Russian National Interests Research Articles

Kebijakan Rusia untuk Bertahan Menghadapi Sanksi Ekonomi Uni-Eropa di Tahun 2016-2020 Melalui Strategi Import Substitution

In the dynamics of Russia's relations with the European Union, at the beginning of the administration of President Vladimir Putin, Russia tried to approach the European Union as a trading partner. However, after Russia's intervention in Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea and the imposition of economic sanctions by the European Union on Russia in 2014, relations between the two entities became strained. Both parties impose sanctions on each other. Russia and the EU are two entities that have not much different influence and power. Therefore, this theme is important as an analysis of Russia's defense stance against the European Union Economic sanctions in 2016-2020 through the Import Substitution strategy. The author uses a national interest approach to analyze this problem. In this paper the author argues that the Import Substitution strategy is a form of policy to survive the economic sanctions of the European Union and as Russia's national interest over economic sovereignty.

ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО РОССИИ СО СТРАНАМИ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ

The article discusses the fuel and energy complex of Russia. It occupies a dominant position in the world, and therefore special attention is paid to the development of this sphere. Due to the current political events, problems arise in the way of cooperation between Russia and the CIS countries in the energy sector, which also affects the world energy markets. However, Russia's national interests extend to the integration of Asian processes in the field of energy, which favor the expansion of exports of energy resources to world markets. Coordination of oil and gas regions opens up access to maneuvering resources and appears to be a key factor of political and economic influence. China's dependence on CIS cooperation with Russia has increased, as interaction with these countries is required for the further development of the "One Belt, One Road" trade communication. This further strengthens the role of the Russian Federation as a unifying link in the chain of CIS countries. This makes it possible for Russia not only to take any actions in relation to energy trade, but also to actively improve the conditions for the transit of energy resources.

Ethnocratic State in Estonia as a Threat to Russian National Interests in the Baltic Region

The article discusses the features of building an ethnocratic state in the Republic of Estonia in the post-Soviet period, which sees in Russia, Russians, and the «Russian World» a threat to its integrity and sovereignty. For almost 30 years, the nationalist-minded authorities of Estonia have been implementing in their Republic a policy aimed at infringing on the rights and freedoms of the Russian-speaking population. In this “democratic” Baltic State, Russians are faced with such acute and egregious problems as mass statelessness, anti-Russian language policy, the absence of the main part of political rights among “non-citizens”, and falsification of national history. The author of the work focuses on the fact that in many respects the anti-Russian and anti-Russian policies in the Republic of Estonia are pursued by local authorities in order to please their new “elder brother” and ally — the United States, from which this Baltic Republic has long been in economic and political dependence. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that the presence of a neighboring state, in which a deliberate anti-Russian and anti-Russian policy has been pursued for a long period of time, cannot but cause Russia anxiety and concern and not contradict its national interests.

Russian language in modern web space: dynamic processes and development trends

This article investigates new language trends in Internet communication. The goal was a comprehensive description of new features that appeared at every level of the language system functioning in the web space. Investigation of new systemic web phenomena has both relevance and perspectives, as the focus of literary language development has shifted from literary texts to web-based texts. The research material included Facebook posts and comments. The material was processed with stylistic methods (contextual, stylistic compatibility, interpretation, etc.). The synchronic analysis was accompanied with elements of diachronic commentary. The analysis also considered the normative aspect, yet the emphasis was made on the evolution of contemporary literary language influenced by digitalization and the growth of the Internet. The important factor in language transformation and development is realization of the creative function of the language in the user-generated content of the informal segment of the Internet. The multiple extralinguistic factors influencing Internet communication are described in details, but it is the creative function of the language and the features of new communication in the Internet space that are of primary importance for the development of the literary language in the Russian segment of the Internet. The study uses examples to prove the scientific hypothesis that new language phenomena on the Internet are not random, but on the contrary are systemic, as they are manifested at every language level. This allows drawing conclusions about the inevitability of transformation of the Russian language in the future, as the language will provide the communication of digital society that is already developing new ethic norms. Considering the trend on strengthening the legal frames for actions of state and transnational actors in the network space, the study of the Russian language and its trends in the Internet as one of the powerful means of soft power makes our study relevant for forming legislative mechanisms aimed at preserving Russian national interests in the international communication. The study is perspective, since it makes a significant contribution to preserving cultural and linguistic identity of Russian citizens in front of the growing international competition and uncertainty. In addition, being a linguistic study, this work deals with the issues of processing information with its increased speed and volume.

Target-setting for technological development of the Russian aircraft industry in the field of countering climate change

Subject. The article discusses the introduction of a Pigouvian tax on greenhouse gas emissions. Objectives. The objective of the study is to develop methods for setting the target level of CO2 emissions by Russian aircraft, based on Russia's national interests (both economic and environmental). Methods. The emission target was set on the basis of the classical approach of determining the economically optimal level of pollution at the intersection of the curves of marginal damage from pollution and marginal costs of eliminating pollution. The assessment of marginal costs of reducing CO2 emissions was based on the learning curves in the field of research and development aimed at reducing emissions. Results. We developed a method to set up the target level of CO2 emissions by Russian aircraft based on Russia's national interests (economic and environmental), rather than on external requirements dictated by competitor nations. Conclusions. According to the calculations on the basis of realistic estimates of fixed costs for reducing the carbon dioxide emissions, the utility is maximized with a reduction of CO2 emissions by 10% (for this method of assessing the damage to the State and with the realistic estimates of fixed cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions).

Alignment of Global and National Interest with Regional Strategic Priorities

Aim. The presented study aims to examine strategic principles for developing regional strategic priorities with allowance for the alignment of global and national interests.Tasks. The authors define the role of the alignment of interests in the development of regional strategies; determine the global interests of the United Nations (UN), the International Labour Organization, and the national interests of Russia, which should be taken into account when formulating strategic priorities for regional development.Methods. This study uses the theory and methodology of strategizing developed by academician V.L. Kvint to describe strategic principles for developing regional strategic priorities with allowance for the alignment of global and national interests. Applied research is conducted through the example of Kuzbass.Results. The conceptual framework for substantiating the strategic priorities of regional development is determined as a result of the alignment of global, national and regional interests based on relevant trends. It is shown how the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the initiative of the Global Commission on the Future of Work, national goals, and strategic objectives for the development of the Russian Federation are reflected in the strategic contours of Kuzbass development until 2035 and beyond.Conclusions. When developing strategic priorities, aligned interests of all parties — from global to personal — make it easier to achieve a positive multiplier effect, increasing the effectiveness of initiatives and satisfaction of performers. Conflicting interests may lead to opportunistic behavior, a ban on holding any events, inefficient use of rare limited resources, and loss of confidence among performers in the implementation of their initiatives. Inconsistency with global and national interests may lead to sanctions, economic and political warfare.

Historical Overview of Opportunism of the Russian Foreign Policy towards Serbia and its Reflection on the Western Balkans / Historijski presjek oporunizma ruske vanjske politike prema Srbiji i njegova refleksija na Zapadni Balkan

The paper elaborates on the history of the Russian foreign policy towards Serbia, with special emphasis on the national interests of the Russian state, which, in addition to undoubtedly strong traditional cultural and historical ties between the two Orthodox nations, still significantly guide Russian policies towards Serbia. In other words, the subject of the paper is numerous examples and evidence of opportunism in relation between these countries and its reflection on the countries of the Western Balkans. Namely, starting from the nineteenth century onwards, Russia has emerged as a strong foreign policy partner of Serbia, thus expanding its influence on other Western Balkans countries. In this way, Russia, as a great political power, capitalizing on its own power and strong ideological, historical and cultural ties, uses Serbia to strengthen influence in the region and beyond. Starting from the historical insight in this relationship, the paper focuses on the tendency to present opportunism and pragmatism of the Russian foreign policy, guided exclusively by the Russian national interests, which is visible, both from historical perspective, and in the last twenty years. The relationship between Russia and Serbia is presented through the military, economic and diplomatic cooperation.

External Labor Migration in Modern Russia: the Need to Revise the Conceptual Framework

Problem statement. The globalization of economic development factors, the development of world economic relations is manifested, in particular, in the formation of the international labor market, stimulating the growth of external labor migration. These processes fully affect Russia and sharply actualize the need for the institutional and regulatory arrangement of developing migration processes. The implementation of the necessary steps to solve existing problems runs into the preservation of traditional ideas about the content of external labor migration, the existing regulatory framework, and the established forms of institutional interaction at the federal and regional levels. Purpose of the study consists in substantiating the need to develop the concept of external labor migration as a phenomenon having a complex structure of a single nature of multidirectional flows of external labor migration – labor emigration from Russia and labor immigration to Russia. As a research task, the authors determined the development at the conceptual level of the basic category, the definition of the system of legal tools included in the administrative-regulation mechanism of external labor migration in modern Russia. Methods. The work methodology is determined by general scientific, special and private-scientific methods of cognition, which made it possible to comprehensively study the problems of administrative and legal regulation of external labor migration in modern Russia. The work was carried out on the basis of the use of such general scientific research methods as comparative legal, formal legal and institutional legal modeling. In the course of the study, system-structural and logical approaches to the study were applied. The analysis of external labor migration in the proposed sense requires new approaches. In its most general form, this can be represented as a «reverse» dichotomous analysis. Results. The analysis and generalization of existing traditional approaches to understanding external labor migration is carried out and the need to overcome them is substantiated. The theoretical foundations are determined and the author's interpretation of the concept of external labor migration as a whole economic and legal phenomenon, consisting of relatively autonomous, but organically connected exit and entry labor flows, is proposed. The necessity of improving legal regulation, a new level of institutional interaction of public administration bodies at the federal and regional levels on the regulation of external labor migration flows in the context of Russia's economic development is substantiated. Conclusions. Ensuring the national interests of Russia involves the search for adequate organizational and legal measures to implement the strategic goals of improving the management of migration processes. The definition of the modern vector of state policy in the field of external labor migration should be based on a new conceptual theoretical basis. Migration legislation in the field of external labor migration needs to be codified, developed and adopted an independent federal law «On External Labor Migration». An important step in improving migration policy is the development of new forms of institutional interaction at the federal and regional levels.

Turkish northern Caucasus foreign policy impact Russian national security

Turkey offers itself to be a regional leader for the Middle East, North Africa, partly for the Balkans and the Caucasus, while pursuing its own interests, not least economic ones. Turkey's foreign policy activation, and not only in the South, but also in the North Caucasus, is probably intended to create an additional platform for foreign policy bargaining with Moscow on issues of interest to Ankara. When analyzing the foreign policy of Turkey during the rule of the ruling Justice and Development Party, of course, you need to pay special attention to the foreign policy concept of neo-Ottomanism, the architect of which is Ahmet Davutoglu. The developed new approach "strategic depth" means that for Turkish diplomacy, Turkey's deep historical and cultural roots in the Balkans, the Middle East, the Greater Caucasus and Central Asia (former territories of the Ottoman Empire) are more important than the existing state borders. The pragmatism of Ankara's foreign policy is also manifested in a sober assessment of the popularity in the Caucasus of such ideas as Great Turan (a pan-Turkic project of a single state for all ethnic Turks) and neo-Ottomanism. For Caucasians, the times of the rule of the Ottoman Empire are the golden age of prosperity. Turanism is more aimed at awakening "kindred feelings" based on the common Turkic heritage. "They are implementing practical humanitarian projects, identifying leaders of public opinion who are ready to cooperate. Ankara is pursuing a policy of small steps in order to change the social and cultural image of the region in the long term. In general, Turkish leader is confident that due to historical reasons and the realities of modern politics The Caucasus is a zone of direct strategic interests of Turkey. Ankara, relying on the support of the United States and NATO, takes an active part in most regional political and economic projects, actively intervenes in the affairs of the Middle East, South Caucasus, Central Asian and North African regions, tries to strengthen its role beyond their borders, which often overlaps with the national interests of Russia.

“Sovereign democracy”: the roots, contents and critique of contemporary Russian political thought

Background: The paper is devoted to the concept of ‘‘sovereign democracy’’ that emerged in Russia in 2005 and was thought to play an important political role. The concept, authored by Vladimir Surkov, the deputy chief of the Administration of the President, having both internal and external political goals, was the first attempt of the formulation of the values of the new political system under Vladimir Putin. The paper discusses the roots of ‘‘sovereign democracy’’, its contents, and critique. It also presents the circumstances of a decline of this concept in 2007–2008, which resulted from the new rhetoric of President Dmitry Medvedev.Objectives: The main goal of the following paper is to present and discuss the contents of the Russian political concept of “sovereign democracy”. Since this concept was the first, and as it turned out — only attempt by the Russian ruling elite to define its own ideological identity, the following study enables us to make some remarks regarding the axiology and ideological maturity of “Putinism”. Methods: The adopted perspective of the investigation imposes the employment of the his-torical method and the exegesis of the documents.Results: “Sovereign democracy” was the first effort of this kind to define contemporary Rus-sian national interests, the challenges and opportunities, both in internal and external dimensions. It embraces a diagnosis of Russia’s main problems in the first decade of the 21st century: the vulner-ability of the economy based on the export of oil and gas, the unfavourable international situation, and a possible unipolar world order. It has had national and international aims: consolidation of the political elite and a clear message to international society that Russia will not give up the reshaping of the world towards a multipolar one. Since its beginning, the concept was understood doubly — as a future “state ideology” and as a short-lived project for current political purposes. Despite the fact that it was officially adopted by the “One Russia” party, it was not recognised by V. Putin and did not obtain any official status. Conclusions: Being, in fact, the product of one man — Vladimir Surkov, the concept of sovereign democracy emerged in 2005 as a response to the need for a tool to mobilise society before parliamentary and presidential elections. As a result of the restrained and sceptical attitude of V. Putin and D. Medvedev, the concept was not developed and abandoned by the “One Russia”

Social technologies in Turkey's foreign policy: clash with Russia's national interests

Social technologies in Turkey's foreign policy: clash with Russia's national interests

On the issue of Russia's National Interest in Environmental safety

On the issue of Russia's National Interest in Environmental safety

Accommodative monetary policy, fiscal stimulus and foreign exchange reserves within the framework of Russian national economic interests: Long-standing problems and new challenges

Ultra-accommodative monetary policy, fiscal stimulus, and, as a result, growing debt were the main features of advanced economies development in the 2010s. The pandemic crises of 2020 intensified those trends. Russian authorities had to respond to the new challenges inspired by the global economic slowdown and massive lockdowns thru adopting relaxing monetary conditions and employing fiscal impetus. However, “the new financial reality” of zero-negative interest rates and fast-growing public debt in major advanced economies highlighted the long-standing problems of international financial architecture as well as created new challenges for the Russian national economy. In the article, the author analyzes monetary, fiscal and debt risks challenging the world economy during the last decade and concludes that under current circumstances continuing accumulation of foreign exchange reserves is resulting in growing dependence of Russia economy on the monetary policy of the world’s leading central banks, creating devaluation pressures on the ruble and, consequently, increasing outside inflationary impact on the domestic economy. Ultimately financing the already inflated budget deficits of the United States, the Eurozone and Japan and thereby feeding the wave of “debt tsunami” that is looming from these economies, the Russian Federation is losing investment resources that are so vital for sustainable economic growth recovery. The main goal of the article is to prove that within the framework of the new global financial reality, the further accumulation of foreign exchange reserves preserves ruble undervaluation and ultimately undermines the sustainable development and economic growth of the Russian economy. The author suggests the key elements for national economic policy aimed to support the domestic economy may and should be ruble appreciation. The adjusted paradigm of Russian economic development based on the import substitution model is a strong argument in favor of this proposal.

At the Forefront of Diplomatic Struggle, Guarding the National Interests of Russia

At the Forefront of Diplomatic Struggle, Guarding the National Interests of Russia

“The New Orangeland”: Justification of the Penetration into Mazandaran and Astarabad in the Publications of the Russian Resettlement Department’s Officials

The article is devoted to the issues of justifying the need to intensify the policy of the Russian Empire in the southern Caspian region (in the Astarabad and Mazandaran provinces of Iran) as well as the promotion of Russian resettlement colonization of the region, in the writings of officials of the Head Department of Land Management and Agriculture. The main groups of arguments, used by imperial administrators and involved publicists to justify the expansion, are identified. It is noted that the considered works have raised the question of the need for political reconstruction in the region after the Great War, taking into account the national interests of Russia, its political and economic needs.

Ensuring the national interests of Russia in the process of their development

Ensuring the national interests of Russia in the process of their development

«Цветные революции» на постсоветском пространстве: социально-экономические предпосылки и последствия

Relevance. The "color revolutions" that literally filled the entire post-Soviet space in the early 2000s are based not only on political roots, but to a large extent on a socio-economic basis, which manifested itself in the miserable existence of citizens of the post-Soviet space who saw the reason for their economic difficulties in power, in its inability to govern the state at this stage. The purpose is to reveal the influence of socio-economic factors on the process of the "color" revolutions on the example of such countries as Georgia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan. Methods. Objectives: consider the dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators of the EU and the US from 2015 to 2020; to study and visualize the dynamics of GDP growth, GDP in PPP per capita, inflation in the EU member states for 2016–2020; investigate the dynamics of the total US government debt for 2015-2020. Metodology: the method of statistical and critical analysis of data from world agencies (Solidarity center, Center for International Private Enterprise CIPE, International Republican Institute, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, National Security Council); the method of comparative analysis was used to compare the socio-economic causes and consequences of the “color revolutions” in Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine. Results. "Color revolutions" in the post-Soviet space were developed according to the same technologies developed in the West and tested in the countries of the Near and Middle East during the period of "velvet" revolutions. The only basis for their course, which ensured their success, was the worse state of the country's economy, the poverty of the bulk of the population and the presence of youth groups financed from the West to incite protest and sometimes nationalist sentiments. Conclusions. After the events in Georgia and Ukraine in Russia, at the level of high-ranking government officials, decision-makers gradually formed a point of view according to which "revolutionary events" in the CIS republics are causing real damage to Russian national interests in the post-Soviet space. Key words: Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, post-Soviet space, "color revolutions".

Evolution of the activities of states as reflected in legal and political Teachings

Evolution of the activities of states as reflected in legal and political Teachings

New Challenges and Threats to Russia's National Interests in the Mediterranean Region

New Challenges and Threats to Russia's National Interests in the Mediterranean Region

Barga as part of the sphere of Russian Strategic interests in East Asia in the First Quarter of the twentieth century: contractual aspect

Based on previously unexplored treaties and agreements, the article provides an analysis of the non-military mechanism for ensuring Russia's interests in Manchuria against the background of the formation and development of the statehood of the Hulunbuir district, known in the Mongolian-speaking world as Barga. Having played the Russo-Japanese War and lost a number of supporting territories, the Russian Empire took all necessary measures to preserve and strengthen its influence in the region and was able to form zones of preferential interests, thanks to which it managed to control the process of acquiring relative independence of the Barge in a favorable light for itself. The research methods were data collection; thematic monitoring of scientific publications; method of analysis of documentary streams; systematic approach. В В The main conclusions of the study are that within the framework of the studied agreements, Russian national interests in the Far East were reliably protected. The instrument for this was concessions, which by their legal nature differed significantly from the concessions and settlements created by foreign powers in Eastern China, but could fully ensure the Russian presence and respect for strategic interests. Also among the conclusions is the judgment that the created system has shown its effectiveness, however, following the revolutionary events and the death of the Russian Empire, it could not survive the political crises that came during this period. The Chinese leadership, taking advantage of the turmoil that arose in Russia, liquidated first the autonomy of Outer Mongolia, and then the status of Hulunbuir stipulated in the agreements.