Russian Work Research Articles

МАРКЕТИНГОВЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКОГО РЫНКА ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ ДЛЯ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ САХАРНОГО ДИАБЕТА 2-ГО ТИПА

Content analysis of statistical data for the Russian Federation and the Belgorod region showed a trend of increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Currently, according to the State Register of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and the Federal State Statistics Service, as of January 1, 2022, more than 4.5 million patients were registered in Russia, which is slightly more than 3.1% of the country's population. In the Belgorod region on 01.01.2021, the number of patients with type 2 diabetes was 57,634 people or 3.74% of the population of the region. The increase in the dynamics of the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, its complications, disability and mortality determine the expediency of studying the range of lipid-lowering drugs to improve medical and pharmaceutical care for diabetic patients. The purpose of the study was a marketing analysis of the pharmaceutical market of medicines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Information and reference literature on the range of medicines registered and approved for use in the Russian Federation, Internet resources, supplier offers, scientific works of Russian and foreign scientists were used as objects of research. The study and analysis of the assortment were carried out using a wide range of methods and approaches to research, including generalization and data mining, general scientific analysis tools, statistical methods. In the course of the study of the range of lipid-lowering drugs in the domestic and local markets, the multidimensional characteristics of these segments were obtained. Based on the maximum indicators of the assortment, macro- and mesocontures of target segments of the markets of medicines for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus have been developed: domestic and Belgorod markets of drugs for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus The types are represented by: mostly subgroup A10BA - "Biguanides", according to the active substance "Metformin". In terms of composition, drugs with one active ingredient in solid dosage form in the form of tablets are leading. The coefficient of assortment renewal in the Russian pharmaceutical market was 0.75, in Belgorod – 0.51. In general, the study showed that the pharmaceutical market of the Russian Federation has a significant resource for pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which provides an opportunity for interaction between pharmaceutical specialists and healthcare professionals to provide pharmaceutical and medical care.

CAMELPOX: BRIEF SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW

one of the most important issues in veterinary medicine and agriculture is the preservation and reproduction of livestock. During the Soviet Union era, camel breeding developed only in the western regions of Kazakhstan, and in the post-independence years it developed rapidly in the southern and south-eastern regions of the country. However, in recent years, the registration of camelpox has become a new problem in veterinary medicine, creating some obstacles to the development of camel breeding. This is evidenced by the outbreak of camelpox in the Mangistau region in 2019, which led to a decrease in livestock productivity and a decrease in livestock. In order to learn more about this infectious disease, which is considered the most dangerous for camels, the work of domestic and foreign scientists was conducted. The search was conducted using keywords in English and Russian from Internet resources. As a result of the research, 48 scientific works were analyzed, including 44 foreign articles published in English, 2 works in Russian, 2 research works of domestic scientists. This scientific review article provides a review of the scientific literature on the general description, distribution, epizootology, diagnosis and prevention of camelpox. The article summarizes and presents all the information on these sections in the form of an abstract in the state language.

The impact of Russia’s cooperation with the G7 countries in the sphere of trade in goods on the national economy of Russia

The subject of the study is the foreign trade turnover between Russia and the G7 countries (USA, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Great Britain), in particular, its structure. The purpose of the work is to identify the degree of influence of Russia’s cooperation with the countries considered in the work in the field of trade in goods on the national economy of Russia. The theoretical and methodological basis and information base of the study are the works of Russian and foreign authors devoted to the issues of interaction between Russia and the G7 countries. While writing this article the authors also referred to official Russian sources, in particular, to the data provided by the Federal Customs Service of Russia, the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. It is concluded that Russia’s cooperation with the G7 countries in the sphere of foreign trade is generally effective for Russia. However, it should be noted that the Russian Federation is actively implementing an export-oriented policy, the main products of which are oil products, which undoubtedly contributes to the increase in the rate of economic development, the inflow of foreign capital and the increase in gross domestic product. But due to the imposed sanctions, as well as dependence of the Russian Federation on oil and gas revenues, it is necessary to direct the vector of development to other industries, pay special attention to the development of domestic products and diversify the economy. The results obtained in this paper can be used for forecasting the economic position of the country in the global arena, analyzing the further interaction of the Russian Federation with its key trading partners, and assessing the feasibility of an effective partnership.

Organization of Conducting Office Work in Courts оf the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus

The organization of conducting office work in the courts of Russia and Belarus is the objectives of providing legal proceedings. Differences in the content of office work in Russian and Belarusian courts are based on two interacting factors. The first consists in the peculiarities of building judicial systems of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. The second is formed on the basis of the peculiarities of the implementation of the powers of state bodies, including state authorities who create lists of claims affecting the maintenance of the rules for conducting office work in the courts. The tasks of the relatively legal research have been solved by applying the functional method, as well as structural and analytical methods. Based on the Belarusian experience, options for optimizing Russian judicial proceedings are proposed.

System Engineering of the Organizational and Technical Systems' Digital Twins Using Artificial Intelligence Methods

The article considers the problem of digital twin design of organizational and technical systems. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the fundamental scientific works and applied works of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of digitalization and digital twins. Following methods are used in the research: system analysis, statistical analysis, operational research, artificial intelligence. A comprehensive analysis of approaches and methods for digital twin design of organizational and technical systems is carried out. It is shown that for complex organizational and technical systems operating under uncertainty, there is no comprehensive, universal technology (methodological approach) for organization the process of developing digital twins in order to accelerate their engineering. The technology for organizing a digital twin design, combining design stages, methods and models, and providing its system engineering is proposed. The decision support model is developed for diagnosing the technical state of an object (technical device), based on the methods of situational analysis and fuzzy logic, which provides the synthesis of effective solutions under various situations and combinations of heterogeneous factors characterizing the object and its external environment. The practical significance of the research is the developed decision support system, which is the basis for control system in solving problems related to monitoring the current state of technical devices (instruments, equipment) and developing adequate decisions to eliminate their disfunctions.

Innovative materials and technologies in housing construction: importance and prospects

Introduction. The trends and prospects for the application of innovations in the housing construction in the Russian Federation are considered in the article.
 Materials and methods. The system approach, methods of structural analysis, classification and grouping, comparative and statistical analysis, forecasting and expert evaluations were used in the research. Works of Russian and foreign authors, experience of construction companies, statistics presented by Rosstat (Federal state Statistics Service), materials of the Moscow Agency of innovations, materials of business programmes of specialized exhibitions, conferences and forums were used as the material for the research.
 Results. The author systematized the current innovation trends broken down into (1) development and application of innovative construction materials and (2) creation and implementation of innovative technologies in construction. All innovations eventually reduce costs and terms; improve the quality of or cause an increase in the environmental friendliness of construction. The author formulated the basic condition of expediency of innovation introduction, or the improvement of an indicator of an innovative project in comparison with the basic option, other things being equal. The analysis of the situation also allowed identifying barriers, interfering with the introduction of innovations in the housing construction in the Russian Federation.
 Conclusions. The analysis has proved the demand and certain prerequisites for the development of innovative activities in the housing construction in Russia. Certain conditions are required for overcoming the existing barriers, preventing the wide-scale use of innovative technologies in housing construction, such as the better assessment of innovative projects, taking into account the features of housing construction; and consequently, a rise in investments into innovative housing construction projects; reasonable state regulation; regulatory framework improvement; advanced training of executives and providing the industry with managers, acting as innovators. Low-rise and single-family houses are the best options for innovations.

PECULIARITIES OF TEACHING POLICE OFFICERS THE BASICS OF THE RUSSIAN SIGN LANGUAGE

The article shows the practical aspects of training employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, as well as presents the means of developing linguistic competence and ways of forming students’ creative capabilities.
 The object of the research is to develop pedagogical principles for organizing the learning process that contribute to the study of educational material in Russian Sign Language.
 The subject of the research is Russian Sign Language.
 The research methods consist of theoretical analysis of the works of Russian and foreign linguists, method of empirical analysis.
 The results of the scientific work are aimed at improving the efficiency of educational work with students during the training program “Training skills of the Russian sign language for duty units employees, district police officers, patrol service, traffic road safety, criminal investigation department, for migration issues”.

Sociocultural Factors in Economic Development: Problems of History and Theory

The article is an attempt to answer the question: “How does culture manifest itself in the economy?” For this purpose, the authors analyzed approaches of various schools of economic theory in regard to the assessment of the role of sociocultural factors in the economic development. Reference to scientific primary sources allowed the authors to point out seemingly insignificant examples of manifestation of the cultural factor in the economy in the works of Russian and foreign authors, which, at the same time, possess important conceptual meaning for the study of the problem in question. The paper proposes to consider the study of the place and role of culture in the economy as a step-by-step process: from the description of examples of the manifestation of culture in the economic space of the historical school to the conceptual model of the cultural factor in the sociocultural economy. Using the works of representatives of German Historical School, of institutional economists and researchers of sociocultural economics school, the authors try to present the regularities of culture functioning in the form of verbal formulae or synopses, for example about the significance of cultural factor in the economy, about the durability and reproductive nature of the culture, about culture as a frame through which economic decisions are made, etc. At the end of the article, the authors make a conclusion that it is necessary to take into account sociocultural factors in the implementation of the operational, tactical and strategic economic policy of the state.

NEW INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR AND RUSSIA's POSITION IN IT

The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent politicization of the solution of economic problems have created a new economic reality. This article is devoted to the consideration of the possibilities and problems of the formation of a new international division of labor. The scientific and practical works of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of the international division of labor and global trade were used as the methodological basis of the study. The division in the analysis into the short term and the long term is necessary to study the sequence of steps in the formation of a new international division of labor. The author identifies the following manifestations of the new international division of labor: the crisis of "supply chains", the deformation of the global and national labor markets, the politicization of the solution of economic issues at the international level, the significant lag of economic theory from real business processes, the impact of climate change on the formation of a new international division of labor and the transition from a "free trade" policy to a "fair trade" policy. The "supply chain" crisis has shown that the order of supply in international trade, based on the "just in time" system, could not withstand the external shock, causing shortages and inflation. The deformation of labor markets is manifested in COVID-motivated automation, in the "migration trap", in the increased polarization of employment. The countries of the “golden billion”, having been defeated in competition in the global market, are striving for a political solution to economic problems. The EU is trying to play the game of European super monopoly and super monopsony. The possibility of a political solution to the problems of global economic competition is based on the fact that changes in the real economy that have taken place in recent decades have not adequately changed the international financial sphere. Regardless of the current geopolitical situation, in the long term, the expansion of the use of new technologies and artificial intelligence creates the basis for the international division of labor of the next level. To maintain and potentially improve its place in the international division of labor of the Russian Federation, a consistent transition from the “inertial” to the “innovative” path of development is necessary.

Crimes in Fiction and Alleged Punishments

The article discusses a number of works of Russian and foreign literature in which certain crimes appear. The author considers various circumstances of the crimes committed, which aggravate or mitigate the guilt of the offender. There also were considered some relevant articles of modern Russian legislation related to the crimes under these investigations. According to the analysis, the author suggests alleged punishments which the heroes of the books could be awarded.

Сетевая методология смарт-образования

The article attempts to systematically comprehend the changes that the new era of smart education entails. The analytical basis of the study was the theoretical work and publications of Russian and foreign scientists describing the experience of intro-ducing certain elements of smart education into practice. During the analysis, the principles of network methodology were identified and its theoretical and practical aspects in smart education were revealed. The theoretical aspect is based on the work of scientists in the field of communication theory. The principles of network method-ology include the presence of social networks and network graphs (network models). The practical aspects of the network methodology are revealed through the transfor-mation of traditional practices in the field of education: educational environment, curriculum, academic discipline, electronic interactive textbook, forms and methods for monitoring learning outcomes, a virtual classroom. In the conclusion, the authors provide some characteristic features of the transfor-mation of the education system: non-linear networking, standardization and hierarchy of goals and content, the presence of a large database.

Role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases

In the last decade, facts related to the role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases have been established and the concept of the gut-microbiota-brain axis has been formulated. The gut-microbiota-brain axis has been shown to be a sensitive pathological marker of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Numerous works of Russian and foreign scientists and summarized data in scientific reviews indicate that one of the key reasons for the development of these diseases is a change in the gut microbiota. A number of published studies have focused on the pathogenic effects of altered gut microbiota and its metabolites on the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. On the other hand, a growing body of fundamental work points to the ability of the gut microbiota to regulate the function of the central nervous system through the gut-microbiota-brain axis, to influence brain development and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. This article presents an analysis of a number of systematic reviews and results of clinical studies conducted mainly in animal models and in vitro, proving the relationship between the intestinal microbiota, neurotransmitters, and associated pathophysiology. The paper shows the need for further study of the influence of the gut microbiota on the central nervous system, which can play an important role in the early recognition, prevention, and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Stylistic Errors in Translation

The article describes the significance and status of stylistic errors in the context of general classification of translation errors. The author stresses that this issue has been studied in the works of Russian and foreign linguists. The topicality of the study is determined by the absence of a unified classification of stylistic errors in translation, discrepancies in the classification names of these types of errors and the principles of their selection. The author attempts to systematize the types of errors on the basis of student translations of German scientific and newspaper texts. The classification of stylistic errors is based on violations of the functional and stylistic norms of the target language, distortion of the expressive background of the original and the author's assessment, violation of its norms and usage. The analysis of the material is supported by a linguo-stylistic commentary, which reveals the essence of the stylistic differences between the original text and its translation. It is stated that a significant part of stylistic errors in translation is associated with a violation of the stylistic norms of the Russian language.

Determining Factors of Socio-Cultural Strategy in Modernization Theories

There are numerous works of both Russian and foreign authors concerning the issue of modernization, yet interest toward it is far from exhausted. While complexity of globalization processes grows, modernization constantly presents us with new challenges, thus demanding new approaches in research. This article represents our attempt to rethink existing concepts in order to prove the preference of deploying research in a socio-cultural direction, which may ensure priority of the human factor, social partnership and social equality in the global arena, as, without these, modernization also loses its socio-cultural perspective and content. Most certainly, this new idea requires a sociocultural model of modernization to be created, as well as a corresponding methodology. However, we are forced to narrow the postulate of the topic, as the justification of the need for such a model raises certain questions, namely: why exactly it is needed, and what factors hindering its development are present in existing modernization theories. Therefore, the following tasks have been prioritized: highlighting the positive aspects of the three stages of modernization theory, changing the paradigms of research approaches, creating the principles of interdisciplinarity by the American school of social scientists, determining the role of science in the institutionalization of these processes. The article highlights as determining factors of the socio-cultural modernization strategy the political motives for creating the modernization theory, leading to an increase in the status of strong states over weak ones, to an imbalance in the development of different societies, subordination of the weak to the powerful. Unlike many researchers who associate the leap in human progress with the Industrial Revolution and the Great French Revolution, the author believes that the true origins of the phenomenon should be found in the Scientific Revolution of the Western countries of the 16th—17th centuries. After all, the basis and driving force of modernization consist of intellectual capital and the middle class. The article also provides examples of practical application of scientific discoveries, its destructive and positive influence on Western societies in the era of rapid changes, giving examples to all humanity. In conclusion, the article defines the socio-cultural model of modernization.

Stakeholder approach to the innovative development of unified heat supply organizations

Introduction. The provision that any economic entity in the economic system does not exist separately from the environment that surrounds it creates the need for the functioning and development of the organization to take into account the goals of the main stakeholders. The object of this study is unified heat supply organizations, acting as one of the participants in heat supply, which is legally responsible for the modernization and technological development of heat supply in a certain territory. The interaction of unified heat supply organizations with other economic entities and holders of interests necessarily influences the nature and intensity of modernization and technological development, and their innovative development. The purpose of the study is to identify groups of stakeholders whose interaction is important for the innovative development of unified heat supply organizations, as well as to determine their main goals and interests in order to be able to take them into account when developing a mechanism for managing the innovative development of unified heat supply organizations.
 
 Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the work of Russian and foreign researchers in the field of the concept of stakeholders and the stakeholder approach to management. The methods of empirical and theoretical research were used in the study.
 
 Results. The study of the approaches of Russian and foreign authors to the classification of stakeholders allowed us to form a list of the main stakeholders, interaction with which is important for the innovative development of unified heat supply organizations, as well as to highlight their main goals and interests, which is of interest, since identification, structuring and building a map of possible stakeholders allow us to evaluate the options for the functioning and development of the object of study from the point of view of existing interest groups and their influence.
 
 Conclusions. A systematic approach to the management of groups interested in the innovative development of unified heat supply organizations, based on the optimality criterion, should become an important factor in the development of a management mechanism for the process under consideration.

Nationalism in Japanese Historiography of the 1990-2010s

The object of the study is the phenomenon of Japanese nationalism in foreign historiography of the 1990-2010's. The subject of the study are the factors that historically formed the concept of Japanese nationalism and its modern perception by researchers. The Japanese political model and its components, including nationalism, are often subject to biased interpretation. Western approaches to Japanese nationalism almost always boil down to the fact that Japanese individualism is considered not as a kind of individualism, but as nationalism. The author examines the works of nationalism researchers who have used various methods and approaches to the analysis of this topic in order to compare the main models of nationalism in Japan and Western states. The author uses problem-chronological and comparative research methods. The novelty of the research lies in the author's comparison and study of the concepts of national identity and nationalism used in Japan by political elites to solve the problem of consolidating power, establishing state control over all aspects of the life of Japanese society, as well as combating external threats. The study of a country with a non-Western political culture demonstrates that if in Western approaches "nationalism" is usually defined as a phenomenon, a sense of solidarity arising from a common historical experience, then nationalism in the Japanese sense is an ideological mixture of militaristic, industrial and reformist aspects of the national idea and contains many complex factors. In addition to Japanese researchers, the author also studied the works of Russian and Western researchers.

“Svitrigailo, Grand Duke of Lithuania, or Supplement to histories of Lithuanian, Russian, Polish-Prussian” : Translation and Publication of Work of August Kotzebue in Russian Empire

The issue of the history of the translation into Russian of the historical work of the German playwright August Kotzebue “Svitrigailo, the Grand Duke of Lithuania”, which was published in 1835, when the name of the famous German author had already become a sign of bad literary taste, and his works ceased to be published. For the first time, the study introduces into scientific circulation materials from several archives that store documents that allow us to draw conclusions about why Kotzebue’s essay on the history of Lithuania and Poland has been lying on the shelf of the censorship department for more than a decade. The results of the study showed that the manuscript could not be allowed for publication for a long time, not because of the scandal around the tragic death of its author, and not because of the new heroized interpretation of the image of Svitrigailo. The real reason for oblivion was the additions (documents from the Königsberg archive) with which Kotzebue supplied his work. The author of the article reports that, among various historical materials, three papal bulls were presented at the end of the manuscript, related to the project of a possible reunification of the Latin and Greek churches. It was these documents that delayed the publication of Kotzebue’s work in Russian. The archival materials involved show that the censorship of the first quarter of the 19th century considered the dissemination of materials related to the issue of unification of churches dangerous for Russian society.

Russian obstetrician, gynecologist and medical historian Wilhelm Mikhailovich Richter

July 27, 2022 marks the two hundredth anniversary of the death of honored professor Wilhelm Mikhailovich Richter (1767-1822), obstetrician, Russian historian of medicine, and a founder of the Midwifery Institute at the Moscow Imperial Orphanage with a maternity hospital at the Moscow University. W. M. Richter introduced the course of study «Diseases of Women and Newborns». He is the creator of the very first clinical school of obstetricians and gynecologists in Russia. In the period of 1790–1819, as a professor of the Department of Midwifery at the Moscow University, he made a significant contribution to the development and improvement of the history of medicine: he is the author of a key fundamental Russian work «The History of Medicine in Russia», published in three volumes in two languages — Russian and German. Wilhelm Mikhailovich Richter acted as president of the Physico-Medical Society. He also was a publisher of the Medical-Physical Journal.

Features of educational motivation of non-traditional nursing students

The article presents an analysis of the works of Russian and foreign scientists on the motivation of educational activities of adult students depending on the form of study (full-time, part-time). Its features have been studied among students of the specialty ‟Nursing” at a medical college. For the first time in this study, the methodology of structural and psychological analysis was implemented in relation to the problem of motivation of educational activities of female medical students. From the standpoint of this methodology, it is established that during the professional training of future nurses, there are natural – determined by both the learning process and subjective factors – restructurings of the motivational sphere of the personality of women. These transformations characterise their integral structures rather than the dynamics of individual motives. It is found that the dynamics of the motivational sphere is quite deep, leading to structural changes in this sphere; that is, there is a qualitative restructuring of the motivational sphere of the individual. As a consequence of these qualitative transformations, there is also the organisation degree natural dynamics – integration of the motivational sphere of the individual. A decrease in the degree of structuring of the motivational sphere of students by the end of training is revealed; that is, there is a cardinal reorientation to the actual professional activity.

On the Question of studying the modern Syrian Media System

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to study the modern Syrian media system in the conditions of a long-term armed conflict in Syria. The object of the research is the scientific literature devoted to media studies. The subject of the study is the interpretation of the concept of "media system" contained in the works of Russian, Western and Arab authors in the context of modern Syrian media. The purpose of the study is to define the concept of "media system" applicable to the study of modern Syrian media. To achieve the purpose of the study, the authors, having set a number of criteria, conduct a comparative analysis of the definitions of the concept of "media system" contained in the works of the Russian scientific school, researchers of the Western school (including the works of Arab authors integrated into this direction), Syrian official and scientific sources. The scientific novelty of the study is an attempt to generalize the definition of "media system" in the works of representatives of various scientific schools, as well as to develop their own definition of the media system of Syria, applicable to the current state of the country's media during a protracted armed conflict. As a result of the comparative analysis of the definitions of the media system, the authors conclude that the media system of modern Syria is a set of mass media in the territory controlled by the legitimately elected government of the country, functioning in conditions of temporary fragmentation of the country's territory in order to restore information sovereignty. This definition is debatable, but, according to the authors of the article, it is applicable to the Syrian media in conditions of armed conflict.