Crops Rye Research Articles

Spring-summer sowing of winter rye on dry lands

Relevance. The article is devoted to the actual problem of the spring-summer seeding of winter rye on drained lands.Methods and results. The studies were carried out in 2017–2020 at the experimental site of VNIIMZ (Tver region), drained by a closed drain. The soil of the experimental site is sod-podzolic light loamy gleyic slightly acidic, the content of humus is 1.8–2.4%, exchangeable potassium and available phosphorus content is increased and high. In field experiments, the effectiveness of spring-summer sowing dates for winter rye in a fallow field of crop rotation was studied with a ridge belt-spread cultivation method. It has been established that under the conditions of the north-west of the Non-Chernozem zone winter rye with its spring-summer sowing can form practically the same yields as with the standard cultivation technology. On average over 4 years the biological yield of rye grain when grown after spring rape was 3.69 t/ha, and with spring-summer sowing in a fallow field and harvesting the next year — 3.70 t/ha. The leveling of the variants in terms of yield with a significant difference between them in the plant density occurred due to productive tillering. The coefficient of productive bushiness in the control was 1.4, and with spring-summer sowing — 2.3. Differences between the variants in the number of productive stems, the number of grains per ear, and the weight of 1000 grains on average over 4 years were insignificant. High efficiency of harrowing of spring-summer crops of rye was noted both in the sowing year (late August — early September) and in spring after overwintering. The preservation of plants improved, the number of productive stems increased by 14.3%, and the biological productivity of rye increased by 18.4%. The technology of cultivation of winter rye with spring-summer sowing can significantly reduce the amount of field work in the fallow field, eliminate the costs of plowing, cultivation, sowing, rapeseed, and reduce the total production costs for maintaining 1 hectare of a fallow field by 7–10 thousand rubles.

Hailstorm risk assessment for crop areas in Moldova Region (Romania)

Estimating the impact of hail on agricultural land is needed in order to streamline damage reduction methods. In this regard, hail risk maps were prepared for the region of Moldova for the main types of crops (wheat and rye, corn, potato, sugar beet, sunflower, vegetables, orchards and vineyards). The methodology that we used consists in determining the risk map, as the product between the hazard map (average annual number of days with hail), the exposure map (agricultural crop value) and the vulnerability map (the percentage occupied by a certain agricultural crop in the administrative units). Areas with severe hail risk are in the eastern half of Vrancea County, the western part of Galati County and the northeastern part of Iasi County, where there are large areas cultivated with vines, orchards and vegetables. In Vaslui County, the most exposed ATUs are those in the vicinity of Bârlad, Fălciu Hills and the Huși wine area. Most AUs in Bacău and Suceava counties, in the southern part of Neamț County, are included in the medium and high-risk classes due to the suitable conditions for cultivating most plants and the higher frequency of hail. The ATUs from Botosani County are included in the low and medium risk classes. The lowest level of risk is registered in the case of AUs from the mountainous area, the Curvature Subcarpathians and the areas with higher altitudes from the Central Moldavian Plateau and Tutova Hills.

Características biométricas de los cereales forrajes de invierno cultivados bajo fertilización con nitrógeno en condiciones de lluvia templada

The farmers of hilly areas face severe fodder shortage in winter season except to have only dry stalks of summer cereals. The study aimed to evaluate the adaptability of winter forage cereals (barley, oats, rye and triticale) and to quantify the suitable dose of nitrogen (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1) for the assessment of bio-metric and qualitative characteristics of winter forage cereals (WFCs) at booting stage (BS) and milking dough stage (MDS) grown under temperate conditions. Two years (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) field trials were executed at the University of Poonch Rawalakot, Pakistan. Harvested forage then preserved as silage by adding Formic acid and Molasses as additives at the rate of 5 kg.t-1. Rye crop in conjunction with 225 kg.ha-1 nitrogen out yielded greater plant height which led to the highest green fodder (55413 and 43542 kg.ha-1) and dry matter yield (188471 and 12440 kg.ha-1) during consecutive years 2017 and 2018, respectively. Whereas, oats cultivar performed better for fresh weight, dry weight and leaf area per plant. More crude protein contents were recorded for triticale crop at N3 level with use of molasses during both the years at both cutting stages (booting and milking dough). More crude fibre was noted in barley crop at control level of nitrogen fertilization on both booting and milking dough stage. The correlation analysis revealed direct interrelationship among yield attributes and fodder yield of winter forage cereals and thus indicating the need to supply nitrogen at the rate of 225 kg.ha-1 for improving biometric characteristics of WFCs.

The Influence of Long-Term Different Crop Rotations and Monoculture on Weed Prevalence and Weed Seed Content in the Soil

Equally effective way to achieve sustainable farming and the challenge set by the European Commission on 20 May 2020: proper crop rotation and thus reduction of the quantity of on-farm chemicals. Long-term stationary field experiments were established in 1966 at Vytautas Magnus University Experimental Station (54°53′ N, 23°50′ E). The study was conducted with intensive, three-course, field rotation with row crops, for green manure crop rotations, and rye monoculture as well during the last 5-year period of a 50-year investigation to determine the effect of crop rotation combinations and rye monoculture on weed density and seed bank and grain yield. In cereal crops, weed counting was performed twice: weed density was determined before the application of herbicides, and weed counting was done before the harvest. Weed seedlings were counted, their botanical species were determined, annual and perennial weed number was estimated. Weed seed bank was established before primary tillage in soil. The results obtained confirmed the hypothesis that with climate change and intensive farming, long-term crop rotations are likely to increase crop productivity, reduce weeds and weed seed banks in the soil, and thus contribute to maintaining agroecosystem sustainability. The winter rye 1000 grain weight and yield decreases as weed mass increases showing strong negative correlations: y = 475.56 − 11.93x, r = −0.91, p ≤ 0.05; y = 82.97 −14.82x, r = −0.97, p ≤ 0.01. Reseeding of rye crops leads to a growing prevalence of weeds such as Equisetum arvense L. and Mentha arvensis. Crop structures these days are dominated by cereals, which inevitably increase the spread of weeds, and therefore, the importance of crop rotations increases in the context of intensive farming.

Life Cycle Assessment and Soil Nitrogen Balance of Different N Fertilizers for Top Dressing Rye as Energy Crop for Electricity Generation

Nitrogen fertilizers have been identified in energy crops LCAs as the main contributors to global warming, as well as to many other environmental impacts. The distinct production process and application emissions of nitrogen fertilizer types for top dressing produce different GHG savings when energy crops value chains are compared to fossil energy alternatives. In this study, three types of fertilizers (calcium ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate) at N top dressing rates of 80 kg N/ha are used to grow rye for electricity generation under the conditions of the Continental Mediterranean climate of central-northern Spain. Complete LCAs for the whole value chain based on real data were performed in conjunction with soil nitrogen balances (SNBs) to assess the accomplishment of European Union (EU) GHG savings sustainability criteria, as well as the sustainability of fertilization practices for soil nitrogen stocks. The results obtained can provide interesting insights for policy making, since calcium ammonium nitrate, the most common fertilizer for rye crops, led to 66% GHG savings, as opposed to the 69% achieved when applying urea and 77% when ammonium sulphate was used. Nevertheless, the three fertilizers produced annual soil deficits greater than 50 kg N/ha. In order to ensure savings above 80%, as required by the EU sustainability criteria, and sustainable SNBs, additional optimization measures should be taken at key points of the value chain.

Analysis of Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. Population’s Vital Parameters in Grain Agrophytocenoses

The paper presents the results of research on key vital parameters of a one-year late spring segetal species Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. in crops of grain and legumes in the conditions of the north-rast forest-steppe Ukraine. It has been observed that in S. glauca there is a statistically significant change in the complex population characteristics, in particular, indicators of development of the vegetative sphere and reproductive organs against the background of changes in the field conditions. It turns out that the values of the main morphometric parameters and their dynamics in weed plants statistically significantly change by gradient of different crops, which are dominant agrocenoses and significantly affect the development of segetal wild species. It is proved that each cultivated plant is an edificator of agrocenosis and has a significant phytocoenotic effect on the state of S. glauca populations. The study found that favorable conditions for the development of weed emerged in fields of peas and winter wheat, while the crops of winter rye and buckwheat significantly inhibited the development of S. glauca populations. Knowledge of the dynamics of vital parameters of S. glauca populations under various field conditions allows the effective application of the system of anti-weed crop rotation, which allows controlling the clogging of fields using environmentally safe methods without application of herbicides.

Effects of Fertilizers and Manures on Temporal Yield Variability of Winter Rye

The anticipated increases in environmental variability associated with climate change may lead to enhanced abiotic plant stresses (e.g., heat stress, drought stress, etc.) resulting in greater inter-annual yield fluctuations and higher crop production risk. While there has been increasing attention to adaptation measures, there is little evidence available on how to change agronomic management strategies to maintain stable yields in winter rye production systems in Poland. This study uses rye yields from the unique Skierniewice Long-term experiment (Poland) to examine for the first-time the long-term effects of different nutrient regimes on crop yield stability from 1966 to 2015. Yields from six combinations of mineral fertilizers and lime (CaNPK, NPK, CaPK, CaNK, CaNP, Ca), with and without additional manure, were used to estimate the temporal yield variability of winter rye. A novel statistical approach based on a mixed model approach with REML (restricted maximum likelihood) stability parameter estimation was used. The results showed that the use of additional manure in ‘sub-optimal’ mineral fertilizer treatments, such as Ca and CaPK (without mineral N), reduced the temporal yield variability of rye. In contrast, additional organic input led to more variable rye yields in already ‘optimal’ treatments including mineral N (CaNPK and NPK), compared to those with no additional manure. Winter rye given CaNPK and NPK, without additional organic manure demonstrated high yield and low temporal yield variability. In contrast, yields of treatments with no mineral N (Ca and CaPK) and no additional manure supply were low and unstable. In addition, it was found that increasing soil organic carbon resulted in larger, more stable yields. These findings highlight the importance of ensuring rye crops receive sufficient fertilizer to maintain crop production levels and yield stability, especially in dry years. They also demonstrate the importance of avoiding the excessive use of organic manures when fertilizer inputs are sufficient to meet crop demand. Overall, the study provides novel insights about how to maintain grain yields and minimize temporal yield variation of rye in arable cropping systems, which will become increasingly important in a changing climate in Poland and in other temperate climate areas. This study also highlights the importance of soil organic carbon for improving the climate resilience of winter rye, while simultaneously meeting the demand for more sustainable management of the soil.

Plant uptake of legacy phosphorus from soils without P fertilization

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the different phosphorus fractions in soils contribute to plant uptake, based on the combination between the sequential P fractionation developed by Hedley and path analysis. Successive crops were grown on soil samples with different P legacies, taken from the 0.00–0.10 m layer of an untilled Latossolo Vermelho (Rhodic Hapludox). The experimental treatments consisted of three annual P rates (0 kg P ha−1–P0; 157 kg P ha−1–P157; 314 kg P ha−1–P314). In a greenhouse, 15 successive crops of millet, black oat, corn, soybean, crotalaria and rye were grown in pots, with six replications. Phosphorus fractions in the soil were evaluated before the first crop and after the third and 15th crop. At the beginning of cultivation, the labile P fractions were buffered by the less labile P fractions in soils fertilized with the highest P rate (P314). After the 15 crop cycles, labile P was buffered, mainly by labile and non-labile organic P fractions. In soils without previous P fertilization and intermediate fertilizer rates, there was a significant contribution of organic P fractions to the moderately plant-available inorganic P pool. The organic P fraction only contributed to plant nutrition in soils fertilized with high P rates after depletion of the inorganic P pool. The conclusion was drawn that all soil P fractions can potentially provide plants with P, whereas the contribution of these P fractions depends on the P fertilization history.

Phytosanitary conditions of winter rye crops depending on the fertilizer system and biological preparations on sod-podzolic soils

Phytosanitary conditions of winter rye crops depending on the fertilizer system and biological preparations on sod-podzolic soils

Winter annual management to increase nutrient recovery and forage production on dairies

AbstractManagement of manure and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has implications for crop production and nutrient cycling. This 1‐yr, full‐factorial experiment conducted in Pennsylvania quantified the effects of three management factors—(a) rye management (RyeM; early‐terminated cover crop [CC] vs. double crop harvested a week later [DC]), (b) manure application method (ManM; unincorporated broadcast manure [BM] vs. shallow disk injected manure [IM]), and (c) fall field operation prioritization (priority; manure priority [MP] manure application in late September with rye planting in mid‐October vs. rye priority [RP], rye planting in late September with manure application in early November)—on rye biomass, nutrient recovery, and forage yield and the effect of ManM and priority on DC forage nutritive value in a rye–corn (Zea mays L.) cropping sequence. This experiment was intended to be a repeated 2‐yr study, but due to MP treatment rye crop failure in the second year, the resulting 1‐yr dataset was analyzed to assess priority effects. Prioritizing rye planting in the fall with DC increased total forage production and apparent N recovery (ANR) when manure was broadcast. These results highlight the value of prioritizing fall rye planting in DC systems to increase rye spring biomass and nutrient recovery when manure is broadcast. More experiments should be conducted on fall field operation timing to develop reliable recommendations.

Winter rye yield depending on the types of fallows

Winter rye is of great importance in strengthening and developing the grain economy of the Non-Chernozem region of Russia. In recent years, due to the high cost of fertilizers and plant protection products, agricultural producers have begun to pay more attention to the biologization of agriculture. One of the main means of biologizing agriculture is the use of sideration. The article presents the results of the research on the influence of pure, green-manured and occupied fallows on the growth and development of winter rye, crop contamination, soil microbiological activity and grain yield in the eastern part of the Volga- Vyatka zone. It was revealed that the weather conditions of the growing season of the Republic of Mari El allowed the cultivation of winter rye on the green-manured fallow. With timely plowing of siderite, the amount of productive moisture in the soil before sowing winter crops is sufficient. The use of sideration improves the phytosanitary state of the agrocenosis – the contamination of winter rye crops when cultivated with green-manured fallow is significantly lower in comparison with cultivation with occupied fallow. Being a valuable food and energy material for the soil microflora, the plowed organic mass of green fertilizers contributes to a significant increase in the microbiological activity of the soil. The replacement of pure and occupied fallow with green-manured fallow cultivation of winter rye on this fallow allows you to get a significant increase in grain yield.

Влияние неорганических удобрений на урожайность озимой ржи в западной зоне Азербайджана

The consequences of the research on definition of inorganic fertilization impact on winter rye crop yield in the western zone of Azerbaijan are presented in the article. The region is one of the significant territories in the Republic from the paint of a steadily developing agricultural sector. It is revealed on the basis of the investigation that for getting high and qualitative winter rye grain yield and restore of soil fertility on irrigated grey-brown soils of the Ganja-Gazakh zone it is recommended that farms use inorganic fertilizers annually at the N90P60K60.

Reintroduction of rare arable plants in extensively managed fields: Effects of crop type, sowing density and soil tillage

Vegetation of arable fields has changed significantly over the past decades as indicated by a marked decline in the abundance and diversity of arable plants. Thus, beyond the preservation of remnant populations, introduction of autochthonous seeds is a necessary measure to promote threatened arable plants and to restore agro-ecosystems. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the most suitable agricultural methods for plant establishment. This topic was investigated for three winter annuals (Legousia speculum-veneris, Consolida regalis, Lithospermum arvense) in a three-year field experiment in southern Germany. We established 14 management treatments with five replicates in a completely randomized block design. In year 1, arable plants were sown in a mixture of 850 seeds m−2 either without crop or with cereal crops in different sowing densities (25 %, 100 %). After crop harvest different types of soil tillage were applied (rotary cultivator, mouldboard plough). In year 2, four different crop types (autumn-sown spelt, spring-sown triticale, pea, clover-grass) were sown, and in year 3, rye was cultivated. Establishment was measured yearly as seed production of the rare arable plants, and their overall population growth rates were calculated at the end of the study period. Highest population growth rates were observed in L. speculum-veneris, followed by C. regalis and L. arvense. Population growth of the target plants decreased significantly with crop and weed cover averaged over the study period. Initial crop sowing densities had a significant impact on first-year establishment, with persisting effects in years 2 and 3. Best results were obtained without cover crop compared to cereals sown with 25 or 100 % sowing density. The establishment of target plants was also affected by crop type in year 2 (spelt > pea > spring triticale > clover-grass). However, establishment was overall high in year 3, when all plots were cultivated with rye. Type of soil tillage had no effect within the crop rotation ‘rye–clover-grass–rye’, while rotary cultivation in ‘without crop–rye–rye’ was positive for the establishment of L. speculum-veneris and L. arvense. The results indicate good opportunities for the reintroduction of rare arable plants under different crop rotations with best results for extensively managed fields with low crop competition.

Влияние неорганических удобрений на структурные показатели урожайности озимой ржи

The article presents the results of research on the effect of inorganic fertilizers on the structural indicators of winter rye crop yield in the western zone of Azerbaijan. The western region is one of the most important economic regions of Azerbaijan in terms of the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. To obtain a high and high-quality winter rye grain yield and restore of soil fertility on irrigated chestnut soils of the Ganja-Gazakh zone, it is recommended that farms use inorganic fertilizers annually at the N90P60K60.

FACTORS OF DESTABILIZATION OF THE PHYTOSANITARY STATE OF AGROCENOSES OF GRAIN CROPS IN THE CENTRAL FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Based on a comprehensive analysis of agrotechnical and environmental factors, the main factors of destabilization of phytosanitary condition of cereal crops are identified, which consist in high plowing of the Central Forest-Steppe, violation of scientifically sound structure of sown areas, cultivation of intensive and semi-intensive varieties. organisms, as well as a significant pesticide load. It is established that the structure of land in the Central Forest-Steppe is ecologically unbalanced with the ratio of arable land: hayfields and pastures: forests 1: 0.2: 0.1. The share of grain group crops in the structure of sown areas is over 52%, the main industrial crops — 32%. Among the crops of the grain group, the largest areas are occupied by corn, wheat and barley, and the crops of barley, oats and rye are decreasing. Significant changes in the structure of sown areas in 2004-2019 occurred due to an increase in the share of industrial crops — almost three times, cereals and legumes — by 6%. The seeds of most of the analyzed varieties of cereals are contaminated with phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Alternaria, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Bipolaris, Penicillium, Mucor, Epicoccum, Glicocladium, Drechslera with a high intensity of spore formation (up to 8 million units / ml), which is biologic. Among the environmental factors are changes in hydrothermal conditions, namely — increase in average annual air temperature by 1.8oC over the past 15 years, a decrease in annual rainfall by an average of 22% and changes in the distribution of precipitation in the middle of the year.

Monitoring of winter rye diseases in Kirov region and possible trends of breeding for immunity

The analysis of the phytosanitary situation in production, selection and seed crops of winter rye in Kirov region for the period from 1999 to 2018 was carried out in order to adjust the tasks of breeding for resistance to the most harmful diseases. The affection of the sowings (spread of the disease), the development of the disease and the area of the affected crops relative to the number of the examined ones were evaluated. The trend in the development of the diseases was established on the basis of a regression analysis of long-term data of the branch of the FSBI Rosselkhozcentr in Kirov region. The annual (100 %) manifestation of snow mold and ergot has been established. Next according to the frequency of manifestation there are root rots and brown rust – 95 %, powdery mildew – 75 %, sclerotinia – 70 %, Fusarium head blight – 70 %, and stem rust – 50 %. A relatively low frequency of manifestation has been observed with septoriose and rhynchosporium – 35 and 30 %. However, taking into account the development of winter rye diseases which exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness (ETH), the studied pathocomplexes have different levels of danger. Thus, the development of brown rust above ETH was diagnosed 13 times within 19 years. The most severe disease development (20.0-52.0 %) was in 2001, 2005, 2009, and 2010; weak - in 2007 (0.8 %), 2017 (1.4 %), 2015 (2.4 %), and 2011 (5 %). The manifestation of powdery mildew above ETH was observed 6 times within 15 years, disease development was at the level of 13.0-53.0 %. The development of septoriose above ETH was diagnosed 6 times within 7 years with the development of disease from 13.5 to 63.0 %. Development of stem rust above ETH was diagnosed 5 times within 10 years with the status of the sign of 15.0-20.0 %. The cyclicity of spread of the most harmful diseases and trends of their change in agrocenoses of winter rye are shown. Thus, the most epitphytotically dangerous diseases include snow mold, brown rust, stem rust, powdery mildew and septoriose. Constant control is also required in relation to ergot and Fusarium head blight. These diseases should be an object for breeding-and-immunological studies.

Short communication: Presence of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto associated with triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) in Argentina

Aim of study: To report the occurrence of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.) on triticale grains from field samples in Argentina and the potential mycotoxin production for these isolates.Area of study: Buenos Aires province, ArgentinaMaterial and methods: A total of 40 samples from different crops (barley, rye, triticale, and wheat) showing Fusarium head blight symptoms were taken during 2017/2018 harvest season. Colonies with colour and mycelium similar to Fusarium were taken and were morphologically and molecularly identified. The potential to produce deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol and zearalenones was determined. Also, the Koch´s postulates were used to evaluate the pathogenic capacity of the F. graminearum s.s. isolates in triticale.Main results: Two Fusarium isolates were identified morphologically as F. graminearum, which were confirmed molecularly by PCR using the specific Fg16 F/R primers pair and by sequencing red and tri101 genes. The sequences obtained were compared with those available in the NCBI database using BLAST tools, showing 99-100% homology with those belonging to F. graminearum s.s. The results demonstrated that F. graminearum s.s. isolates were pathogenic when triticale spikes were inoculated by spraying under greenhouse conditions.Research highlights: To our knowledge, this is the first time that the presence of F. graminearum s.s. is reported associated with triticale in Argentina.

Demonstrating Short-Term Impacts of Grazing and Cover Crops on Soil Health and Economic Benefits in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System in South Dakota

Integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS) is an alternative that can help in intensifying food production while benefiting the environment. However, the assessments of the impacts of ICLS on the soil and economic benefits relative to specific environments in South Dakota are still lacking. This study was to assess the effects of ICLS on soil health and economic benefits under a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.)-rye (Secale cereale L.) rotation in South Dakota. Cover crops blends were planted after the rye crop, and grazing treatments (with and without) were applied after the cover crops establishment in 2015-2016. Data from this study indicate that most soil properties are not negatively impacted by grazing. However, the grazing increased soil bulk density (BD) and decreased soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil water retention (SWR) compared with the ungrazing. The effect of grazing on corn yield was not significant. The cover crops did not impact the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN), β-glucosidase, acid hydrolysis carbon fraction, microbial biomass carbon, and SWR, but impacted the SOC, hot/cold water carbon fraction, BD, infiltration rate (qs) in some phases and depths. The effects of different cover crop blends on corn yield were not as strong. The economic analysis showed that implementing ICLS increased the profit of the farm by $17.23 ac−1 in the first year and $43.61 ac−1 in the second year. These findings indicate that ICLS practices with proper management benefit soil health and producer income.

Microbial activity in soil with onion grown in a no-tillage system with single or intercropped cover crops

ABSTRACT: Microbial biomass is a driving force in the dynamics of soil organic matter, and microbial activity is an indicator of soil quality in agroecosystems, reflecting changes in management practices and environmental conditions. We evaluated the effect of monoculture and intercropped winter cover crops on soil chemical attributes, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR), metabolic quotient (qCO2), urease, β-glucosidase, and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis activity, as well as onion yield in a no-tillage system. Soil is a Typic Humudept, and treatments were control with spontaneous vegetation, barley, rye, oilseed radish (OR), OR + rye, and OR + barley. The soil was sampled (0-10 cm) five times between June and December. There were no differences among treatments for MBC and BR, and the highest values for those attributes occurred in June, when cover plants were in their initial stage. Although, qCO2 was not affected by any treatment, it varied among sampling periods, ranging from 0.62 to 10 µg C-CO2 mg-1 MBC h-1, indicating a low- or no stress environment. Cover crops had little influence on enzyme activity, but FDA was lowered in areas with single crops of barley and rye. Average onion yield in cover crops treatments was 13.01 (Mg ha-1), 30-40% higher than in the control treatment.

Influence of processing of crops of a winter rye by growth factors on crop productivity and grain quality

The research on studying of influence of growth such as Epin, Immunotsitofit and Zir-con on crop productivity and grain quality of winter rye has been conducted. It is re-vealed that processing of winter rye by growth stimulants Epin significantly increases crop productivity and improves quality of grain. Productivity of sowings of agricultural crops depends on size and duration of the functioning of a photosynthetic apparatus of plants. Photosynthetic potential of sowing is closely correlated both with biological and economic productivity of plants. Researches have shown that processing of winter rye crops by growth stimulator Epin significantly increases the heavity and improves grain quality.