.01; SEM = 0.200). UP and HM treatments tended to have 4.8% poorer G:F compared with CON and DR (P = 0.07). Dietary treatments did not affect carcass traits, percent empty body fatness (EBF), or final BW at 28% EBF (P ≥ 0.23). Distributions of USDA Quality or Yield grades were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ 0.23), nor was the incidence or severity of liver abscesses (P = 0.25). Estimated NEm and NEg values of the diet for UP (1.90 and 1.26 Mcal/kg, respectively) were reduced compared with CON and DR (1.98 and 1.32 Mcal/kg, respectively), with HM intermediate (P = 0.05, SEM = 0.033 and 0.029 for NEm and NEg, respectively). Net energy values for UP and HM rye were within 7% of current feeding standards when calculated using the substitution method. Rolling increased apparent ingredient NEg for rye by 30.1% compared with UP or HM rye. Processing rye grain by dry-rolling increased dietary net energy values and tended to improve gain efficiency compared with not processing or using a hammer mill. Rye grain can be partially substituted for DRC with negligible impact on growth performance or carcass measures.

Genetic analysis of the 1000 grain weight trait in interlinear hybrids of winter rye (secale cereale l.)

The aim of the study is to quantify the contribution of additive, dominant and epistatic dispersions to the overall genetic variation of the 1000 grain weight trait to increase the efficiency of breeding heterotic hybrids of winter rye. The experiments were carried out at the experimental base of the Federal Research Center «Nemchinovka» (Moscow region). The starting material was 10 male sterile homozygous inbred lines carrying the Pump-type cytoplasm. These lines were crossed with two male fertile test lines: mf H-842 and mf H-1247. Test crosses were carried out in 2019 on two isolated plots according to the topcross scheme. The resulting hybrids and their parent forms were tested in 2020 and 2021 on plots of 8 m2 in two-fold repetition. The test for epistasis and decomposition of the genetic varianсе into additive and dominant components was carried out by the method of Jinks J., Perkins L.M., Brees E.L. (1969). The data show that the additive interaction of genes, as well as incomplete dominance, plays the main role in determining the trait of granularity. A stable ratio of these interactions was established over the years: the proportion of additive effects varied at the level of 83.9-84.7%, and the proportion of dominant effects at the level of 15.3-16.1%. The indicator of the degree of dominance √(H1/D) was less than one and varied slightly over the years. It follows from this that dominant alleles affecting gross grain do not completely suppress the effect of their recessive alleles. For this reason, simple interlinear hybrids inherit an intermediate phenotype compared to the parent forms. The most coarse-grained hybrids were obtained by crossing lines ms H-1054, ms H-649 and ms H-1090 with the coarsegrained tester mf H-1247. It is concluded that, in the synthesis of commercial rye hybrids, it is necessary to strive to ensure that all parent forms are gross-grained. To obtain such lines it is advisable to use methods of recurrent selection as well as convergent and cumulative breeding.

Expression and inheritance of performance constituents and seed color in winter rye

Purpose. To establish peculiarities of inheritance of major breeding traits in lines - parents of winter rye hybrids; to assess the effectiveness of creating starting material for heterotic winter rye breeding based on lines - donors of purple seed color and a set of valuable economic characteristics. Material and methods. The experiments were conducted in the fields of Verkhniachka Experimental Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet (Verkhniachka EBS IBCSB) of NAAS of Ukraine (Umanskyi District of Cherkassy Region) in 2021-2022. The following F1 and F2 simple hybrids were studied: l.471 x l.44 and l.471 x l.4351H.4-1-22. F1 hybrids were sown manually in single-row sections of 1.5 m long by wide-row method (interrow distance = 25–30 cm) to a depth of 3–4 cm in 2020. The sowing design was as follows: female form – F1 – male form, using the female and male forms as references. All fully ripened plants were harvested with roots. For structural analysis, 25 plants of the hybrids, female and male forms were taken; they were evaluated for the following morphological features: plant height (PH), the productive shoot number (PSN), and spike length (SL). We analyzed such performance constituents as the flower number per spike (FMS), kernel number per spike (KNP), kernel weight per spike (KWS), kernel weight per plant (KWP), and thousand kernel weight (TKW). During the growing period, the phases of plant growth and development were monitored. Correspondence of the observed ratio of phenotypic classes to the theoretical one in F2 was assessed by the χ2 test. Results and discussion. Various forms from a genetic collection, carriers of dominant and recessive alleles of one or several marker traits were used as the starting material to explore expression and inheritance of morphological traits. Hybrid combination No. 16/17–743/18 (line 471) with purple seeds, which had been created by selection and self-pollination (inbreeding), was crossed with donors of the dominant ‘short stem’ trait with wild-type (light) color of seeds, l.44 and l.4351H.4-1-22. In F1 hybrids, the quantitative constituents of the plant performance, in particular the productive shoot number, flower number per spike, kernel number per spike, kernel weight per spike, and kernel weight per plant were higher than the parents’ mean values. High degree of dominance indicated that these traits were inherited by dominance and overdominance. In F2 hybrids, dihybrid segregation into genotypes with different colors was observed: purple due to pigments in the caryopsis coat, intermediate and wild-type color of the aleurone layer, with greater number of wild-type plants. The purple color of the caryopsis in the parental lines, l.44 and l.4351H.4-1-22, turned out to be recessive relative to the wild-type color, but at the same time it was dominant in l.471 / l.44 relative to intermediate color, and in l.4351H.4-1-22, on the contrary, it was recessive in relation to intermediate color. Epistasis in l.471 / l.44 was seen in the following sequence: wild-type ˃ purple ˃ intermediate, while in l.471 / l.4351H.4-1-22 the sequence differed: wild-type ˃ intermediate ˃ purple. Conclusions. Regardless of the genotypes of winter rye lines with colored and wild-type seeds included in crossings, the purple color of seeds showed a monogenic recessive inheritance.

Withdrawal: Productivity and nutritional qualities of grain of new F1 winter rye hybrids in the Southern Ural

Withdrawal: Productivity and nutritional qualities of grain of new F1 winter rye hybrids in the Southern Ural

The effect of feeding fattener pigs with hybrid rye on selected growth and carcass traits and on meat quality characteristics

Abstract Modern hybrid varieties of rye can be successfully used for feeding pigs. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of different levels (20%, 40% and 60%) of hybrid rye in diet on the growth, slaughter value, chemical composition, physical and sensory traits and the fatty acids profile in pork meat. The experiment was performed with 100 Polish Landrace pigs that were randomly allocated into 4 groups: control, without rye, and experimental with hybrid rye addition. After slaughter lean meat content estimation, carcass traits, quality characteristics and the fatty acids profile of the longissimus lumborum muscle were determined. No significant influence on the growth performance, carcass traits and the majority of physical traits, basic composition, cholesterol content and sensory features of the longissimus lumborum muscle was found. The type and levels of cereals significantly change the FA profile. More favorable values for PUFA and the ratio of n-6/n-3 acids were obtained in pigs fed with hybrid rye than with a mix of wheat with barley. In conclusion, feeding pigs with hybrid rye at the level of 20–60% in the diet results in positive effects in the fatty acids profile, without compromising daily gain, feed intake, carcass traits, physicochemical and sensory attributes of pork meat.

Effect of seeding rates on grain yield of a female form in winter rye hybridization plots

Purpose. To establish the regularities of the plant stand formation in the female form of modern hybrids depending on seeding rates in winter rye hybridization plots; to prove that an increase in the seeding rate does not lead to an increase in the seed yield and entails an increase in costs for the production of hybrid winter rye seeds; to calculate the economic losses resulted from increased seeding rates due to the purchase of seeds.
 Material and Methods. The study was carried out in the experimental field of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev of NAAS in 2016-2018. In the study, the female form of modern commercial winter rye hybrids (Yurivets, Yupiter) was used; it was sown by solid or wide-row planting, with a seeding rate of 750,000 – 4,000,000 germinable seeds per hectare.
 Results and Discussion. The plant density affects the yield and primarily depends on seeding rates.
 We determined the level of realization of the plant density by plants of the female form of the winter rye hybrids depending on seeding rates.

Population structure and genetic diversity of a germplasm for hybrid breeding in rye (Secale cereale L.) using high-density DArTseq-based silicoDArT and SNP markers

Investigating genetic structure and diversity is crucial for the rye hybrid breeding strategy, leading to improved plant productivity and adaptation. The present study elucidated the population structure and genetic diversity of 188 rye accessions, comprising 94 pollen fertility restoration lines (RF) and 94 cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) lines with Pampa sterilizing cytoplasm using SNP and silicoDArT markers from the diversity array technology (DArT)-based sequencing platform (DArTseq). Expected heterozygosity (He) and Shanon’s diversity (I) indexes varied slightly between marker systems and groups of germplasms (He = 0.34, I = 0.51 for RF and CMS lines genotyped using SNPs; He = 0.31, I = 0.48, and He = 0.35, I = 0.53 for RF and CMS using silicoDArTs, respectively). ANOVA indicated moderate variation (7%) between RF and CMS breeding materials. The same parameter varied when chromosome-assigned markers were used and ranged from 5.8% for 5R to 7.4% for 4R. However, when silicoDArT markers were applied, the respective values varied from 6.4% (1R) to 8.2% (3R and 4R). The model-based (Bayesian) population structure analysis based on the total marker pool identified two major subpopulations for the studied rye germplasm. The first one (P1) encompasses 93 RF accessions, and the second one (P2) encompasses 94 CMS and one RF accession. However, a similar analysis related to markers assigned to selected chromosomes failed to put plant materials into any of the populations in the same way as the total marker pool. Furthermore, the differences in grouping depended on marker types used for analysis.

Weanling pigs consume more feed if hybrid rye replaces corn in diets, but average daily gain and fecal scores are not impacted by hybrid rye.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that growth performance and health status of pigs will not be reduced if hybrid rye is included in diets at the expense of corn during the initial 5 wk post-weaning. A total of 128 weanling pigs (5.6 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly allotted to 32 pens and 4 dietary treatments. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 35 d in three phases with days 1 to 7 being phase 1, days 8 to 21 being phase 2, and days 22 to 35 being phase 3. Within each phase, a control diet primarily based on corn and soybean meal was formulated, and three additional diets were formulated by including 8.0, 16.0, or 24.0% (phase 1), 16.0, 32.0, or 48.0% (phase 2), and 20.0, 40.0, or 60.3% (phase 3) hybrid rye in the diet at the expense of corn. Pig weights were recorded at the start and conclusion of each phase, fecal scores were visually assessed every other day on a pen basis, and blood samples were obtained from 1 pig per pen on days 21 and 35. Results indicated that average daily gain (ADG) in phase 1 increased (linear, P < 0.05) as the inclusion of hybrid rye increased, but no other differences in ADG were observed. Average daily feed intake linearly increased in phase 1, phase 3, and overall (P < 0.05) as hybrid rye inclusion increased in the diets, and gain:feed was negatively impacted by the inclusion of hybrid rye in the diet (phase 1, linear, P < 0.05; phases 2, 3, and overall, quadratic, P < 0.05). No differences in average fecal scores or diarrhea incidence were observed. On days 21 and 35, blood urea N increased (linear, P < 0.05) as hybrid rye increased in the diets; and on day 21, serum total protein also increased (linear, P < 0.05) with increasing hybrid rye inclusion in the diet. Mean blood hemoglobin concentration on day 35 increased and then decreased as hybrid rye inclusion increased (quadratic, P < 0.05). On day 21, interleukin (IL) 2 and IL 10 decreased and then increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) as hybrid rye inclusion increased. On day 35, IL 8 and IL 12 increased and then decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) and interferon-gamma decreased and then increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) as hybrid rye inclusion increased. In conclusion, the ADG of pigs was not different among treatments, but at the highest hybrid rye inclusion level, pigs consumed more feed than if corn was fed and gain:feed was reduced with increasing hybrid rye in diets. Differences in blood serum cytokines indicate the immune system was affected differently when hybrid rye instead of corn was fed.

Response of growing pigs to the inclusion of hybrid rye in low or high-energy diets.

Previous research has shown reduced feed intake and growth rate in pigs fed diets with hybrid rye replacing wheat. A reduction in growth rate caused by reduced feed intake will conceivably be counteracted by increasing the dietary energy level. Our objective, therefore, was to determine the effects of 40% hybrid rye inclusion replacing wheat in diets formulated to be either low or high net energy (NE) on growth, feed intake, energy digestibility, and lesion scores in growing-finishing pigs. We hypothesized that pigs fed 40% hybrid rye would perform better on the high than the low energy diets. A total of 160 pigs (body weight [BW] 70.1 kg) housed in 32 pens, 5 pigs per pen, were fed diets with 0% or 40% hybrid rye (var. 'KWS Bono'; KWS LOCHOW GMBH), either with low (2,350) or high (2,450) kcal NE per kg of diet over two growth phases (phase 1; 70 to 85 kg BW; phase 2; 85 to 130 kg BW). The BW, and feed disappearance were measured on days 0, 8, 17, 28, 42, and 50. Fecal samples obtained in phase 2 (~100 kg BW) were used to calculate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE). Lesion scores were measured weekly. The ATTD of GE was unaffected by rye inclusion and was reduced in low vs. high NE diets. Overall, (days 0 to 50), pigs fed the low-energy rye diet gained 0.08 kg/d less (P < 0.01) than those fed the high-energy rye diet or the low-energy diet without rye, which was caused by a reduced weight gain during the initial 17 d of the trial. Final BW and overall feed intake were not affected by rye inclusion or NE level. The NE intake was greater (P < 0.05) and feed efficiency (G:F) was reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed rye diets compared to those fed diets without rye, whereas there was no effect of NE level on NE intake or G:F. There was no effect of rye inclusion or NE level on lesion scores. In conclusion, pigs can be fed diets including 40% hybrid rye with only minor changes in growth performance. Increasing the NE level of the first phase diet in the grower-finisher barn may be useful to avoid a reduction in growth performance when feeding hybrid rye.

Ecological assessment of varieties and hybrids of winter rye in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Ecological assessment of varieties and hybrids of winter rye in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Preference for feed, but not growth performance, is reduced if hybrid rye replaces corn in diets for growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that there is no difference in feed preference for diets containing hybrid rye or corn as the exclusive cereal grain source, and that hybrid rye may replace a portion of corn in diets for growing pigs without adversely affecting growth performance. In experiment 1, thirty-six pigs (initial body weight 32.0 ± 1.8 kg) were housed for 8 days in 18 pens with one gilt and one barrow in each pen. Each pen contained 2 identical feeders with one feeder containing a corn-based diet and the other feeder containing a diet based on hybrid rye. On each day, feed disappearance was calculated, feed allotment was recorded, and feeder positions were switched to minimize feeder preference. In experiment 2, one hundred and twenty eight growing pigs (initial body weight: 27.2 ± 2.2 kg) were allotted to 32 pens and 4 dietary treatments. A diet identical to the corn diet used in experiment 1 was used as the control diet, and 3 additional diets in which increasing proportions of corn were replaced with hybrid rye, were also formulated. Diets were fed for 27 days and body weights were determined at the start and at the end of the experiment. Results of experiment 1 demonstrated that preference ( %) for the hybrid rye-based diet was less (P < 0.05) than for the corn-based diet on each day and for the overall experiment. Results of experiment 2 indicated that there were no differences among treatments for initial or final body weight of pigs. Average daily gain (ADG) was not affected by dietary treatment, and the same was true for gain:feed (G:F). There was a tendency (linear, P < 0.10) for average daily feed intake to be reduced as hybrid rye inclusion in the diet increased. The reluctance of pigs to consume hybrid rye in the first experiment may be due to simple taste preference, but the satiating effects of the dietary fiber in hybrid rye in the gastrointestinal tract may also have contributed to the reduced feed intake observed in the second experiment. Nevertheless, ADG and G:F were unchanged by hybrid rye substitution for corn, indicating that growing pigs may be fed diets with high inclusion rates of hybrid rye without negatively impacting growth.

Assessing Bone Health Status and Eggshell Quality of Laying Hens at the End of a Production Cycle in Response to Inclusion of a Hybrid Rye to a Wheat-Corn Diet.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether there are negative effects of the partial replacement of white corn with rye along with xylanase supplementation on overall bone quality, eggshell mineralization, and mechanical strength in laying hens. From the 26th week of life, ISA Brown laying hens were fed either a wheat-corn diet or a diet containing 25% rye, with or without xylanase. The experimental period lasted for 25 weeks, until birds reached their 50th week of age, after which bone and eggshell quality indices were assessed. Eggshell thickness and eggshell Ca content of eggs from rye-fed hens were improved by xylanase supplementation. No differences in the mechanical properties of the eggshells were observed between treatments, except for the diet-dependent changes in egg deformation. Rye inclusion had no effect on the mechanical properties of bone. Xylanase supplementation, irrespective of the diet, had a positive effect on bone strength and increased tibia Ca content, as well as the content of several microelements. Hence, hybrid rye combined with wheat can replace 25% of corn in layer diets without compromising shell quality or bone mineral content. Xylanase supplementation in these diets is recommended since its inclusion improves both bone strength and quality.

Assessing the efficiency of using a local hybrid of rye for broiler chickens aged 1–42 d, with emphasis on performance and meat quality

Abstract This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that a new rye hybrid produced in Romania (Suceveana variety) could not impair the performance and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 360-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks (40.1±2.3 g) were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments replicated 6 times having 20 birds per replicate. Experimental diets were formulated to replace 25 and 50% of corn with rye (RYE 25 and RYE 50, respectively) as energy-yielding sources, whereas the control diet (CON) was 100% corn-based. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, with similar total lysine and total sulfur amino acids. The results indicated similar outcomes of the local rye hybrid to commonly used corn-containing diets in terms of performance and carcasses. There were no differences in fundamental physicochemical (i.e., pH, protein, fat, moisture) or textural attributes of breast muscles due to dietary treatment, as well. However, the substitution of corn with rye reduced (P = 0.008) abdominal fat associated with an increase in CIE color (P&lt; 0.001). Thus, the Suceveana rye hybrid can be included in broiler diets, from hatching to day 42, without any adverse effects on the bird’s performance.

Formation of winter rye productivity and grain quality under insufficient moisture

The purpose of the current work was to identify the features of the formation of productivity and grain quality indicators of modern winter rye varieties and hybrids, depending on the moisture content of the spring-summer vegetation period. The study was carried out at the TatRIA FRC KazSC RAS (Republic of Tatarstan) in contrasting weather years (2020–2021). The object of the study was the population of winter rye varieties ‘Estafeta Tatarstana’, ‘Radon’, ‘Ogonyok’, ‘Tantana’, ‘Podarok’, ‘Zilant’ and German heterotic hybrids ‘KVS Aviator’ and ‘KVS Prommo’. There has been established that for the studied rye varieties and hybrids, grain productivity decrease caused by drought was 44 %, number of heads per 1 m2 reduced on 19.4 %, and 1000-grain weight dropped on 27.7 %. The advantages of rye hybrids according to grain productivity with a good supply of spring-summer vegetation were 14 %, with a lack of moisture they were 10 %. Among the population varieties, the varieties ‘Zilant’, ‘Podarok’ and ‘Tantana’ had the least losses from drought. There has been identified that in terms of baking and technological qualities the situation was vice versa. In a dry year, there was an increase of such indicators as the amylogram height (in 2 times), protein (on 20.8 %), and falling number (on 14.2 %). There has been established that the biochemical parameters of grain (content of fiber, ash, oil) improved significantly. The obtained study results have indicated that in dry years it is necessary to prepare batches of rye with high technological qualities and biochemical properties for baking industry.

PSIII-6 Late-Breaking: Ground Hybrid Rye as a Partial or Sole Concentrate in Backgrounding Rations

Abstract Cereal rye has been utilized in multiple ways within cropping systems in the northern Great Plains. Rye has traditionally not been utilized as a suitable grain for growing and finishing calves. Previously, recommendations have limited the use of rye due to the negative effects of ergot ingestion. Recent hybrid rye germplasms have shown increased yields with decreased incidence of ergot. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ground hybrid rye inclusion rate on dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance, and feed efficiency in backgrounding beef steers. Two hundred crossbred steers were shipped to the Carrington Research Extension Center near Carrington, ND, stratified by weight, and assigned to one of twenty pens (n = 10 steers/pen). Four treatments were used in a completely randomized block design to evaluate animal performance during backgrounding when fed partial or complete replacement of corn with rye as the concentrate source. Ground hybrid rye was substituted for DRC as follows: a basal diet formulated with 20% DRC: 0% ground hybrid rye (CON), 13.5% DRC: 6.5% ground hybrid rye (RYE1), 6.5% DRC: 13.5% ground hybrid rye (RYE2), or 0% DRC:20% ground hybrid rye (RYE3) on a dry matter basis. Steers were fed for a total of 56 days beginning Oct. 25, 2021. Interim weights were taken on Nov. 22, 2021, and final weights were taken Dec. 20, 2021. At the conclusion of the feeding period, cattle were weighed on two consecutive days to determine final body weight. Performance data including animal live weights, ADG, DMI and G:F ratio were calculated. The use of rye within the diet did not influence steer weight throughout the study (P = 0.11). No differences in ADG were detected throughout the study (P = 0.68). Steers fed diets containing hybrid rye had higher DMI (P = 0.03) and higher F:G (P = 0.04) during the first month of the study. Increased DMI during the initial month of backgrounding may promote improved intake and growth. Results from the study suggest that steers fed rye as a partial or sole grain in a high forage backgrounding diet weighed similar to calves fed corn as the sole concentrate source.

PSVI-18 Effect of Processing Method and Severity for Hybrid Fall rye on dry Matter Intake, Ruminal Fermentation, and Apparent Total Tract Nutrient Digestibility in Ruminally Cannulated Beef Heifers

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of processing method and severity of hybrid fall rye on dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility for beef cattle. Ruminally cannulated Simmental heifers (n = 8; 327±33 kg) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square (21-d periods) balanced for carry-over effects with a 2×2 factorial treatment. Tempered rye [water added to achieve 80% dry matter (DM)] was compared with dry-rolled rye. Roller gap width of 1.23-mm and 0.8-mm were used for coarse and finely processed rye, respectively. This resulted in processing index values of: 80.9% for dry-rolled and coarse; 72.7% for dry-rolled and fine; 92.9% for tempered and coarse; and 88.2% for tempered and fine processed rye. Diets (DM basis) included hybrid rye grain (86%), barley silage (15%), mineral (6%), and dry distillers’ grain plus solubles (3%). Feeding tempered rye increased (P&amp;lt; 0.01) DMI by 0.87 kg compared with dry-rolled rye, and feeding coarse rye increased (P=0.04) DMI by 0.33 kg compared with fine rye. Cattle fed dry-rolled and finely processed rye had greater (P&amp;lt; 0.04) area that pH was &amp;lt; 5.5 compared with tempered and coarse rye, respectively. Ruminal short-chain fatty acid concentrations and ammonia were not affected (P≥0.12). Feeding dry-rolled rye increased DM digestibility by 2.4% (P=0.02), and crude protein digestibility in 3.0% (P=0.01) compared with tempered rye. Starch digestibility was not affected by processing severity of dry-rolled rye, but increased from 92.8 to 95.9% for tempered rye with increasing severity (interaction, P=0.03). Rolling tempered rye at the same roller gap as dry-rolled rye decreases processing severity but may allow for a greater severity of processing without marked reductions in DMI and ruminal pH, while achieving similar total tract starch digestibility. When increasing processing severity (81 vs. 73%), dry-rolling hybrid rye may reduce DMI and ruminal pH.

PSX-A-6 Energy and Nutrient Digestibility in Hybrid rye Ground to two Particle Sizes and fed without or with Multicarbohydrase Supplementation to Growing Pigs

Abstract Newly breeded hybrid fall rye (HFR) with improved ergot resistance can be an alternative energy source for pigs. Sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 18.2 ± 1.0 kg) were used to determine the effects of particle size (PS) and multicarbohydrase (MC) supplementation on energy and nutrient digestibility in HFR. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 diets in a replicated 8 × 3 incomplete Latin square design. Each period lasted 9 d, with the first 5 d being for adaptation followed by 2 d each for fecal and ileal digesta collection. Two HFR varieties (KWS Bono and KWS Gatano) were hammer milled to a coarse (1,111 μm and 1,210 μm) or fine (594 μm and 717 μm) PS. Diets contained 92.9% HFR as the only source of protein without or with MC supplementation and 0.3% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with the final model having variety, PS, MC supplementation, and their interactions as the main effects. There were no interaction effects of variety, PS, and MC supplementation on the variables measured. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in KWS Bono than in KWS Gatano. The ATTD of gross energy (GE) and NDF tended to be greater (P &amp;lt; 0.10) in finely than in coarsely ground HFR. MC supplementation increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the ATTD of DM (83.5 vs. 84.6%) and GE (83.1 vs. 84.2%) and tended to increase (P &amp;lt; 0.10) the ATTD of NDF in HFR. In conclusion, the nutrient digestibility of HFR can be affected by its variety, and fine PS and MC supplementation could improve the nutrient digestibility in HFR fed to growing pigs.