Russian-Ukrainian War Research Articles

NEW MEANINGS OF PERMANENT MEDIA ONYMS WITH COMPONENT INVINCIBILITY

The article is devoted to the analysis of the semantic load of media onyms updated in the infospace of the new time. Today, phrases such as invincible city, invincible people, invincible country, etc. have become dominant in mass communication, which acquire the status of semantically condensed media onyms, and their features are precedent, stable reproducibility, semantic integrity. Due to the fact that these units are expressively and emotionally colored, their semantic scope also changes. The purpose of the article is the analysis of new semantically condensed media onyms, which represent in the mass consciousness conceptualized linguistic phenomena with the component unbreakable, which can be endlessly formed in accordance with the background knowledge of the recipients and the semantic landmarks of the modern infospace: the invincible city (Kyiv, Odesa, Mariupol, Kharkiv, etc.), an invincible mayor (Vitaliy Klitschko, Igor Terekhov, Vitaliy Kim, etc.), an invincible country (Ukraine, Israel, Georgia, etc.). It was noticed that these units are close in their structure and semantic-stylistic potential to media phraseology, which verbalize objective reality and are used in communication as communicative "glues" for the cumulative and manipulative purpose of the message. It has been proven that new constructions become a kind of semantic triggers of media messages in new informational realities: invincible warriors, invincible Irpians, invincible prisoners, invincible armed forces, etc. The article draws attention to the universalization of onyms in the media space: it is about the use of the meaning-making concept INVINCIBILITY, which is used in relation to Ukraine and Ukrainians in the foreign press. Therefore, the formation of new cognitive meanings by media onyms was observed, which was generated by the Russian-Ukrainian war and is a segment of the semiotic system of the globalized information space of the world.

Back to the future: re-examining John Mearsheimer’s idea of hypernationalism in the context of the Russian–Ukrainian war

ABSTRACT Russia’s ‘special military operation’ in Ukraine is an opportunity for readdressing a crucial theoretical question: How to understand the role of hypernationalism in the run-up to war? Given the participation of Ukrainian ultranationalist militias and Russia’s goal of de-Nazifying Ukraine, a need emerges to provide a greater understanding of hypernationalism and its relation to this war’s origins. By going back to John Mearsheimer’s 1990 article ‘Back to the future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War’, this article examines Mearsheimer’s idea of hypernationalism and the problem of how states can signify other nations most negatively in the run-up to war. Drawing on a problem-driven strategy, it tackles this problem by applying ‘Essex School’ poststructuralist discourse theory. It argues that Ukrainian hypernationalism played a vital role in the genesis of this war, although not as a stable set of principles that possess a causal force but as a political subjectivity that the Russian government signified as a threat to its national identity. I use this distinction to theorise the role of hypernationalism by examining Russian official statements about Ukrainian neo-Nazism.

PSYCHOLINGUISTIC INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPT OF HOME: UKRAINIAN REALITIES

Since the beginning of the war, Ukrainians have suffered many heavy losses and painful changes. One of the such changes in the usual way of life were forced to move to safer zones for accommodation, search for shelter, temporary home, which are the basic value in the psychomental environment space of Ukrainians. However, it is this concept that has undergone moral and ethical changes in the realities of war, semantic transformations in the conceptual and linguistic picture of the world of our compatriots. Identify this dynamic, find out the semantic dominants of awareness the analyzed concept, the vectors of its perceptual characteristics provides an opportunity to psycholinguistic interpretation, primarily an associative experiment that makes it possible obtaining "live", up-to-date models of processes of deep reconstruction of the environment the world. The object of research is the associative meaning of the concept of HOME as the basic one in the system value coordinates of Ukrainians, the subject is the perceptual specificity of this concept in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The leading method used in the work was experimental-a free associative experiment, as well as an analysis of the obtained results and further synthesis for obtaining objective generalizations and verification author’s hypotheses related to the assumption of semantic dynamics of basic concepts under the influence of crisis exogenous factors. Component-based methods are also applied, descriptive and comparative analysis. Theoretical value and scientific novelty of the obtained results the results are determined by a certain contribution to the deepening of theories of psycholinguistics, semantics, linguoculturology, in particular problems of factors of dynamics of perceptual processes, their influence on the semantic transformations of basic concepts in projections on the specifics of the national mentality. The practical significance of the conducted research can to be implemented in the educational process in appropriate lecture courses, in lexicographic in practice and in the scientific work of applicants for higher education at various levels. Actual the material includes more than 200 reactions received from respondents from different social groups. The results of the free associative experiment, where the stimulus was HOME allowed us to form its associative field (2022), identify coincidences and discrepancies in the perception of the analyzed concept with the corresponding field represented in Ukrainian associative dictionary S. Martinek (2002-2005), find out the semantic dynamics and emotional-expressive halo of the word-stimulus in various extralingual conditions. So, it is common to understand the HOME as a ‘place of family’, ‘place of residence’, ‘apartment’, ‘room’, ‘house’, which dominate the structure of the associative field of the early 2000s. However, there are fewer semantic-related reactions in the 2022 associative field ‘home-house’, and much more reactions that have non-constant, neutral character, and show feelings, emotions in relation to this concept, having a bright connotative, for example, home is comfort, warmth, peace, protection, safety, comfort and others, as well as typical reactions only for modern realities like security, Ukraine, which illustrates heightened in the realities of war awareness of seemingly ordinary phenomena, but in reality — conceptual and fundamental values.

SPECIFICITY OF IDENTIFICATION PRACTICES IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND ECOCIDE

The Russian-Ukrainian war has significantly impacted the national self-identification of Ukrainians. The purpose of this research is to examine the issues of national self-identification among Ukrainians in the conditions of war. The article explores how the ongoing war has influenced the national self-identification of Ukrainians, the challenges they face in preserving their national identity, and the factors contributing to the change in national self-identification in the context of war. The article focuses on analyzing the war in Ukraine as a manifestation of genocide and ecocide. The authors examine the complex aspects of the conflict, starting from its social and political roots to the environmental consequences on the natural surroundings. The article explores crimes against humanity and ecosystems, using the example of the war in Ukraine. The application of the terms "genocide" and "ecocide" is emphasized in the context of the war in Ukraine. The authors analyze an attempt to broaden the understanding of the negative consequences of war at the national heritage and environmental levels. The presented arguments and conclusions contribute to understanding the profound impact of war on society and ecosystems and may serve as a foundation for further humanitarian research in defining and qualifying such situations as genocide and ecocide. Special attention in the article is devoted to the transformation of contemporary European values and the challenges of shaping humanitarian and national security.

SOCIAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE: CURRENT TRENDS IN THE CONTEXT OF WAR

The article presents the results of a study on social and pedagogical activity in Ukraine in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war, including current trends in the work of a social pedagogue in the educational sphere. The emphasis is placed on the importance of social and pedagogical/social work in the context of the war, which has caused significant challenges in the humanitarian sphere. The importance of support from the international community is emphasized, particularly in the social sphere (providing shelter for Ukrainian refugees, supporting the education of Ukrainian children displaced to other regions and abroad, humanitarian aid at the beginning of the fullscale war, etc.). The research methodology includes methods of theoretical and empirical analysis, including theoretical analysis of international guidelines for social and pedagogical/social work; empirical analysis of normative and instructional documents on the activities of a social pedagogue in the educational sphere, including in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war; empirical (qualitative) analysis of essays by students of the specialty "social work" of the University "Ukraine" (Kyiv, Ukraine) on the topic "Social pedagogy: essence and importance in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war"; generalization and systematization of research results. Due to the specifics of the research, we gave preference to the qualitative methodology. The results of the study allowed us to generalize the current trends in social and pedagogical activity in the educational sphere. These include: creation of a psychologically comfortable educational environment for all participants in the educational process (pupils, teachers, parents); providing psychosocial support to students affected by the war (children from families of combatants, children from families of internally displaced persons, etc.); implementation of measures for social adaptation and rehabilitation; formation of a culture of safety and other competencies important in the context of war, etc.

LINGUISTIC BATTLEFIELD: NEOLOGISMS IN THE MASS-MEDIA DISCOURSE OF UKRAINE, THE UK AND THE USA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

The article under consideration examines the peculiarities of the formation and use of neologisms in the publicistic discourse of Ukraine, Great Britain, and the United States in the context of Ukraine’s war against the Russian invaders. The purpose of this study is to investigate neologisms in Ukrainian, British English, and American English from a comparative point of view. Due to the constant change and transformation of languages, a large number of neologisms have been created, which remain unexplored and through which can be seen as the aspect the development of languages and societies can be studied from. The nature and functional peculiarity of neologisms in British English, American English, and Ukrainian are still an unexplored area in modern Ukrainian linguistics.The object of the given investigation is neologisms that appear in the contemporary mass media discourse. The language of the media is very dynamic, and one cannot help but notice the activity of innovative processes in the vocabulary of modern media. The relevance of the work is because the latest media resources of Ukraine, the UK, and the USA of recent years were chosen as the research materials. The significance of the study lies in gaining knowledge about the types, nature, features, and main ways of formation of Ukrainian and English neologisms in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war.

Challenges and opportunities of digital transformation in Ukrainian education

An important and necessary trend in the modern Ukrainian education system is the digitalisation of the educational process due to the forced transition of many educational institutions to distance learning due to the coronavirus pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian war. The purpose of the article is to theoretically substantiate the challenges and opportunities for the introduction of digital learning technologies in Ukrainian educational institutions. The following methods were used to write the article and to reveal its purpose: conceptual and terminological analysis, comparative and contrastive analysis, analysis, synthesis, comparison, classification, systematisation and generalisation. The study found that, despite the many opportunities provided by the digital learning environment, including the development of software applications for the development of students' practical experience and access to high-quality and diverse sources of information, the education system in Ukraine needs to rethink the content, determine models of digitalisation of educational institutions, master the digital competencies of all participants in the educational process, and actively use the tools of Google Meet, Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Cisco Webex, It is determined that the services are not without drawbacks in use, but their effective use contributes to digitalisation. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the interpretation of the concept of “challenges of introducing digital technologies in education” and the identification of the main obstacles and ways to ensure the process of digitalisation of education. The conclusions recommend ways to overcome the difficulties of digitalisation of education, in particular, the need to create a model of digital transformation of an educational institution based on three models: a functionally independent model of information management; a concentric model of information technology for digital transformation of an educational institution; and a model of interlayer information interaction. Prospect for further research is to study the mechanisms for adapting teacher training systems to the use of digital technologies in the classroom.

GAP ANALYSIS IN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT OF SAFE ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES OF UKRAINE

The article rethinks the classical approach to using the GAP analysis method, examines the possibilities of its application in public management of rural areas, and evaluates innovative approaches in accordance with strategic directions for the development of the social sphere. Recommendations for improving existing innovative approaches have been developed and proposed. It has been proven that for the preservation of rural areas in Ukraine during the Russian-Ukrainian war and in the post-war period, an important strategic priority of public management is the development of a safe environment in the rural community ("Safe Community" concept, police stations, electronic services, Zero Waste concept, protecting the environment).

Quantifying the volatility spillover dynamics between financial stress and US financial sectors: Evidence from QVAR connectedness

This study uses quantile vector-autoregressive to examine volatility connectedness among a global financial stress index (including five categories: credit, equity valuation, funding, safe assets, and volatility) and US financial sectors under low, moderate, and extreme volatility conditions. The dataset includes the special periods covering the global financial crisis, China crisis, COVID-19 pandemic, Russian–Ukrainian war, Silicon Valley Bank failure, and Credit Suisse bank crisis. The findings imply that spillover effects among the series are higher during extreme volatility than during low and moderate volatility periods. During periods of low volatility, the credit category of the financial stress index and the US financial sector indices are net shock transmitters, but during extreme volatility periods, the US financial sectors become net shock receivers alongside the credit and funding categories of the financial stress indices. US financial sectors also exhibit net shock recipient roles at extreme volatility levels during those special periods.

A háború társadalmi-gazdasági hatásainak vizsgálata a kárpátaljai kistérségi önkormányzatok vonatkozásában

Since 2022, the Russian-Ukrainian war has been a major focus of everyday life and scientific research. From a Hungarian perspective, it has had a significant impact on the national economy. However, it is also important to monitor the socio-economic effects on the indigenous Hungarians living in Transcarpathia, which have profoundly affected their existence. The scope for analysis is wide, but the present study combines an analysis of the impact of the war with an examination of the so-called "small regions" that have been created in recent years and the population living there. First, I will present a literature review on the socio-economic impacts of war in general. Then, using a sample of empirical research, I will analyze the situation of three small regions along the border of Transcarpathia in the period 2021-2023. As a result of the research, it can be concluded that the differences between the local government groupings are not only influenced by their economic strength, demographic framework, and other social factors, but also by the timing of the study - whether it was conducted before the war, immediately after its outbreak, or a year and a half later. It follows that there is a measure of war exhaustion in society, both economically and psychologically, affecting hope for the future. Therefore, it would be important to have the possibility of reconstruction as soon as possible after the degrading state of war.

Monetary policy and uncertainty spillovers: Evidence from a wavelet and frequency connectedness analysis

Interconnected financial markets, especially those stemming from changes in monetary policy or shifts in financial, political, or geopolitical conditions, ease the transmission of spillovers. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for policymakers and investors. Therefore, identifying cross-country spillovers across time and frequency domains, along with assessing the role of monetary policy during periods of economic instability and escalating geopolitical risk, holds significant importance. This study contributes to the literature by revealing important aspects of network connectedness among monetary policy and uncertainty indices, in terms of frequency and time horizon, for the US and the UK, over the period 2014–2023. First, we find stronger interdependence between the series in the long term, with short-medium run connectedness prevailing during specific periods and events, such as Brexit, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Russian-Ukrainian War. Second, shadow short rates often receive spillovers from financial stress in the short-medium term but transmit spillovers in the long term, implying the stabilizing influence of monetary policy in the long run. Third, geopolitical risk is responsible for most of the spillovers reflected in financial and economic uncertainty in 2022, and finally, the US emerges as the dominant transmitter of spillovers to the UK.

Ideological Positioning in War Discourse: A Critical Stylistic Analysis of Selected American and Syrian Political Speeches on the 2022 Russian-Ukrainian War

Ideological Positioning in War Discourse: A Critical Stylistic Analysis of Selected American and Syrian Political Speeches on the 2022 Russian-Ukrainian War

Media Coverage of Mediation: Before and During the Russian–Ukrainian War

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This study’s objective is to examine how mediation is presented in the news media stories before and during the outbreak of war. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem is an attempt to answer the question if in stories, whereas their headlines introduce the word “mediation” or “mediator,” respond to the concepts of mediation, peace, or war journalism. This documentary research analyzes 100 news published in Spanish, where we examine how the conflict between Russia and Ukraine is presented to the readers. In addition, three experts in culture of peace (from Spain, Mexico, and Colombia) were interviewed regarding the media portrayals of war and mediation. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This investigation begins with a recapitulation of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine; before and after the outbreak of the war, different personalities offered intervention as a possible mediation. Despite the intentions to mediate, the war broke out, and the international community continued to search for a mediator. Thus, the influence of the media using specific words like “mediation” deserves to be explored. RESEARCH RESULTS: The study’s findings reveal that 85% of the analyzed media used a vocabulary whose style responds to war journalism and contradicts the idea of mediation in the bodies of the news stories. As a result, four categories emerge: self-proposed mediators, requested/expected mediators, mediating countries, and mediation experts. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This research demonstrates that the sense of mediation in media does not provide clarity but rather confusion. Even if the intention of mediation is covered, mostly, it is accompanied by a binary perspective of the conflict, which is the opposite of what mediation implies. The findings indicate a need to create spaces for training on culture and peace-building in the newsrooms to improve journalistic practices about armed conflicts.

UKRAINIAN MEDIA ON HUNGARY'S PRESIDENCY OF THE EU COUNCIL

This article examines the reaction and coverage by Ukrainian media of Hungary's presidency of the Council of the European Union. The aim of the article is to analyze and systematize the approaches of Ukrainian media to covering Hungary's presidency of the EU Council, assess their impact on shaping public opinion in Ukraine on this issue, and explore how the media interpret the potential consequences of the Hungarian presidency for Ukraine's European integration aspirations and its support from the EU in the context of Russian aggression. The relevance of the topic is due to the complex Ukrainian-Hungarian relations and Hungary's ambiguous position on the Russian-Ukrainian war, which causes concern in Ukrainian society and media space. The paper analyzes key aspects of this topic's coverage by leading Ukrainian media, including news portals, analytical publications, and television channels. Special attention is paid to how the media interpret the potential impact of the Hungarian presidency on EU support for Ukraine and Ukraine's European integration process. The study reveals that Ukrainian media demonstrate a balanced but vigilant approach to covering this topic. They carefully analyze statements and actions of the Hungarian government, especially regarding issues related to Ukraine. The media also focus on possible contradictions between the official EU position and Hungary's position on supporting Ukraine. The article also examines how Ukrainian media involve expert assessments for deeper analysis of the situation and its potential consequences. It highlights the media's role in shaping public opinion on this issue and their contribution to understanding complex geopolitical processes. Special attention is paid to how Ukrainian media cover this issue in the context of ongoing Russian aggression, which adds particular urgency to the discussion. It analyzes how media balance between the need for objective coverage and a patriotic position in wartime conditions. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the important role of Ukrainian media in shaping public discourse on international politics and Ukraine's European integration processes. It stresses the need for further development of a critical and analytical approach in media to ensure full and objective information to society about complex international relations and their impact on Ukraine.

OPEC and energy security after the Russian-Ukrainian war

عد موضوع امن الطاقة من بين الموضوعات المهمة ، لان استمرارية الاقتصاد ، وحيويته ، تعتمد على : الطاقة ، بانواعها المختلفة ، وبضمنه النفط، والذي يعد مصدر طاقة، ومادة اولية تستخدم في قطاعات الصناعة المختلفة. ان الدول تهتم بموضوع امن الطاقة ، وتعمل على توفير ضمانات ، وعلى توفير بدائل ، سواء من ناحية الدول التي تستورد منها ، او من ناحية تعدد مصادر الطاقة. تسببت الحرب الروسية الاوكرانية بضرر نسبي لامن الطاقة ، قبل ان يتجه العالم الى احتواءه ، ومن بين الادوات المهمة للتعامل مع ذلك الموضوع كانت : الاوبك. ان الاوبك هي منظمة تضم عدد من كبار منتجي النفط في العالم ، ولديها مرونة في زيادة الانتاج ، وتعاملت مع احداث الحرب ، بما لا يتسبب باستهداف حقوق المنتجين ، او زيادة ازمة الطاقة. ان الهدف من هذا البحث هو معرفة دور الاوبك في : توفير ضمانات امن الطاقة ، بما يحقق الاستقرار العالمي.

Artistic Heritage of Polina Raiko in the Space of Modern Culture: Relevant Ideas and Projects

The article is devoted to the unique wall paintings in the estate-museum of Polina Raiko in the town of Oleshky in Kherson region, which has been damaged and destroyed significantly by high water as a result of the criminal detonation of the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant in June 2023 by Russian troops. The flooding of the artistic heritage of Polina Raiko has actualized a number of problems related to the loss of cultural monuments in the conditions of the latest challenges, caused a deep rethinking of the visual experience of naive art in modern realities. Many scholars have written about P. Raiko’s unique house wall paintings. However, a profound scientific analysis of the significance of naive art in the modern cultural space of Ukraine, in the relationship between traditional and modern, in the aspect of preserving the artistic heritage in the conditions of the latest challenges, has not been carried out. Polina Raiko’s naive painting, despite the expressive authoress’s style, lack of professional background, creative autonomy in relation to the socio-cultural tradition of a certain center, retains genetic kinship with ritual folk culture. The deep connections between the artist’s wall paintings and the traditional visual practices of the South of Ukraine, manifested in a special world view, ornamental structures, motifs and painting techniques are investigated in the article. A number of current projects and artistic events in the space of modern culture has been inspired by wall paintings of P. Raiko. In this context, a review of the high-profile exhibitions of 2023 – «Polina Raiko. Disappearing» and «Special Operation “To Destroy Paradise”» aimed at supporting her house, restoration of creative heritage, mutilated during the Russian-Ukrainian war, is submitted.

The Russian Strategy of Concept Substitution in Facebook and Telegram economic content. Example of the Russian–Ukrainian War in the Period 2014–2023

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: To analyze manipulative pro-Russian materials on social networks during the war that apply the “replacement of concepts” method. THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND METHODS: The main tasks are the timely detection and counteraction of Russian propaganda, which uses disinformation technologies in the information war against Ukraine; the use of visualization to disprove falsehoods, and determination of the use of the “replacement of concepts” method on social networks. The research methodology used on the Russian tactics of concept substitution on social platforms can be characterized as a synthesis of techniques that should be justified by the interchangeability of traditional objects of media research: author (initiator) – message – intermediary (mediator) – receiver. This research aims to synthesize and combine monitoring methods, content analysis, and comparative analysis. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Several publications were selected. Some contained inaccurate information, while others contained accurate, factual information. As a result of comparing these materials, disinformation was refuted, and the importance of timely detection of the “concept substitution” technique used by pro-Russian channels in the Ukrainian information space was described. RESEARCH RESULTS: The study showed that Russian propaganda often uses concept substitution on Facebook and Telegram. This made it possible to explain how the most common tactics, technologies, and tools of concept substitution work and to fight against their spread. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: In Russia’s war against Ukraine, Kremlin propaganda tries to alter linguistic reality by “suppressing” certain words. Words emphasizing the fact of war and its negative consequences have been banned in Russian media and social networks.

TYPES OF ALLUSIONS IN BOHDAN TOMENCHUK’S POETRY ABOUT THE WAR

The paper examines allusions in Bohdan Tomenchuk’s poetry collection “Embroider, Mother, a bulletproof vest.” The various types of allusions are grouped based on their functions (activation of historical memory, adherence to literary tradition, text-structuring), themes (historical, mythological), and typology (ranging from nominal and quotation-type to associative). An attempt was made to differentiate the concept of allusion from quotation and reminiscence, while also juxtaposing it with intertext and intertextuality for comparison. In the poet’s texts about the modern Russian-Ukrainian war, the references to literary works are accompanied by numerous allusions to historical reality. These are references of the nominal type (topographical or proper names connected with certain historical events in the reader's mind). The author's distinctive approach involves overlapping different types of allusions, namely those of historical and literary nature, as well as historical and mythological. Behind a direct allusion, an associative one may emerge, linking to a text from a different time period through shared words, phrases, or thematic aura. The involvement of allusion in Tomenchuk’s poetry often occurs on the basis of the allegation (the new text ‘absorbs’ the previous one, without entering into a controversy with the original text). In this case, we deal with intertext (a text within a text). When an allusion entering a new text gets engaged in a dialogue with the original text, we deal with intertextuality as a process of textual interaction. By involving an allusion, the author makes it an element of the structure that serves as an impetus for the reader to navigate within a receptive context, searching among known texts relevant for interpreting the allusion while disregarding distant ones. Intertextuality engages cognition here. Sometimes allusion is not just an element of a structure but a structural principle, and it is proper to name it a structuring allusion. Various allusions in B. Tomenchuk’s poetry make it possible to fit the widest range of emotions and thoughts in a small textual space, to integrate the new experience of war into a broad historical and literary canvas with a biblical and mythological background.

Was Kant a naive pacifist? (philosophical considerations and the background of the russian-ukrainian war)

The article is devoted to I. Kant's views on the problem of war and peace and the possibility of achieving "perpetual peace" on the basis of the pamphlet "To Eternal Peace" and some other late works of the thinker. In particular, attention is paid to the historical background of the appearance of the work as a certain completion of moral philosophy and philosophy of law in the context of developing one's own project of "eternal peace" taking into account the solution of specific problems of foreign policy at the end of the 18th century. The article examines a kind of Kantian "formula of peace", which claims universal significance. It is laid out in the preliminary and especially in the definitive articles of the imaginary contract. It is argued that it is based on three main principles: republicanism, federalism and the presence of a cosmopolitan citizenship limited to hospitality. These principles are complemented by the so-called "guarantees" of "perpetual peace": the progress of law and the spirit of international trade. The article analyzes apologetic and critical responses to Kant's work and its subsequent interpretations in European philosophy and political thought. In particular, special attention is paid to the interpretation of his work as a "pacifist manifesto". Based on this, it was argued that Kant was one of the founders of secular pacifism. The article reasonably refutes such a position on the basis of its anachronism and inconsistency with the views of Kant himself, who considered "eternal peace" only as a higher normative ideal of foreign policy. The influence of Kantian ideas on the formation of modern philosophy of international relations, in particular the theory of democratic peace (DPT), is indicated. It is indicated that the three main principles of Kant's formula of "eternal peace" found their embodiment in the postulates of this theory. At the same time, it is noted that the practice of implementing DPT in US foreign policy has not always had positive consequences. In this regard, the problem of its application to the analysis of the causes and course of the Russian-Ukrainian war is analyzed. There are different positions on this matter, but based on the latest publications and the real course of events. It is concluded that the "militant" version of DPT can be useful for achieving our victory and a just, fair and worthy peace.

In Ukrainian

Blood loss is one of the main causes of death, especially in war and natural disasters. At the beginning of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war we established the laboratory and later the industrial production of a powdered topical hemostatic composition based on nanosilica which is intended for providing first pre-medical aid. The composition contains nanosized silica A-300 and sodium alginate as two active ingredients in a mass ratio of 4:1. The aim of the work was to develop the optimal technological process for the production of a hemostatic composition and carry out physico-chemical and medical-biological studies of semi-finished products and the final product. Bulk density measurements, optical microscopy, IR spectroscopy method and microbiological research were used to study the initial materials, intermediate products as well as the final product. The effectiveness of the hemostatic effect of the composition was checked on the model of parenchymal bleeding from the liver of a rat, using the time to stop bleeding (min) as a criterion. As a result of the research, a two-stage method of manufacturing the composition is proposed: at the first stage, certain parts of the initial materials are treated in a ball mill, obtaining the semi-finished product "A-300/sodium alginate"; at the second stage, this semi-finished product is mixed with nanosilica and sodium alginate, obtaining the final product. It is shown that the bulk density serves as a useful technological parameter to control of which helps to produce a structurally homogeneous final product. In the IR spectra of the semi-finished product and the finished product, only the absorption bands of silica and sodium alginate are observed, that is, foreign substances are not formed during technological process. The microbiological purity of the composition meets the pharmacopoeial requirements for drugs of this category. An experimental study of the topical hemostatic effect of the composition revealed its significant advantage compared to the inorganic hemostatic substance kaolin, which acts according to a similar adsorption mechanism.