Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Research Articles

LOSSES OF THE WEST RUSSIAN VILLAGE DUE TO THE AXIS AGGRESSION: SCALE AND CONSEQUENCES

The article analyses the impact of human and material losses of the village of the West of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (the RSFSR) on the peculiarities of reconstruction processes in the first post-war years in terms of the diverse sources, many of which have recently been introduced into the scientific turnover. The deficit of manpower, equipment, and capital investments in the region’s agriculture, including one due to wartime losses, significantly slowed down the agricultural production industrialisation completion, predetermined inability to solve key problems of life and labour of the population, became one of the important causes of low incomes of many collective and state farms, the reduction of arable land since the early 1950s, and the long dominance of extra-economic coercion and its supporting structures in the countryside. The consequences of the war devastation combined with the unpopular agrarian policy of the first post-war years brought to life the improvement of adaptive behaviour by the village, which the authorities spent a lot of energy and resources to combat. The losses of the war years and harsh agrarian policy were also the key reasons for the undermining of the preserved elements of traditional culture of the village of the West of the RSFSR.

Проблемы правового регулирования деятельности профсоюзных организаций

In accordance with the current labour legislation the problems of the position of trade union organisations are analysed. The norms of labour legislation of the RussianSoviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Russian Federation are studied. Attention is paid to the analysis of court decisions on the cases connected with public relations with the participation of trade union organisations.

Lithuanians among prisoners of other ethnic groups in special-purpose camps of USSR MGB

Turganbek Allanijazov (the Republic of Kazakhstan, O. A. Baikonurov Zhezkazgan University), the author of this article, explores main statistical data related to the number of Lithuanians in special purpose camps of The Chief Administration of Corrective Labour Camps (GULAG) under the Ministry of State Security (MGB) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), located in the territories of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), in 1950–1954. Quantitative dynamics of Lithuanians is presented by years and camps. Tendencies and trends of quantitative change are shown. Camps with the greatest number of Lithuanians are specified, as well as those with the least number. The date within the lifetime period of camps known for the greatest number of Lithuanians as prisoners is indicated.

The conclusion of the Soviet-Afghan “Treaty of Friendship” in the context of new archival sources

New archival documents published in Russia and the United Kingdom make it possible to identify the stages and peculiarities of the negotiation process between Afghanistan and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic on the conclusion of the Treaty of Friendship of 1921. The initial aim of Soviet diplomacy in drafting this document was to turn Afghanistan into a foothold for subversive activities against British India. The Afghan Emir Amanullah Khan, in turn, wanted to obtain military and financial aid from Soviet Russia through the Treaty of Friendship to fight Great Britain. His second goal was to strengthen Afghanistan’s position in Turkestan, where he wanted to create a confederation of Central Asian states under his control. As the declassified archival documents of the NKID show, the Soviet government was not prepared to pay such a high price for an agreement with Afghanistan. During the negotiations, there were many pauses caused by the aggravation of Soviet-Afghan rivalry over Bukhara and the amount of Soviet assistance to Amanullah Khan. However, both sides understood the need to establish strong partnerships to stabilize the international position of the RSFSR and independent Afghanistan. For this reason, after difficult negotiations in Kabul and Moscow, the Soviet-Afghan Treaty of Friendship was concluded on February 28, 1921. It allowed Soviet Russia to strengthen its position in Central Asia, creating a significant counterbalance to British intrigues in the region.

The first book about the first director Yu. V. Truntsevsky, L. I. Belyaeva. At the origins of Russian Legal Science (to the 130th anniversary of Evsey G. Shirvindt) / preface by T. Ya. Khabrieva. M.: IZiSP; Publishing house “Jurisprudence”, 2023. – 240 pp.

The peer-reviewed monograph by Y. V. Truntsevsky and L. I. Belyaeva is devoted to the study of the life and work of the outstanding Russian lawyer, scientist and administrator E. G. Shirvindt (1891–1958). The authors focused their attention on his scientific works in the field of penitentiary, criminological and criminal legal science in general, as well as on the practical work of E. G. Shirvindt as the head of the Main Directorate of Places of Detention of the NKVD of the RSFSR (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) and the first director of the State Institute for the Study of Crime and the Criminal – the predecessor of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. The structure of the work is built on the principle of analyzing the “tangle of contradictions” in the history of the formation and development of criminal policy and criminal law science in the first decade of Soviet power, which, at the same time, became the key milestones in the biography of the main character of the book. The authors of the monograph have done an important work in terms of reanimating the scientific heritage of E. G. Shirvindt and rethinking the rich experience of his practical activities to reform the penal system, which makes the book are very relevant in today’s conditions of functioning of the domestic penitentiary department.

Государственное регулирование занятости женщин и профессиональная сегрегация в российской сфере труда – 100 лет истории. Часть 2. 1945-1991 годы

This paper, based on a general analysis of political documents and legislative acts, examines the changes in the regulation of employment conditions and regimes for women, as well as the dynamics of gender industry segregation. The first part of the article was dedicated to the initial Soviet period and the period of the Great Patriotic War (1917-1945). The second part covers the entire post-war Soviet period (1945-1991), during which there remained a commitment to the idea of maximizing women's participation in the economy. However, perceptions of the conditions for achieving gender equality in employment changed when the country faced the threat of critically low birth rates. As this demographic problem was directly linked to the high total workload of women, a system of benefits and preferences exclusively addressed to working women began to be developed, aiming to create "the most favourable conditions for combining professional and family duties." The implementation of an ever-expanding system of benefits did not lead to the equalization of opportunities for men and women in the labour sphere but contributed to the expansion of labour discrimination by gender and the formation of stereotypical views about jobs most "suitable for men" and "most suitable for women." The article analyzes the dynamics of differences in the sectoral employment structure of women and men based on historical and contemporary statistics, demonstrating that in the Russian Soviet society, committed to traditional gender role divisions, and without pressure on women in their choice of workplace, there was an increase in gender professional segregation due to the concentration of women in non-production sectors and men in material production sectors. The empirical basis for this study relies on data from the Central Statistical Office of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and Rosstat. The statistical analysis of gender segregation dynamics in this study employed the Duncan index, which quantitatively assesses and compares differences between the distributions of women and men across sectors and types of economic activity.

Unfulfilled intentions: family stories and narratives on unrealised emigration under emigration restrictions

ABSTRACT The paper sheds light on the character of family stories concerning unrealised emigration experienced under emigration restrictions and their potential intergenerational impacts. To this end, it explores the family stories on unfulfilled intentions to emigrate from two countries that were part of the Socialist Bloc, drawing on data from semi-structured in-depth interviews with people whose family members intended to emigrate from the Polish People’s Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic but who have not fulfilled their plans. The study highlights how memories on the experience of unrealised emigration have been transmitted across generations within families, how the character of family stories varies, and what mechanisms may underlie the potential influence of the experience over migration-related attitudes, norms, aspirations, and in some cases intentions and behaviour, of the non-migrants’ descendants.

Statistical analysis of the development of the plant production industry by the example of changes in the average yield of grain crops in the XX century. Part 1. Period 1900 - 1933.

The work is devoted to studying the development of the crop production industry in the twentieth century. The theory of cyclical production and change of technological structures is chosen as a working theory. The average yield of grain crops in the Russian Empire and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was determined to indicate production development. The choice of average grain yield is justified by its 'vital role in agriculture in the specified period. The change in the studied indicator is considered in the period from 1900 to 1933. The work provides a 'visual, graphical, historical, and statistical analysis of changes in the average yield of grain crops. The period from 1900 to 1933 is proposed to be divided into smaller periods consisting of H years, defined as small. For each small period, a statistical analysis is carried out, which includes calculating probabilistic characteristics, checking the average yield values for abnormal values, the presence of changes in the indicator during the period, and the nature of this change. Dividing the time interval into small periods allows us to study the change in yield in more detail and identify factors influencing this process. For each period, a hypothesis is put forward about the type of changes, and the acceptance or non-acceptance of the hypothesis is justified. The statistical analysis results are considered within the framework of past events identified during historical analysis. Building a model of changes in average yield during the period under review allows us to assess the industry’s past development and suggest possible future development scenarios. Analyzing the results of a statistical study in combination with historical context will provide a deeper understanding of the reasons for changes in yields and their impact on the development of the industry.

SCIENTIFIC, THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RESEARCH OF KHOREZM-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE SOVIET ERA (XIX CENTURY AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY)

This article is dedicated to studying the scientific-theoretical and methodological aspects of bilateral relations during the historical period from the early 19th century to the first quarter of the 20th century between the Khiva Khanate and the Russian Empire (1806-1917), the Provisional Government (March-October 1917), the Soviet state (1917-1920), and the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (KPSR) with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1920-1924) in the historiography of the Soviet period. The author attempts to illuminate the scientific-theoretical and methodological aspects of studies conducted during the Soviet era on international relations and foreign policy, based on the "class" approach and commissioned historical research.

World Revolution Against Russia: the Factor of the Ukraine in the Cause of Russia Fragmentation for the Sake of World Soviet Republics (1923)

The history of Russia transforming into the USSR is the history of fragmentation of Russian into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and other union republics of the USSR initiated by the Bolsheviks on the basis of their doctrine. In other words, the history of the Bolshevik project of world revolution, or the World Soviet Republics, that was supposed to be realized in the world mosaic of ethno national states. This concept was clearly evident in the process of USSR Constitution preparation in 1924 (it came into force in 1923)

Admissibility of Compensation for Moral Harm as a Consequence of a Tort Committed During the Soviet Era

The article substantiates the invalidity of the position formed in the Russian judicial practice about inadmissibility of compensation for physical and moral suffering caused to citizens as a result of offenses committed during the period of the Civil Codes of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 1922 and 1964. For this purpose, the author turns to the discussion of Soviet jurists on the admissibility of recovery of moral damages and evaluates the arguments of the parties for compliance with positive law. As a result, it is concluded that the inadmissibility of material compensation for non-pecuniary harm at that time was conditioned by arguments of a purely ideological nature and that there were no formal obstacles in Soviet civil legislation to the fi ling and satisfaction of such claims, which could be based on the rule of the general tort.

Questions in the Interrogation of the Accused under the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 1923

Modern problems of regulating criminal procedure relations could be traced to the preservation, both explicit and implicit, of normative ideas from the past legislation in the current law, which leads to the formation of eclectic normative constructs. The rules of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 1923 on the interrogation of the accused (the scientific interpretation of these rules) at the specific level of the formulation and use of these questions by the persons conducting the interrogation testify to the absence of legal relations in this procedural action. Persons authorized to ask questions to the accused could only do so in the second part of the interrogation (after the personal statement). The accused was under no legal obligation to answer the questions of the interrogators. The answers compiled the testimony of the accused that was not directly viewed as evidence. The procedure of giving personal statements led to the formation of evidence, but did not provide an opportunity for the interrogators to take action by asking questions. It is possible that the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 1923 contained the normative idea of excluding the interrogation of the accused for the purpose of collecting evidence.

Zoning of the Siberian Region in the second half of the 1920s

The issues of formation and development of zoning of the Siberian Region in the second half of the 1920s, closely related to the national processes of economic and territorial reform of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, are considered. The evolution of the administrative-territorial system of the Siberian Region is analyzed: the formation of regions and districts through the liquidation of provinces, counties and volosts, the unbundling of village councils and the improvement of the administrative network in accordance with the economic and political challenges of that time. It shows the complexity and inconsistency of the ongoing zoning of the region, which required constant improvement of the administrative system through the development of various projects, discussions with the center and the actual implementation of planned changes on the ground. It is noted that, despite the positive developments in the improvement of the administrative-territorial system, in the end, the Siberian Region was divided into two independent subjects of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. It is concluded that the liquidation of the Siberian Region was closely related both to internal problems, namely, the cumbersomeness and weak efficiency of the administrative system of the region that existed in the second half of the 1920s in Siberia, and to national approaches to the zoning of the Soviet state, expressed in the unbundling of territories.

Становление народного контроля в Советской России: социально-политическая практика

The article examines the activities of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) authorities in the search for the optimal model of organization of control in the Soviet-type society in the early 1920s. The methods and techniques directly or indirectly related to the involvement of workers in the work of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate and the construction of the whole system of functioning of this control agency are analyzed on the material of archival sources. It is also shown how this practice was coordinated with the course of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Soviet government on the involvement of citizens in the management of the state in the conditions of growing inner-party contradictions.

Stanislav Vladimirovich Ochapovsky. The 145th Anniversary of the Birth of the Renowned Ophthalmologist, Doctor of Medical Science, Professor

Professor Stanislav Vladimirovich Ochapovsky (1878-1945)—Doctor of Medical Science, Honored Scientist of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic—was a Soviet ophthalmologist, public figure, local historian, and honorary citizen of the Caucasus, Uchkulan, and Beslan. He organized the fight against trachoma in the North Caucasus, founded the school of Kuban ophthalmology, and laid the groundwork for regional medicine and ophthalmology.

Сравнительный анализ политики украинизации в 1920–1930-е годы на территории юго-восточных округов УССР и Кубанского округа Северо-Кавказского края РСФСР

The nationality policy that was implemented in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) in the 1920s and 1930s led to major changes in the field of culture and education. However, this policy had not always been successful in the Ukrainian SSR and some other regions of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), e.g. in the south-eastern areas of the Ukrainian SSR and in the Kuban Area of the North Caucasus Territory of the RSFSR. In this regard, the purpose of thе article was to perform a comparative analysis of the content, directions and results of the policy of Ukrainization in the south-eastern areas of the Ukrainian SSR and in the Kuban Area of the North Caucasus Territory. In the course of the research, the author studied the historiography of Ukrainization in general: articles, monographs of modern Russian and Ukrainian scholars, as well as the periodical press published in the Ukrainian SSR between 1925 and 1933. Based on the data obtained, the author concludes that, in spite of the rapid and successful Ukrainization in these regions, it was implemented through administrative pressure, which formed a negative attitude towards this kind of ethno-cultural transformations on the ground, in particular, in some south-eastern areas of the Ukrainian SSR and in the Kuban Area of the North Caucasus Territory of the RSFSR, whose population differed significantly from the Ukrainian ethnic group in terms of language and self-consciousness. In the Kuban Area, neither the local population nor local authorities were interested in this policy, which slowed the process of Ukrainization and made the mechanisms for its implementation rather ineffective, even compared to the south-east of the Ukrainian SSR. As a result, the population in the south of the RSFSR became part of the Russian nation.

The Issue of Georgia’s Borders in the Main and Additional Agreements of Bret-Litovsk

This article concerns The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which was signedon March 3, 1918 between the Soviet Russia (the Russian SovietFederated Socialist Republic) and the powers of the QuadrupleAlliance (the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, theOttoman Empire, the Kingdom of Bulgaria) and significantly determinedrelations between Georgia and the Ottoman Empire inthe period 1918-1921.We are interested in the fourth article of the basic treaty and thesecond article of the supplementary treaty between Russia and Turkey,both of which deal with Georgia, especially its borders. Accordingto the basic treaty the question of the political orientationof Kars, Ardahan and Batumi should be discussed based on thereferendum. Thereport stressed that referendum was formal. In ouropinion this is confirmed by the supplementary treaty. Accordingto this, the border between Turkey and Russia (1877-1878) whereArdahan, Batumi, and Kars belonged to Turkey must be restored.According to these materials we conclude, that the result of referendumwas pre-determined and formal.

Machine-tool industry retrospective analysis in member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States

The article examines the dynamics of machine tool production in the countries of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and post-Soviet states from the standpoint of statistical science. In the course of the work a data was obtained, the tabular and graphical presentation of which made it possible to identify certain periods of time in the machine tool industry of the USSR and the Commonwealth of Independent States (including the Baltic states), characterized by different dynamics and production structure in individual states. The initial stage of development fell on the territory of modern Russia, but during the years of the existence of the USSR, a number of machine-tool industries were opened in the Union Republics. This gave impetus to industrial development on the periphery of the Soviet state, and by the time the domestic machine tool industry flourished in the late 1970s, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic accounted for less than half of the all-Union output. However, after 1978 there was a significant decline in the dynamics of production in the industry. And after the collapse of the country there is almost complete destruction of the machine-tool industry on the territory of the countries of the former USSR. The results obtained in the course of the study can be useful in scientific and practical activities in assessing the current situation, as well as prospects for the production and consumption of machine tools in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, including Ukraine and the Baltic states.

Государственное регулирование занятости женщин и профессиональная сегрегация в российской сфере труда – 100 лет истории

This article investigates the dynamics of gender occupational segregation, a crucial parameter that reflects the position of men and women in the workforce and significantly influences gender disparities in pay and working conditions. Over the course of our country's history, efforts have been made to reduce such segregation, highlighting the importance of collecting information to assess the effectiveness of these initiatives. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of political documents and legislative acts from both the Soviet and post-Soviet eras, aimed at promoting equal rights and, in the past three decades, equal opportunities for women and men in the labor market, which have a significant impact on gender segregation in employment. It explores the transformation of perceptions regarding the strategies, methods, and conditions necessary to achieve gender equality. In the early Soviet period, the focus was on the ideological dogmatization of maximizing women's involvement in a wide range of professions and industries. This was accompanied by labor legislation restrictions on female employment in hazardous and demanding conditions (to safeguard health) and measures to protect women during childbirth and child-rearing. During the developed socialist period, an entire system of benefits and preferences was developed to create the most favorable conditions for working women to balance their professional and family responsibilities. This included expanding the list of prohibited professions and occupations for women. In the post-Soviet era, efforts shifted toward prohibiting gender discrimination in the workplace. Labor legislation was transformed to ensure that rights, benefits, and preferences related to child-rearing and care were assigned to both mothers and fathers with family responsibilities. Rights, benefits, and preferences related to childbirth and breastfeeding assigned solely to mothers. Restrictions on female employment in hazardous and strenuous conditions have been reduced, and in some cases, these restrictions have been seen as discriminatory. Additionally, the article analyzes the dynamics of gender differences in the occupational structure of employment for women and men, drawing on historical and contemporary statistics. It reveals that despite changes in the regulation of women's work, their distribution across sectors has consistently differed significantly from that of men. However, a period from the late 1920s to the post-war years stands out as a period of substantial reduction in gender occupational segregation. Subsequently, there was a gradual increase in the level of segregation, which continued with minor fluctuations in subsequent years. The empirical basis for this study relies on data from the Central Statistical Office of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and Rosstat. The statistical analysis of gender segregation dynamics in this study employed the Duncan index, which quantitatively assesses and compares differences between the distributions of women and men across sectors and types of economic activity.

Primorsky Musical Institute in the history of the development of academic music in the Far East (1923-1924)

The article examines the activities of the Primorsky Musical Institute (1923-1924), which contributed to the development of academic music in the Far East in the post-revolutionary period, associated with the liquidation of the "buffer state" of the Far Eastern Republic (FER, 1920-1922) and its accession to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). Through the prism of historical documents and archival materials, the factology of which did not fall into the analytics available today, corrective information is introduced into music science, which, on the one hand, forms an up-to-date view of the activities of the Primorsky Musical Institute, in terms of preserving traditions, paying attention to successive ties with the Imperial Russian Musical Society (RMO / IRMO), which played a special role in organizing the musical life of the country, and the Far East during the period of Imperial Russia. On the other hand, he names the reasons why the closure of the Institute led to the impossibility of the historical continuation of the forward line of development laid down by the IRMS in the Sovietized post-FER period. Contextual study allows the fact of the emergence of the Primorsky Musical Institute in Vladivostok to be comprehended as a consequence of the inertially preserved organizational work of the Vladivostok branch of the IRMO (1909-1917), which opened a music school at the Department, and then established a music school at the RMO (1917-1922).