Russian Words Research Articles

A core group of Russian words with feminine meanings: dictionaries vs living speech of Russians vs perception of Chinese native speakers

A core group of Russian words with feminine meanings: dictionaries vs living speech of Russians vs perception of Chinese native speakers

Retracted] Russian Speech Conversion Algorithm Based on a Parallel Corpus and Machine Translation

The phonetic conversion technology is crucial in the resource construction of Russian phonetic information processing. This paper explains how to build a corpus and the key algorithms that are used, as well as how to design auxiliary translation software and implement the key algorithms. This paper focuses on the “parallel corpus” method of problem solving and the indispensable role of a parallel corpus in Russian learning. This paper examines the foundations, motivations, and methods for using parallel corpora in translation instruction. The main way of using a parallel corpus in the classroom environment is to present data, so that learners can be exposed to a large amount of easily screened bilingual data, and translation skills and specific language item translation can be taught in a concentrated and focused manner. Among them, the creation of a large‐scale Russian‐Chinese parallel corpus will play an important role not only in improving the translation quality of Russian‐Chinese machine translation systems but also in Chinese and Russian teaching as well as other branches of linguistics and translation studies, all of which should be given sufficient attention. This paper proposes the use of automatic speech analysis technology to assist Russian pronunciation learning and designs a Russian word pronunciation learning assistant system with demonstration, scoring, and feedback functions, in response to the shortcomings of pronunciation teaching in Russian teaching in China. It can provide corpus support for gathering a large number of parallel corpora and, in the future, enabling online translation. This system is used for corpus automatic construction, and future corpus automatic construction systems could be built on top of it. The proper application of parallel corpus data will aid in the development of a high‐quality autonomous learning and translation teaching environment.

О значениях в словах и буквах, или "языковой детерминизм" vs "детерминизм онтологический"

Usually a word in a language has the main meaning, representing it in speech, in explanatory dictionaries and in the media. But as a sign, the word is not something homogeneous throughout the entire field of its meanings; in addition to the main one, it also includes additional meanings that either fit in the dictionary entry on the periphery, or branch off into a separate lexeme. How this is done, and in what directions additional to the main meanings in Russian words diverge, is the content of the article. I am not so interested in the linguistic nuances of words as in their ability to explain anything and everything; so my approach skips linguistic subtleties and uses a simplified pragmatic criterion for classifying meanings. This criterion turns out to be sufficient for serious conclusions in the practice of learning foreign languages.

VOCABULARY OF YAMSKOY [COACHMAN’s] AND IZVOZNY [CABMAN’s] CARRIER’S TRADE: HISTORICO-DERIVIATIONAL ASPECT

Based on the material from the Russian commercial written records of the XVI-XVII centuries, this article examines semantic and derivational features of the vocabulary of the yamskoy [coachman’s] and izvoznyi [cabman’s] carrier’s trade. In terms of content, the words of these two professional spheres have much in common since the main occupation of yamshchiki [coachmen] and izvozchiki [cabmen] was transportation of people or goods by horse; here are used the names of characters, vehicles, travel modes, types of transported objects. The history of fixing of the words yamshchik [coachman] and izvozchik [cabman] in the Russian language reflects the universal pattern of changing the names of persons ending in -nik by the nouns ending in -shchik /chik ( yamnik - yamshchik [coachman], izvoznik - izvozchik [cabman]). At the same time, the categorical difference in the original names that were at the beginning of the word-formation chains caused a difference in the semantic development of the names of doers: in one case, this is a spatial nomination of yama [Russian word for a ‘pit’] denoting a "station on the road" (> yamchi, yamskoy > yamshchik [coachman]); in another one it is a designation of a movement in space izvoziti [Russian obsolete word for ‘to carry’] (> izvoz > izvozchik [cabman]). In this regard, the names of persons right from the beginning differed in their conceptual representations of the doers: yamshchik [coachman] is the one who moves along the road, and izvozchik [cabman] is the one who “carries” something both on land and on water (like a carrier). Different communicative spheres of yamskoy [coachman’s] (gonny [riding fast] ) and izvozny [cabman’s] carrier’s trade gave birth to specific names of transportation: gon’ba [fast ride] and izvoz [carriage], which had clear internal forms: the first one was motivated by the verb gonyati [Russian obsolete word for ‘to ride fast", and the second one - by the verb izvoziti [Russian obsolete word for ‘to carry outwards’] (cargo, goods).

THE ROLE OF THE SUFFIX IN THE PROCESS OF SYNTHESIS OF THE MORPHONOLOGICAL APPEARANCE OF A WORD IN RUSSIAN WORD FORMATION (on the basis of nouns)

The purpose of the study is to describe the morphonological rules for choosing the allomorph of the suffix -ost (-is), to study its role in the formation of the morphonological image of the derived word. The description of abstract feminine nouns with the suffix -ost (-is) made it possible to find out the following dependence: first, the morphonological characteristics of the stressed and alternations predict the allomorph of the suffix (a specific manifestation of the word-forming suffix), and the allomorph determines the stress and consonant outcome of the stem of the derived word. A certain hierarchy of morphonological units that determine the synthesis of the sound structure of the studied derivatives is revealed. It consists of a set of morphonemes of stress, alternation of phonemes and alternation of allomorphs. The suffix in its function turned out to be equivalent to stress and alternation of phonemes indicating the fusional nature of the studied class of words, which refutes the traditional point of view ascribing dominance over stress and alternation to the suffix. The results of the study, in particular, the significance of the suffix in the description of the theoretical foundations for describing the morphonological phenomena of the Russian language, as well as the model of the morphonological description of Russian word formation itself, make a certain contribution to the development of morphonology as an independent science. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the findings and materials of the study can be used in compiling special morphonological dictionaries.

Употребление имитативов как частей речи

In Kyrgyz linguistics, the problem of morphological identification of certain groups of words, including imitative words, remains relevant. This article talks about some cases of the use of imitators as parts of speech. The relevance of the research topic lies in the importance of a holistic description of imitative words in the comparative grammar of the Turkic languages, in determining their general lexical and grammatical properties on the materials of the Kyrgyz language and in comparative analysis with equivalents in Russian. Linguists of various languages have devoted their works to the study of imitatives, since this, an unusual group of words is of interest to many. They do not bend or conjugate, therefore they are referred to as unchangeable words. The purpose of this work is to consider imitative words as a separate part of speech, since they have a special phonetic form and morphological structure, integral semantic meaning, are actively used in the formation of new words, and act as members of a sentence. It is customary to attribute imitative words to interjections, but the article discusses the allocation of imitative words in Russian as a separate part of speech by some linguists. In addition, in the grammars of the Turkic languages, imitative words are very numerous, and the linguists-Turkologists concluded that it is possible to single them out as a special part of speech. Also, examples of imitative words from works of Kyrgyz literature are given and described, showing their inconsistency in the composition of interjections. Imitative words act as members of a sentence, serve as a derivative basis for the formation of new words.

Speech Interference as the Result of a Two-Pronged Negative Influence

The article considers the problem of the interaction of languages in the process of forming a bilingual personality and society. A comparative study of the material, the mother tongue and the studied language, reveals the causes of interference in bilingual speech in a foreign language. Traditionally, the causes of speech interference are determined by the characteristics of a native language, which are not found in the language studied, therefore they negatively affect the process of mastering the second language, which generates speech errors. This is a one-sided approach to understand interference in general and its origins (causes) in particular. The article considers the problem of a two-way approach to understanding the phenomenon of speech interference. Speech interference is a result of the negative influence of both the characteristics of the native language and the characteristics of the language being studied, i.e. it is a simultaneous two-way process in dual unity. Both processes of negative influence on an individuals mastery of a second language are defined as one action in bilinguality, giving the same result - interference in bilingual speech, which is expressed in phonetic-phonological, semantic and other types and types of speech errors. The simultaneous and inconsistent negative influence of the features of the native language and the non-native language considered on the material of consonant combinations in the initial words of the Russian and Kazakh languages, when the absence of combinations of consonants in this position of the Kazakh word and their presence in this position of the Russian word to the same extent and at the same time negatively influence on the correct - the literary pronunciation of Kazakh words and Russian words. Thus, in contrast to the traditional explanation of the phenomenon of speech interference as a result of a one-sided negative process, it is proposed and proved that this phenomenon is the result of (simultaneous) two-way influence of features, native and studied languages. Errors of an individual in speech in a foreign language are considered according to the provisions of the syntagmatic typology of interference (plus segmentation, or minus segmentation).

Spiritual energy of the Russian word as a scientific challenge of humanitarian thought

The authors consider faith as a direct way to form spirituality of an individual and nation on the whole, as our main moral wealth. This problem is especially relevant in the modern world, since the most important words for national consciousness are now devaluating. The purpose of the research is to prove that the language, namely the word , has resources for creating and accumulating the spiritual potential of the native speaker. The research has been carried on the material of the Bible and the National Corpus of the Russian language (a subcorpus of literary texts published after 1950). The authors used the following research methods: the traditional general scientific methods of analysis, comparison, generalization and the new one - discourse analysis. In the course of the research two aspects of the indicated problem have been considered: the language is a spiritual essence; the word is a barometer of our understanding of the world. The study resulted in the following conclusions: the primary and the most important function of the language is the function of communication with God; the spirituality of the Russian people is formed and preserved thanks to the language, because the language contains deep transcendental meanings, almost inaccessible for rational comprehension. These meanings create and retain spirituality in the society and the individual, form the spiritual code of the nation; fulfil the sacred function of communication with God; reveals the great mystery of the world and the human soul at the same time. These provisions allow to outline the prospects for the future research within the framework of a new stage of the anthropocentric paradigm, which brings it closer to the theo-anthropo-cosmic paradigm as the paradigm of the future. In it, an individual begins to realize his place not above the world, but inside it.

Image of Russia in French-Language Comics

This article initiates research on the representation of Russia in French comic books. From 1849 to the present about 400 volumes have been published. In this paper, the notion “comics about Russia” include: a) a book of comics in which the action takes place either in the tsarist Russia, the USSR or contemporary Russia, b) a book in which a character or a place of the above period are involved. After an overview of the types of books and genres of comics about Russia (documentary, historical, adventure, science fiction, comical, as well as literary adaptations), an analysis of the visual aspect of comic books, mainly the covers, is given. Such recurring elements as snow, red color, five-pointed star, trains, blood, weapons, beautiful girls, ugly old ladies, and old cars are considered. We discuss the reasons for the practical absence of such stereotypes as black caviar, bears and some others. Then we analyze the role of the Russian language in the realization of the image of Russia, on the example of borrowed words, toponyms, anthroponyms, and utterances. Сyrillic, transliterated text and insertion of certain letters from Cyrillic into Latin are examined, as well as the presence or absence of translation and its correctness. The author underlines cases in which nonexistent toponyms, names and surnames, remotely resembling Russian words, are used. The question is whether such errors are accidental or indicate the authors' evident lack of interest in the adequate depiction of the reality. At the end of the paper the author proposes a frame for the analysis of any comic book about Russia. Apart from the mentioned above, this frame takes into account such aspects as characteristics of the "Russian" personages and their actions. Hopefully, the frame will make it possible to observe the evolution of the image of Russia, the link between stereotypes and the type of comic book as well as to compare the same image in French mass-media, literature, and movies. In the future we would like to find out whether the use of these stereotypes comes from the authors' insufficient knowledge of the Russian reality, or from their intention to create and reinforce the existing stereotypical image of this country.

Difficulties in mastering phraseological phrases and russian words by uzbek - speaking students

The objective of the present work is to examine the linguistic-cultural characteristics of the phraseology units of the English and Uzbek languages ​​in the classroom. The national-cultural specificity of phraseology units with animal names, geographical names, historical terms, national clothing, plant names, and opening colors is caused by linguistic and extra linguistic factors. As a result of comparative experience, the following types of phraseology unit translations are differentiated between English and Uzbek phraseology units: equivalence-based translation, file-based translation, and descriptive translation.

Функціонування інтерферем і росіянізмів у текстах інтернет-видань

Introduction. Researchers of media discourse, along with the positive aspects of the development of modern Ukrainian literary language in the media, point to the decline of media speech culture. The purpose of the article is to record examples of Russification and language negligence in online publications, to provide practical recommendations for improving the speech culture of journalists. Results. Interferems and Russianisms in online mass media are studied. The source base of the study was journalistic texts of online publications of national and regional significance ("Ukrainian Truth", "Doba").The analysis of the revealed deviations from lexical norm is carried out, the basic erroneously dangerous places are specified. It is proved that a common type of lexical errors in the language of the media - interferems and Russianisms. According to the classification of interference, in the analyzed online publications can be divided into two groups of such non-normative units. The first group includes single tokens-interferems. They form a small system of representatives. The second group of formations of interferomic character consists of non-normative combinations of several tokens. In the process of linguistic examination of journalistic materials, non-normative tokens-Russianisms (a word or phrase borrowed from the Russian language or built on the model of Russian words and expressions) were revealed. The inappropriateness of using nouns with the suffix -k- to denote an action in appropriate contexts is characterized, instead the analyzed materials distribute such formations. A number of extra- and intralinguistic factors have been identified, which have led to the spread of Ukrainian Russian-language interference elements in speech. The main extralinguistic reasons are the following: living in Ukraine a significant number of people who only understand the Ukrainian language, but do not speak it; knowledge of the majority of Ukrainian citizens in both languages - Ukrainian and Russian; improper knowledge of Ukrainian speakers of its norms; poor vocabulary of speakers; imperfect language policy in the state; lack of an effective mechanism for implementing the Law on Languages. The main intralinguistic factors are the typological affinity of the East Slavic languages and the formal (sound-letter) similarity of a large part of the Ukrainian and Russian lexicons. Results. Thus, online publications, both national and regional, are characterized by a low degree of language competence. In particular, activity in the use of interference tokens and Russian tokens has been demonstrated.

Sublemma-Based Neural Machine Translation

Powerful deep learning approach frees us from feature engineering in many artificial intelligence tasks. The approach is able to extract efficient representations from the input data, if the data are large enough. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to collect large and quality data. For tasks in low-resource contexts, such as the Russian ⟶ Vietnamese machine translation, insights into the data can compensate for their humble size. In this study of modelling Russian ⟶ Vietnamese translation, we leverage the input Russian words by decomposing them into not only features but also subfeatures. First, we break down a Russian word into a set of linguistic features: part-of-speech, morphology, dependency labels, and lemma. Second, the lemma feature is further divided into subfeatures labelled with tags corresponding to their positions in the lemma. Being consistent with the source side, Vietnamese target sentences are represented as sequences of subtokens. Sublemma-based neural machine translation proves itself in our experiments on Russian-Vietnamese bilingual data collected from TED talks. Experiment results reveal that the proposed model outperforms the best available Russian ⟶ Vietnamese model by 0.97 BLEU. In addition, automatic machine judgment on the experiment results is verified by human judgment. The proposed sublemma-based model provides an alternative to existing models when we build translation systems from an inflectionally rich language, such as Russian, Czech, or Bulgarian, in low-resource contexts.

Motivation of Word Formation in Russian and Arabic Languages and its Role in Achieving Translation Equivalence

The article is devoted to the issue of word-formation motivation, which does not lose its relevance and plays a role not only in disclosing formal-semantic relations between words of one language and has not only theoretical, but also applied significance. The authors consider word-formation motivation consistently in its varieties in a comparative way on the materials of so different languages as Russian and Arabic and approach the mechanism of achieving semantic equivalence of translation. To the greatest extent, word-formation activity today, due to objective reasons, affects some special branch (technical, medical, etc.) vocabulary, which is increasing from year to year in national dictionaries. This extensive material, selected by the authors, not only illustrates the current trends in word formation in modern languages, but also provides an answer to the question about the degree of equivalence of this subgroup of words in Russian and Arabic. The goal to compare word-formation motivation according to a number of criteria in different-structured languages made possible not only to obtain theoretical information about what features each of the languages has in word formation and what derivational potential it has, but also to reveal an algorithm for translating derived words from one language to another. For this, the authors complete a number of such particular tasks as highlighting significant elements in the neologisms of the Russian and Arabic languages, establishing standards for the formation of scientific and terminological vocabulary in Arabic, searching for tools (transformation operations, specific word-formation formants) that will contribute to the achievement of translation equivalence from Russian to Arabic, etc. Also the analysis of differences in the mechanisms of the formation of new vocabulary in the Russian and Arabic languages provided an opportunity to supplement the relatively young and rapidly developing private methodology of Russian-Arabic translation.

Анализ социально-экономического положения скандинавских стран с использованием макроэкономического обобщающего показателя развития.

The socio-economic development of the country is the goal of every state. An important element in achieving this goal is the availability and application of a macroeconomic generalizing indicator that reveals the purpose of public policy. The main aim of the study is to identify the socio-economic characteristics of the organization of life in the countries of Scandinavia, using the macroeconomic generalizing indicator RAZ (the name of the indicator is based on the first part of the Russian word “razvitie” translated as “development”), proposed by the authors. The authors consider this indicator as suitable for cross-country comparisons of the quality of life and an objective estimation of development of the society from the point of view of focusing on the maximum disclosure of person's abilities and personal development. The research was based on the methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization and modeling, as well as on the case-study method. The use of these methods made it possible to identify the characteristics of the socio-economic organization of life and characteristics defining quality of life (human birth, education and medical care) in their composition, and also the indicators corresponding to them characterizing qualitative changes — levels of human birth rate, education and medical care. The generalized estimation of the specified characteristics defining quality of life, it is offered to make by means of a macroeconomic generalizing indicator. For its calculation a set of the quantity indicators defining quality of life (population in the country, number of the persons trained in an education system and number of healthy people) is generated. The authors make an assessment of the macroeconomic generalizing indicator and the set of the quantity indicators defining quality of life (the population in the country, the number of healthy people and the number of people studying in the education system).The study has developed an approach to calculating defining quality of life indicators using the System of National Accounts according to the data of the European Bureau of Statistical Research and the official websites of the national statistical services of the countries of Scandinavia and Switzerland as a country that has indicators close to the leading values of the countries of Scandinavia. These estimates can be used for comparative analysis purposes. The study compiled a rating of countries according to the macroeconomic generalizing indicator. According to calculations, Norway occupies a leading position. The lowest rank is observed in Sweden. There are changes in the quality of life in society, and this complex phenomenon requires an objective assessment. Generalizing indicator of the development provides such an assessment. The indicator allows us to evaluate the set of characteristics that determine the quality of life, which is not yet taken into account in cross-country comparisons, and to compare them. It has been established that the lack of development of the conceptual apparatus and the unavailability of important statistical information complicate the principle of compiling the indicator and lead to an inaccurate calculation of the macroeconomic generalizing indicator at this study stage. Nevertheless, it was found out that the calculation could be made in relation to the following levels: humanity (world), country, region or city. Further research is planned to study substantiation of the conceptual device of formation of RAZ as indicator for cross-country comparisons of quality of life and an objective estimation of development of the society, as well as for using it as a modelling element of social and economic systems. Besides, it is necessary to develop additional characteristics that take into account the influence of a person’s life expectancy on the quality of his life, as well as in clarifying the conceptual apparatus for forming a macroeconomic generalizing indicator RAZ for building a rational organization of people's place of residence. This approach creates new theoretical and methodological foundations for scientific knowledge of the socio-economic development of the countries and allows us to analyze the quality of life as a base which moves development of the countries in different historical periods and to see the development of the world in the future in a different way.

Phonetization of teaching Russian as a foreign language in digital humanitarian knowledge: theoretical aspect

The article describes the phonetization potential in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language (RFL) to philology students in the context of digitalization of education. The relevance of the topic is due to the connection between the quality of hearing and pronunciation skills formation and the processes of perception, understanding, memorization, programming an utterance in a foreign language, on the one hand, and the methodological capabilities of modern technologies, on the other hand. The purpose of the work is to present the theoretical foundations of phonetization in teaching RFL and methodological techniques to implement it, taking into account the opportunities of the digital educational environment. The material of the research includes the questionnaires of foreign students studying Russian in bachelors, masters and postgraduate programs, aimed at determining the demand for continuing work on hearing and pronunciation skills formation at the basic and advanced levels. The authors used the following methods: analysis of scientific publications on practical phonetics, digitalization of humanitarian knowledge, listening and pronunciation skills formation by means of electronic linguodidactics, observation of the practical use of phonetization in teaching RFL, questioning the recipients. Basing on the results of the questionnaire survey of foreign students, the authors come to the conclusion that it is important to include work on hearing and pronunciation skills formation at the main and advanced stages of teaching the Russian language practical course in bachelors and masters programs. In this regard, the theoretical knowledge necessary for the teacher to phonetize the learning process at the main and advanced stages is described, namely: the basic concepts in the field of the articulatory apparatus, the characteristics of sounds, the phonetic base of the Russian language, stress, rhythm and reduction in the Russian word, phonetic processes within the word and at the junction of words, the intonation form of the syntagma. The potential of the digital educational space for phonetizing the practical course of the Russian language at the main and advanced stages of university education is revealed, where the content of phonetic work is determined by the characteristics of a particular study group, teacher training, and appropriate methodological recommendations are given. The practical significance of the research lies in the student-philologist and the teachers theoretical knowledge generalization, necessary for the phonetization in teaching RFL and their potential application in the context of the educational space digitalization. This study opens prospects for further exploration of the digital educational space potential in order to improve hearing and pronunciation skills and create appropriate teaching materials.

Dostoevsky as a Tourist (1862): The Discovery of Europe or a Secret Visit to Iskander?

Dostoevsky's first foreign trip in the summer of 1862 has both visible and hidden aspects. Having visited the "land of holy miracles," the author of “Winter notes on summer impressions " focuses his attention on two world capitals. Both cities are symbols of the victorious bourgeois civilization: its material (London) and moral (Paris) triumphs. It is with this "brave new world" that Russia’s potential historical prospects are correlated. At the same time, England acts as a "testing ground" for some future novel collisions, and France — as an example of a police state. The question is raised about the formation of Dostoevsky's comprehensive concept of the West. The work carefully reconstructs the previously little-known details of Dostoevsky's secret visit to the London exile — A. I. Herzen, the subject and nature of their communication, the mutual interest they demonstrated. For the first time, this meeting is examined in a broad historical context-in close connection with the events in Russia. The latter include the St. Petersburg fires, the "Young Russia" proclamation, the arrests of D. I. Pisarev and N. G. Chernyshevsky (and with Dostoevsky’s visit to the latter on the eve of his departure abroad), a police search in Yasnaya Polyana, the suspension of the Contemporary and Russian Word, and the upcoming repression against Time. All of the above are connected by a single "typographic plot" (attempts to create an uncensored free press), which was founded by Dostoevsky (1849) and realized by Herzen in 1853. based on unknown archival documents, the details of Dostoevsky's search on the Russian border (Verzhbolovo) after his return from Europe, the sealing of his papers and the subsequent interrogation at the Investigative Commission in St. Petersburg are examined.

Plot Clic s of Novels about “New People” in the Context of the Magazine Polemic of the 1860s and 1870s

The article considers papers and reviews by Saltykov-Shchedrin, criticizing novels about “new people”. The main focus is on the period 1868–1871 when Saltykov-Shchedrin was the main critic of the magazine “Notes of The Fatherland” (“Otechestvennye Zapiski”). The polemic between magazines “Notes of The Fatherland” and “Delo” continued the debate started by the predecessor magazines – Nekrasov’s “Sovremennik” and Blagvetlov’s “Russian word”.The purpose of the article is to identify the main plot clichés in novels about “new people” presented in reviews.Results. The main criticism expressed through the parody indicates the position of the critic towards the author. Parody is a crucial part of most reviews. The article describes the main techniques of parody: selection of plot elements that are repeated in novels about “new people”, schematization of their combinations. All this brings the plot to a common denominator with many similar plots. It also demonstrates an important point of the critic: the lack of artistry cannot be compensated for by any actual social ideas.Conclusions. By the end of the 1860s, the repetition of plot patterns and hero types in novels about “new people” was a basic feature of any plot. In the reviews, Saltykov-Shchedrin drew a fairly complete picture of the plot clichés used both in democratic literature and in the anti-nihilist novel. Parody as a reflexive response to the processes taking place in literature can be considered as a symptom of a completed phenomenon. In this case, the parody marks the end of the intense but short life of the “new people” of the 1860s.

Comparative typological features of segmental phono-stylistic means in words of foreign language origin in Russian and Uzbek languages

This research is devoted to the analysis of stylistic peculiarities of phonovariants of words of foreign origin in Russian and Uzbek. It is aimed at the investigation of the stylistic values of phonovariants of the borrowed words in the Russian and Uzbek languages and substantiation of the isomorphic and allomorphic features of such language units in comparison. So as to achieve the aim of the research, several objectives of the research are set: identification of the current status of the research problem; review of related literature; analysis of stylistic peculiarities of phonovariants of the words of foreign origin in compared languages; substantiation of isomorphism and allomorphism of honostylistic features of borrowed words in Russian and Uzbek; discussion of stylistic potential of phonovariants of the words of foreign origin in compared languages.

The Conceptual Object "Bird" in the Eponymous Bunin’s Poem and Qur'anic Text

The present paper offers an outlook on the conceptual object “bird” in Ivan Bunin's poem and the Holy Qur'an. Actualizing Bunin's appeal to the Qur'anic meanings is due to the linguistic and cognitive approach to its study to identify sense generating features of the “bird” as a symbol that may be close to the Russian mind. Conceptual object is thought of as an ideal object which enters the people's naive consciousness sphere or religious contemplation and becomes a subject of cognitive specification in their spiritual life. The linguistic sign categorization is associated with abstracting from its primary meaning and metaphorizing but, unlike a concept, the conceptual object is not represented by the national cultural and linguistic code. Analysis of the Qur'anic bird representation as a fate allowed us to evolve its substantial paradigm “fate – deeds – conscience – will – soul ↔ bird ↔ spirit/soul – angel on the right and angel on the left – scripture – will – knowledge/science – predestination” and to draw a parallel with the Bunin's literary image of “prophetic bird” imbedding precognitive symbolism of fate. Extended abstract: The present paper offers an outlook on the conceptual object “bird” in Ivan Bunin's poem and the Holy Qur'an. The article’s objective is actualizing Bunin's appeal to the Qur'anic meanings and identifying sense generating features of the “bird” as a symbol that may be close to the Russian mind. The question formulated concerns the reasoning that the bird may be considered a conceptual object which is thought of as the ideal object and enters the people's naive consciousness sphere or religious contemplation becoming a subject of cognitive specification in their spiritual life. The linguistic sign categorization is associated with abstracting from its primary meaning and metaphorizing but, unlike a concept, the conceptual object is not represented by the national cultural and linguistic code. Our hypothesis is what the analysis of the Qur'anic bird representation might evolve its substantial paradigm and draw a parallel between the Bunin's literary image of “prophetic bird” and the Qur'anic bird imbedding precognitive symbolism of fate. The methodology for proving the hypothesis was based on linguistic and cognitive and hermeneutical approaches to the study of insights into the symbolic image of the bird. The Bunin's poem denotes the semantic paradigm of the conceptual object “bird” captured in the title “amulet – prophetic bird – secret sign – fate – owl” and establishes its relations in the poetic intention implementation: “man – bird”, “God – bird.” The “secret sign” in this case can be seen as a meta-concept by means of which “amulet alike prophetic bird” and simultaneously “fate” are defined. The paradigm derived from the Qur'anic text study includes the following chains of components: “bird ↔ soul – will – conscince – deeds – fate” and “bird ↔ spirit/soul – angel on the right and angel on the left – scripture – will – knowledge/science – predestination.” The bird appears as the interlink in the two chains and the ultimate links in them “fate” and “predestination” align and form a dot commensurate with the concept of “qadar.” In general, the fate of a person (or soul) conditioned by "free will" in deeds and destiny as God's judgement constitute a whole. The convergence of the conceptual meanings of the bird in Islamic culture and Russian word artist's work determines the novelty of the research topic. “The fate-bird” idea entails a conceptual object semantic value which can arise under certain conditions or depending on this idea purposive intent. Such a solution to the conceptual object problem brings together different levels of language awareness.

TO THE QUESTION OF SUBSTANTIVISATION IN THE HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE IN COMPARISON WITH RUSSIAN

Recently transposition became the issue of many research papers for being a complicated and sophisticated language phenomenon, and its definition has been broadened. The issue of transposition and the degrees of verb transitivity are the most controversial and difficult ones both in Hungarian and Russian linguistics. This issue may be investigated on different language levels: lexical, syntactic, morphological and on the level of word formation. Taking into account the mobility of parts of speech boundaries in the compared languages we attempt to find the cause of words transitioning from one lexico-grammatical class into another, investigate transposition as a natural phenomenon both for the Hungarian and Russian languages, differentiate transition in parts of the speech system from other language phenomena, solve some contentious issues regarding parts of speech, for example ‘noun-adjective’ relations, and others. Despite having extensive literature concerning nominalization in Russian linguistics and some works in Hungarian linguistics, some aspects are not comprehensively covered in them. For example, different types of transitions from other parts of speech into nouns, thorough semantic and thematic categorization of substantivized words, characteristics of their functioning in texts of different functional styles, principles of creating lexicography, etc. In this article we compare the process of substantivation amidst the system of parts of speech in languages of such different structure as Hungarian and Russian. Comprehensive and comparative study of the process of transition of other parts of speech into nouns allows us to conduct a deeper investigation of each of these languages’ structure and also to reveal typological similarities and differences between them. These languages have not been explored this way so it provides scientific novelty to the research. For the first time we define the main conditions of a systematic process of transposition in Hungarian and Russian and reveal both specific and universal opportunities for transition in the compared languages. We use comparative analysis for researching semantic models of substantivized words, distinguish different types of transitions into nouns and describe structural and stylistic features. Thus, the topic of the research is the grammatical, semantic, structural and stylistic features of substantivized words in Hungarian and Russian. The objective of the study is to discover linguistic nature of substantivation of adjectives, verbs and verbal formations, numerals and pronouns, to find out specific and universal features caused by typological differences of the researched languages. To achieve this goal we need to solve the following problems: determining the place of substantivation in the system of word formation in Hungarian and Russian, discovering how much substantivation and conversion being productive ways of word formation are identical in Russian and Hungarian, distinguishing semantic models of substantivized words and compare them, comparing models of usual and occasional substantivation and determine its productivity, studying their structure which means showing peculiarities of substantivized words’ grammatical structure in Hungarian and Russian, discovering similarities and differences between them and finding adequate models. The research is based on data of dictionaries of Russian and Hungarian languages, examples of fictional texts, live speech and not the least on the idioms. Theoretical importance lies in the following: 1) the research develops the theory of transitivity as we study transposition in two languages of different structures using comparative analysis of substantivized words and taking into account grammatical, semantic and functional aspects; 2) using the materials of two languages of different structures we discover the main conditions of systematic transposition and distinguish its universal and specific features; 3) for the first time the problem of transposition is studied on the basis of Russian and Hungarian from a theoretical point of view (on the example of transition of other parts of speech into nouns); 4) we develop the methodology of a comprehensive approach to study substantivation in Hungarian and Russian which can be used when describing this phenomenon in other languages of different structures.