Russian-Ukrainian War Research Articles

Moral responsibility of russian citizens for aggression against Ukraine as a factor of pressure on their political will

The article focuses on the need to actualize the issue of bringing russian citizens to moral responsibility for violation of universal human values and other moral obligations of a person, which is expressed in their support for a large-scale war against Ukraine and the aggressive policy of the russian federation in general. In this vein, the author rethinks the concept of moral responsibility, argues for the inclusion of both individual and collective moral subjects, and highlights the impact of the means of moral responsibility on the formation of consciousness and, especially, the political will of the moral subject. In the discussion with other scholars, the author proposes that the subjects of collective responsibility include those structures, communities, and social groups that act as a collective actor, demonstrate their internal identity and are mutually responsible. The article argues that the russian public, which politically supports the current regime, is objectively a direct subject of the war and, accordingly, bears the full measure of direct political and moral guilt for the actions of its state and their consequences. It is proposed to call the supporters of the war “agents of war”, which will highlight their moral culpability. Therefore, it is important that not only the leadership of the russian federation, but also the entire russian public realise their part of the blame for the russian-Ukrainian war. It is proposed to incriminate moral and political culpability of russian citizens for the military aggression against Ukraine and to carry out information activities in order to make them aware of their personal and solidarity share of guilt and responsibility for this aggression. In order to give the moral condemnation of russian citizens a targeted and universal impact, the author argues for the establishment of a special international moral tribunal to encourage moral actors to fulfill their moral obligations, which will simultaneously contribute to the improvement of the security sphere of humanity. It is not about creating an official administrative structure, but about introducing a single humanistic information space that will counter this aggression. It is believed that it is in the form of a moral and ethical tribunal that the efforts of civilized countries, political, national and religious movements can be effectively united in the general condemnation of the russian aggression, its violation of human norms of goodness and justice, peace and secure existence. The central paradigm of the tribunal should be the phenomenon of safe human existence, human life as a value that excludes aggressive state policy and encroachment on human rights and freedoms. We believe that today, in counteracting russian information and psychological operations, we should focus more on the moral collective guilt and responsibility of all russian citizens who still stand in the position of not resisting evil.

The role of national and international standardization activities in the process of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine

The article analyzes the role of national and international norm-project activities in the process of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. It is proved that in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which is of an aggressive nature on the part of the aggressor, great troubles and destruction have been caused to our people and their state, which have manifested themselves in numerous human casualties, disintegration and destruction of the basic everyday and critical infrastructure of territorial communities, destruction and the actual devastation of large territories, which makes it virtually impossible for a person to exist and function in the relevant territory, limits his opportunities to organize his stable and predictable life cycle, as well as to satisfy existential needs, efforts, and interests. However, the war itself objectifies and actualizes the issue of the post-war restoration of the state and its TG, and this, in turn, puts on the agenda the issues of rule-making by the public authorities of the state and subjects of international relations, including member states of the international community and their associative and structural units - international intergovernmental and intergovernmental organizations, including, first of all, the important stage of norm-making - norm-project activity. It is argued that norm-projecting activity at the national and international levels in the process of post-war recovery of Ukraine plays an important methodological and praxeological significance, because the principles of post-war recovery of Ukraine and its TG: a) quite clearly, clearly, unambiguously reflect and determine the fundamental directions, forms and guidelines of norm-projecting activity public authorities of the state; b) even more, they are aimed at the unambiguous formation and formulation of the rights and obligations of the subjects of social relations that will arise in the process of post-war recovery; c) must be adequately taken into account and reflected in the relevant standard-setting activity of public state authorities, as well as, and this is especially important, in the standard-setting of local self-government bodies; d) they form the foundations of state legal and municipal legal policy in the field of post-war reconstruction. At the same time, the lion’s share of the above principles of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and its TG has a significant impact on the international level - their practical implementation cannot be implemented without significant financial assistance from foreign partners. And this, in turn, actualizes and contextualizes the normative-drafting activity of public authorities of Ukraine (including local self-government bodies) in the field of international contract law, including normative-drafting work in the field of international inter-municipal cooperation, as well as general international cooperation.

Gender, War, and Religion: Feminist Perspectives on Pathways to Just Peace

Starting with clashes between Western and Ukrainian feminists, this article discusses basic questions from an intersectional perspective on the relation between gender, war and religion. In the context of Russia’s war against Ukraine, how should a gender-sensitive peace ethics look? Among feminists, as in religious communities, we find radical pacifist positions next to and sometimes conflicting with approaches that draw on traditions of “just war” and/or “just peace.” After discussing the different approaches in Christian tradition, including Eastern traditions, and describing the imperialist nature of the Russian-Ukrainian war, the author highlights the importance of engaging feminist theories of war and militarism in the analysis and how they resonate with practices on the ground in Ukraine. The feminist lens demands attention for the full reality of war, for women’s multilayered agency in war, and for the genderedness of discourses and practices surrounding war heroism and war traumas. Based on such considerations and arguments, the article proposes five “principles” for a feminist political theology on war and peace, as a contribution to the ongoing scholarly debate. Markers on a feminist-theological pathway to just peace may include: reconsidering the notion of sacrifice; fearlessly bringing theology into religious diplomacy; nothing for Ukraine without the voices of Ukrainian women; embracing a paradigm of human security instead of state security; and the remaining challenge to imagine a common future with the enemy beyond the current evil of destruction.

Competitiveness and Cereal Self-Sufficiency in Western Balkan Countries

Crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian-Ukrainian war, and challenges associated with sustainable development have emphasized the need for local food to increase the food system’s resilience. Therefore, this research analyzes the food self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) and revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of cereals in Western Balkan countries (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, and North Macedonia) and compares them with the same indicators for all European countries. The methodological framework of this research examined the food self-sufficiency and macro-level competitiveness for cereals in Western Balkan countries, as well as in Europe. The results of the research showed that all European countries have higher self-sufficiency in cereals (109.12%) and higher revealed comparative advantage (2.21) compared to the group of Western Balkans countries (71.89%; 1.53), which have lower values of the mentioned indicators. The results of econometric modeling for the Western Balkan countries showed that GDP per capita negatively influences the SSR of cereals, and agriculture value added per worker and area harvested under cereals positively influence the SSR of cereals. When it comes to the influence on the RCA of cereals in the Western Balkan region, the critical influence is GDP per capita, political stability, and agriculture value added per worker, all of which positively influence the RCA.

Empirical analysis of the cyberattacks of the Russian–Ukrainian war

This research study aims to empirically analyze the cyberattacks that occurred in the context of the Russian–Ukrainian conflict between 2022 and 2023, with a specific focus on the impact of these attacks on civilian infrastructure and institutions. The data collection for this study is based on publicly available sources from the Cyber- Peace Institute, taking into account various types of incidents such as malware, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, spam, information operations, and website defacements. The study employs a network theory approach to examine the structure and dynamics of incidents and campaigns, while additional statistical methods and trend analysis are used to assess sector-specific and geographic patterns, as well as changes in attack frequency and severity. The research aims to contribute to the existing literature on cyber warfare and to provide valuable insights into the cyber threats faced by civilian infrastructure and institutions during times of conflict.

Оцінка забезпеченості людським капіталом на тов тк «добра хата»

An analysis of the change in the number of Ukrainians from 1990 to the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war and during the war, which negatively affected the formation of human capital of domestic enterprises, is carried out. The work examines and defines the essence of the «human capital of an enterprise» concept and defines this economic category. It has been established that human capital is an employee’s abilities that allow him to bring the most effective results in the economic activity of the enterprise (organization) in which he works. The effectiveness of using human capital at «DOBRA КHATA» TC LLC was investigated, and an assessment of human capital provision at this enterprise was provided. The structure, dynamics, and movement of the human capital of the enterprise LLC TC “DOBRA KHATA” are analyzed, and the relationship with the change in the population of Ukraine during the Russian-Ukrainian war is determined. It was established that despite the situation in the country and the lost potential, the enterprise continues to function and encourages its workers to cooperate. Yes, the enterprise uses very active methods of corporate culture, which only improve yearly. Ways to improve human capital efficiency used at«DOBRA КHATA» TC LLC have been identified. These included the guaranteed professional growth of employees who underwent training and retraining, the system of training and retraining of personnel at the expense of the state and enterprises, the creation of such an atmosphere at the enterprise that would help to interest employees in increasing labor productivity indicators, and constant assessment and analysis of the outflow of human capital and what exactly contributed to this, as well as efforts to eliminate these causes and prevent them from appearing in the future. The expediency of developing and implementing measures to increase human capital to increase labor productivity and achieve high results in enterprise development is substantiated. Keywords: human capital, enterprise, development, assessment, indicators.

Корпоративна культура та її вплив на розвиток підприємства

The work examines and defines the essence of the “corporate culture of an enterprise” and defines this economic category. It has been established that corporate culture is a tool of organizational activity, with the help of which the enterprise forms its successes and achievements, as well as employees’ reactions to these achievements through the ideas, values, and thoughts that prevail within the team. It is noted that the management of the enterprise should adjust and adapt the methods of conducting corporate culture to the values and priorities of the personnel of their enterprises. After all, human capital plays the leading role in the efficient operation of the enterprise. The stages of implementation of corporate culture at enterprises are presented. It has been established that management, when planning the stages of corporate culture implementation at enterprises, should consider the atmosphere that has developed within the team, and from this, already determine fundamental values and beliefs, form norms of behavior and standards of the enterprise, and implement motivational measures for its employees. The principles of corporate culture are defined. General and principles of corporate culture are distinguished. The importance of using the principles of the corporate culture of enterprises, which provide for the consistency of the tasks of the mission and the strategic goals of development of both personnel and the enterprise, which will ensure a high level of competitiveness in a changing environment, is substantiated. It is proved that during the period of the Russian-Ukrainian war, it is necessary to consider both the internal factors of the development of corporate culture and the changes that take place in society, and only such an approach will ensure the balance of all participants in market relations. The influence of corporate culture on the development of the enterprise was studied. Factors influencing the corporate culture of the enterprise are considered. Keywords: corporate culture, enterprise, development, stages, influence, personnel, essence.

Ukrainian female refugees in Czechia after the Russian full-scale invasion: social reproduction of ‘(low) skill’?

ABSTRACT Refugees fleeing the Russian-Ukrainian war after receiving temporary protection visas in Czechia, which allowed free access to the labour market, found themselves in an ambiguous position between ‘refugees’ and ‘workers’. The new arrivals were mostly women with above-average education, but for a year or more after their arrival they were still working predominantly in jobs that were described as low-skilled. The aim of the article is to understand under what conditions temporary protection visa holders sought work, what jobs were available to them, and how the broader institutional framework shaped their employment trajectories, particularly in relation to their qualifications. Based on biographical narrative interviews with the temporary protection holders, the article shows that only people who received significant and specific support in the area of social reproduction outside of the general support of the Czech state were able to gain more time, which was a key source of their ability to try to get a job that was more in line with their personal aspirations. The paper contributes to the debate on the conditions under which migrants are able (or unable) to acquire skilled work by highlighting the dynamics of social reproduction of skill.

Current labor market in the EU and Ukraine: trends, problems, forecasting and solutions

The labor market is one of the economy changing components, it is quite similar to the market for goods and services, but instead of the demand and supply of goods, there is a demand and supply of labor, knowledge, skills and abilities that are supplied by the employee. The EU, in turn, is known for its openness to immigrants and the employment of third-country nationals. This creates new opportunities and challenges for workers and employers. Labor market research helps to understand the impact of immigration on labor markets. Covid-19 has actually become that springboard on the way to changes in the economies and labor markets of countries around the world. Transformations and changes that were just emerging until 2020 (this may safely include digitalization, automation, the spread of remote employment, etc.) will further intensify under the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian war and lead to a significant redistribution of workers between sectors. In general, labor market research in the EU and Ukraine helps countries to understand and respond to various challenges and opportunities related to employment, labor migration, economic development and social policy. The purpose of our work is to identify trends and problems that exist at the present stage of development of the labor market, as well as to forecast the further development of the labor market at the level of the European Union and Ukraine

The Meaning of the Russian-Ukrainian War from the Perspective of Stefan Baley’s Intentionalism

The article is devoted to the search for the meaning of the Russian-Ukrainian war from the perspective of intentionalism of the Ukrainian philosopher Stefan Baley. This article attempts to actualise Baley’s intentionalist approach to war in the context of the philosophy of war, especially the ethics of warfare. The article analyses from a philosophical point Baley’s views on the meaning of war, attempts to find the meaning of the Russian-Ukrainian war by method of analogy, and formulates several inductive conclusions on the lessons from this war for the future. In conclusion, the article argues that the Russians’ justification of their armed invasion of Ukraine by a common history and the need for self-defense is hypocritical and self-deceptive. The article also suggests that such ‘morality’ of the Russians requires attention from the international community so that everyone in it does not mistake good for evil.

Losses in Ukrainian sports during the Russian-Ukrainian war in the 21st century

The aggression against Ukraine launched by the Russian Federation prompted Ukrainian athletes to defend their country. The Russian-Ukrainian war has been going over ten years. Unfortunately, people are dying, cities are being destroyed, including sports facilities. In mass media, officials from Ukrainian sports from time to time published the figures of the total losses of athletes in the Russian-Ukrainian war. This figure is impressive and now amounts 488 dead athletes and coaches. Despite the tragic nature of the total number of killed Ukrainian athletes, no analysis of losses by sports has been done until now. Lists of deceased athletes from various Internet sources were used in the study. The analysis of the dead athletes by sport shows that among the dead athletes there are both experienced athletes who won victories at all-Ukrainian and international competitions, coaches, and talented young people who were the sports hope of Ukraine. It was found that athletes who were various sports died: football, American football, motorball, field and ice hockey, volleyball, basketball, handball, rugby, pankration, powerlifting, boxing, Thai boxing, kickboxing, shooting and archery, payball, academic rowing and Dragon boating, rowing slalom, Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling, Cossack duel, horting, hand-to-hand combat, sambo, judo, karate, karate-do, jiu-jitsu, free fight, kyokushinkai karate, taekwondo, sumo, kudo, decathlon, sea multi-sports, triathlon, sports orientation, mountaineering and rock climbing, sports hiking and ski tourism, ski racing, snowboarding, biathlon, cycling, tennis and table tennis, swimming, water polo, figure skating, fencing, gymnastics, acrobatics, bodybuilding, arm wrestling, kettlebell sports, shot put and discus throwing, weightlifting and athletics, sports dancing, chess, crossfit and flying disc, parachuting, car and motor sports. Many athletes have been awarded the highest state awards of Ukraine for their courage in defending the country.

The dynamic impact of network attention on natural resources prices in pre-and post-Russian-Ukrainian war

Natural resources prices have been greatly affected by the Russian-Ukrainian war. Investors also pay special attention to the price of natural gas and oil. This paper introduces the Thermal optimal path (TOP) method and the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model to investigate the dynamic lead-lag relationship between investor attention and natural resources prices for crude oil and natural gas.We find that during the war, the ability of investor attention to lead the prices of crude oil and natural gas become significantly stronger. Adding investor attention to the model significantly improves price prediction in the full sample. In addition, after the sample period is segmented according to the TOP method, the forecasting performance is greatly improved compared to the full sample. These findings indicate that traders and companies can incorporate investor attention into price predictions to further improve their trading strategies.

CASE MANAGEMENT IN WORK WITH INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS: EXPERIENCE OF COMMUNAL AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS OF UKRAINE

With the beginning of the russian-Ukrainian war (2014), a significant part of the population from the zone of active hostilities left their homes in search of a calmer place for temporary residence. Most of them remained on the territory of Ukraine and obtained the status of an internally displaced person (IDP). A significant part crossed the borders of neighboring states in the status of “refugee”. Both, the first and the second, need support and help in places of temporary residence. In Ukraine, this category of population is provided with various types of payments and social services, depending on their needs. If the mechanism of social payments has already been worked out, then the mechanism of social services providing is only in the process of implementation. In Ukraine communal institutions and non-governmental organizations are providers of social services. These are mainly Social Service Centers/Centers for the social services provision or charitable foundations operating in territorial communities, which are places of temporary residence of internally displaced persons. In the context of the research, the algorithm of social services providing to internally displaced persons in territorial communities - places of temporary residence - in the context of case management/case management in communal and non-state owned organizations was studied. A qualitative study was conducted, due to which employees of organizations and internally displaced persons themselves were involved in order to study the specified issue. The interview was the main tool for data collection. 12 social workers/case managers of communal institutions of three regions and the Charitable Foundation “Caritas” and 6 internally displaced persons who are clients of these institutions were interviewed. It was found out that both communal institutions and non-governmental ones use the case management algorithm in working with a certain category of clients, which is called case management in the work of Caritas employees. Social workers of communal institutions strictly follow the stages of case management defined by the Law of Ukraine “On Social Services”, avoiding any emotional contact with IDPs. This model of work is close to the clinical model of case management. “Caritas” employees focus more on psycho-emotional support in their work with IDPs in the case management process, which is closer in type to the brokerage model. Caritas employees are more motivated to work. They also have a greater resource in planning assistance to IDPs. Based on the results of the analysis of the received data, recommendations were formulated to improve the work of social workers

Деколонізація топонімів міста Вінниця: лексико-семантичний аналіз

A toponym is defined as a common name for any toponymic objects, starting from large geographical names and administrative districts and ending with small internal urban objects (names of streets, squares, settlements, regions, countries, etc.). The main purpose and function of toponyms is to highlight, individualize, and identify named objects among others. Ukrainian onomastics has consistently pointed to the necessity of a systematic study of toponymy, including microtoponymy. The attention of researchers to the microtoponymy of certain regions of Ukraine has increased significantly, and this is represented in the studies of M. Khudash, K. Tsiluiko, E. Cherepanova, D. Buchko, L. Humetska, K. Halas, I. Zheliezniak, S. Verbych, Y. Karpenko, Z. Kupchynska, V. Loboda, J. Pura, M. Torchynskyi, N. Torchynska, Y. Stepanov, and many others. Equally important is the study of urban names, including regional ones. Urban name is the name of an inner-city object that represents the semantic character of the city, records the history of urban structures, their social, ethnic and cultural function. Both Ukrainian and foreign scholars have conducted research in the field of urban names. Among them: D. Buchko, O. Belei, N. Lisniak, N. Liasovets, R. Liashenko, O. Halai, I. Sabodash, Y. Fernos, L. Masenko, P. Chuchka, T. Shmelva, V. Kamianets, M. Blicha, E. Jedrzefko, and others. The purpose of this article is to analyze the lexical and semantic aspects of the hodonyms of Vinnytsia, which appeared as a result of the decolonization of toponyms in 2023. The main research methods are: descriptive, comparative-historical, structural-semantic, and component analysis. Results. The new names immortalize the memory of outstanding figures of culture and art, significant historical episodes, heroes of the all-time liberation struggles, and heroes of the Russian-Ukrainian war. All the analyzed onyms are divided into two groups: derivatives of other proper names, including anthroponyms, microtoponyms, microhydronyms, and onyms of appellative origin. The group of hodonyms derived from anthroponyms includes about 150 names. Among them are the following: 1) hodonyms-names of the heroes of the Russian-Ukrainian war; 2) hodonyms-names of cultural and arts figures, including Ukrainian writers, publicists, journalists, literary scholars, critics, folklorists, composers, singers, actors, artists, architects, and film directors; 3) hodonyms-names of Ukrainian public figures, princes, philanthropists, human rights activists, politicians, military leaders, scientists, educators, and rebels. The group of hodonyms derived from toponyms is presented as follows: 1) derived from oikonyms, including astionym; 2) derived from chorononyms, including sovereignonyms; 3) derived from microtoponyms, microhydronyms. The group of hodonyms derived from appellatives is represented by a small number of names for natural features of the area, the location of an object, etc. Novelty consists in the fact that it is the first lexical and semantic analysis of the hodonyms of Vinnytsia as part of the decolonization of toponyms in 2023. Conclusions. Like other cities in Ukraine, Vinnytsia faced a wave of decolonization of toponyms with Russian and Soviet echoes in 2022-2023. As a result, streets, alleys, and squares were given their historical names. There are personal tributes to the fallen heroes of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The urbanonymicon of Vinnytsia is structured by onymic and appellative derivatives, among which anthroponymic and toponymic homonyms predominate. They reflect the worldview of the city's inhabitants, have important cultural significance, and perform a social, ethnic, and cultural function.

“To live your life not in vain”. Ukrainian academics’ experience of forced migration in Poland

The authors consider the forced migration of Ukrainian academics to Poland caused by the Russian-Ukrainian War, particularly the expansion of communication between the Ukrainian and Polish academic communities and the experience gained in this process. The study is based on the analysis of a body of interviews with Ukrainian academics in forced migration and their Polish colleagues who were directly involved in aiding Ukrainians. The interviews were collected as part of the oral history project “‘Moving West’: Ukrainian Academics in Conditions of Forced Migration (2014-2023).” The authors focus on several main themes: Ukrainian migrants’ decision to leave the country and Polish respondents’ decision to get involved in helping Ukrainian refugees (the moment of‘challenge’), making sense of the new reality (the moment of the ‘meeting of two cultures’), adaptation to the new conditions, and reflection on the experience gained (the moment of ‘construction of specific strategies of behavior’).

Spiritual Care for Cancer Patients at the End-of-Life.

Spiritual care for patients at the end of life is an important element in their holistic care. The aim of this study is to assess the opinions of cancer patients with limited prognosis about the importance of faith in fighting illness and the factors contributing to a better adjustment to illness and to their self-reconciliation and spiritual well-being. This study used a specially designed questionnaire for cancer patients with limited prognosis. The 30 respondents were patients with an estimated prognosis of less than 1 month, cared for in a unit with palliative and home care beds. The patients emphasized the importance of family as a supporter in the fight against disease (90%), followed by faith (66.7%) and a care team (63.3%). The most common concerns expressed were related to the course of their disease, family distress, fear of death, and the Russian-Ukrainian war. Family and faith represent important factors in supporting and caring for a patient at the end-of-life. Patients who felt spiritually at peace and were supported in their faith by family and a priest had a better spiritual state.

THE FIRST STEPS IN IMPLEMENTING THE UKRAINIAN STRATEGY FOR RESTORING THE RIGHTS OF OWNERS OF CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF REAL ESTATE DAMAGED OR DESTROYED AS A RESULT OF THE ARMED AGGRESSION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Background: In the context of war, the issue of compensation for damages caused by the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine is of utmost relevance, given the unprecedented scale of damage and the number of affected individuals. This article explores one of the existing methods for compensating damages related to the damage or destruction of certain categories of real estate as a result of hostilities, terrorist acts, and sabotage caused by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine through the state electronic public service “eRecovery”. This article explores the main aspects of the operation of this state service, including its limitations and the conditions for receiving compensation. Additionally, the article reviews a civil case involving a Ukrainian citizen against Ukraine for failure to fulfil its positive obligations and against the Russian Federation for the destruction of housing that resulted in material and moral damage. It also highlights the difficulties that may arise in the process of reparations paid by the Russian Federation. Protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals residing in Ukraine is the state’s duty, and during wartime, this task takes on new significance, becoming complex and extremely important. One way to provide such protection is through compensation for damages caused by the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. However, developing a mechanism for such compensation requires the mobilisation of significant resources and additional research across various fields, primarily to ensure justice. It is essential to explore the legal grounds for compensation, criteria for damage assessment, possible methods and means of compensation, and potential cooperation between national and international institutions. Methods: This study analyses one of the ways to protect the rights of those affected by the Russian-Ukrainian war through obtaining compensation via the state electronic service “eRecovery”. In particular, it examines the following issues: current limitations regarding the objects eligible for compensation, the principles of operation and development prospects of the “eRecovery” state service, and the development and challenges of national court practices in disputes arising from the war. It also explores the state's positive obligations in the field of human rights and the measures Ukraine is taking to protect and restore the rights of the affected individuals. National and international opportunities for developing a compensation mechanism for the affected and the challenges Ukraine faces before receiving reparations from the Russian Federation are analysed. Results and conclusions: The results of this study highlight the state's ability to provide adequate protection to individuals affected by the Russian-Ukrainian war, particularly through the “eRecovery” electronic public service. The need for further development of the service has been identified to cover a broader scope of damages that Ukraine can compensate prior to receiving reparations from the Russian Federation, including through cooperation with international partners.

Effects of Exchange Rate Changes on Real Estate Prices in Russia During the Russian-Ukrainian War

Effects of Exchange Rate Changes on Real Estate Prices in Russia During the Russian-Ukrainian War

The Formation and Role of Commemorative Practices during the Russian-Ukrainian War

The Formation and Role of Commemorative Practices during the Russian-Ukrainian War

Wychowanie do człowieczeństwa Eduarda Sprangera

The author reconstructs and interprets the Education to Humanity by Eduard Spranger, a prominent German philosopher, psychologist, and pedagogue, whose pedagogical work is little known in Poland. The barbarism of the Russian-Ukrainian War is a reminder of how topical the issue of realising the value of humanity is in contemporary education. Spranger not only answers the question of what humanity is, but points to specific, rather than general, methods of its formation in young people. He refers to selected teaching methods of Socrates, specifically to moral stories, and also to meditation, as in Zen Buddhism. He links a number of universal values to the formation of humanity, such as self-reflection, dignity of the person, self-criticism, responsibility, conscience, and love. Spranger’s theory of upbringing is holistic. Its teleology is oriented towards personality development, with an emphasis on altruistic values and human moral development. It is largely consistent with the pedagogical thought of Otto F. Bollnow, Abraham H. Maslow, Theodor Adorno, Hans Waldenfens, Andrzej Szyszko-Bohusz, Hilarion G. Petzold and other contemporary scholars – humanists. It also seems a continuation of Immanuel Kant’s, Johann H. Pestalozzi’s, Leo N. Tolstoy’s, Rudolf Steiner’s and even Mencius’s concepts of education, as well as those of Zen and Daoist teachers. Spranger opposed the idea of a transhumanism based on modern technology, as well as the instrumental and utilitarian treatment of nature, and the materialistic and technological trend, that is omnipresent in modern human life.