Russian Sample Research Articles

Blood donation motivation in the United States and Russia: What keeps donors coming back?

AbstractWhat keeps regular blood donors coming back, despite the inconvenience and discomfort, thereby maintaining the community's blood supply? We approached 494 people waiting to give blood, 229 Americans and 265 Russians, with a survey that assessed their motivations to donate, their contextual emotions, and their future donation intentions. The Russian sample was older, and many were regulars at the donation centre. The U.S. sample was younger, attending a 3‐day college blood drive. Multigroup path analysis results showed that, as hypothesised, in both samples, autonomous donation motivations predicted contextual emotions and future donation intentions. Furthermore, contextual emotions partially mediated the motivation‐to‐future intentions effect. Small differences in results for the two samples, as well as differences in the two national systems for maintaining blood supplies, are discussed.

Adaptation of the questionnaire «Life position scale»

The purpose of this study is to adapt the Life Position Scale questionnaire on the Russian sample. Materials and methods. The procedure was carried out to translate the text of the original questionnaire into Russian, collect empirical data: 170 respondents (106 female, 64 male, median age 26 years old), further process the data and obtain average scores for the Russian sample using the median method; the median for I scale is 38, for U scale 34. Results and discussion. Average scores (medians) were obtained for the scales I and U, which are cut-off points that allow categorizing the life situation of the test taker. Conclusion. The results of the study showed that the proposed Russian-language version of the questionnaire is valid and allows one to determine the basic life position.

Identification of Hotspot Mutations in the N Gene of SARS-CoV-2 in Russian Clinical Samples That May Affect the Detection by Reverse Transcription-PCR.

Sensitive and reliable diagnostic test systems based on real-time PCR are of great importance in the fight against the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The genetic variability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus leads to the accumulation of mutations, some of which may affect the sensitivity of modern PCR assays. The aim of this study was to search in Russian clinical samples for new mutations in SARS-CoV-2 gene N that can affect the detection by RT-PCR. In this study, the polymorphisms in the regions of the target gene N causing failed or poor detection of the target N in the RT-PCR assay on 12 selected samples were detected. Sequencing the entire N and E genes in these samples along with other 195 samples that were positive for both target regions was performed. Here, we identified a number of nonsynonymous mutations and one novel deletion in the N gene that affected the ability to detect a target in the N gene as well a few mutations in the E gene of SARS-CoV-2 that did not affect detection. Sequencing revealed that majority of the mutations in the N gene were located in the variable region between positions 193 and 235 aa, inside and nearby the phosphorylated serine-rich region of the protein N. This study highlights the importance of the further characterization of the genetic variability and evolution of gene N, the most common target for detecting SARS-CoV-2. The use of at least two targets for detecting SARS-CoV-2, including one for the E gene, will be necessary for reliable diagnostics.

A Russian Version of the Emotional Autonomy Scale: Primary Adaptation Data

The formation of emotional autonomy in child-parent relations is one of the main developmental tasks of adolescence (Havighurst, 1972). The theoretical framework of our study comes from the Age-Related Cultural-Historical Approach (Vygotsky, 2000; Leontiev, 1978; Bozhovich, 2009; Elkonin, 1972) and the Theory of Emotional Autonomy Formation by L. Steinberg & S. Silverberg (1986). Here we present the results of a test with the Russian version of the "Emotional Autonomy Scale" (EAS) as validated by L. Steinberg & S. Silverberg (1986). We conducted a substantial psychometric analysis of the EAS scales on a Russian sample. The participants were 222 pupils from the 9th to 11th grades in Moscow schools (age 14-17; M = 15.89; SD = 0.91). A comparative and structural analysis was conducted to review the reliability of the EAS Russian version, administered by the authors. The pupils were evaluated with 1) the authors' Russian version of the EAS by L. Steinberg & S. Silverberg (1986); and 2) the Parent-Child Interaction questionnaire (PCI) by I. Markovskaya (1999). The fit of Steinberg's original Four-factor model (L. Steinberg & S. Silverberg, 1986) and of the Beyers' and colleagues' Seven-factor model (2005) were studied on a Russian sample for the first time. The Four-factor model was chosen as the final model due to better fit indices and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The CFA showed the model fit indices to be acceptable (RMSEA = 0.07) or slightly less than the good fit values (CFI = 0.74). The validity analysis was conducted using the PCI by I. Markovskaya (1999). The aim of theoretical analysis, approbation, and validation of the EAS on a Russian sample was achieved: the authors' version of the EAS is a valid and reliable instrument to measure adolescents' emotional autonomy in a Russian sample.

Становление самостоятельности ребенка раннего возраста: кросс-культурные аспекты

The article points out the need to record new childhood phenomena as well as to study the influence of parents and significant adults, their communication with the child in the process of interaction on the development of children’s independence in modern reality. Cross-cultural aspects of the formation of child independence in Russia and Vietnam are considered. Also presented are the main results of one assessment from the study on the dynamics of the formation of child independence at the age of 2 years in the process of interaction with the subject and in communication with an adult. Forty-three dyads (mother and child) from Russia and Vietnam took part in the study. The purpose of the study was as follows: to determine the stage of child independence formation by the age of 2 in the process of interaction with the subject and in communication with an adult; to determine the level of social, emotional and adaptive development of children in Russia and Vietnam. The methodological basis of the study is the approach of M.I. Lisina. The study of the child’s communicative signals was carried out in the process of a fifteen-minute parent-child interaction (spontaneous play) using video recording, followed by analysis in the program “The Observer XT-16”. Research methods: 1) assessment of child-parent interaction on the scale “Communicative signals of the child” of the technique “Evaluation of child-parent interaction” [ECPI-II]; 2) assessment of the social and emotional development of the child was carried out according to the Bayley Development Scales-III (BSID-III). The results showed that the level of independence in children from the Russian sample is generally higher than that from the Vietnamese sample. Statistically significant differences were revealed on the scales: “Functions of the pre-learning period” and “Self-care” of the Bailey scale (BSID-III). Children from the Russian sample are in the middle of transition between the second and third stages of the dynamics of child independence development in the process of interaction with the subject and the adult, whereas children from the Vietnamese sample demonstrated a more pronounced repertoire of indicators related to stage 2. Also, in the Russian sample the duration of manifestation of the following indicators significantly dominates: “Sensitivity to the influence of an adult ‘+’” and “Sensitivity to the influence of an adult ‘-’”.

The Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (Pacs-R): Approbation on the Russian Sample

The article concerns the results of approbation of the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised, PACS-R (Schaefer, Thompson, 2014), for Russian-speaking population. The Russian version of the PACS-R was administered to 579 Russian males and females. To check the convergent validity, the measures of social comparison orientation and body image were used. Satisfactory psychometric characteristics, in particular, high internal consistency of the scale and test-retest reliability were shown. Meaningful significant correlations of the PACS-R with measuresof self-esteem, and three factors of the Big Five questionnaire were obtained. Overall, the results indicate that the Russian version of the PACS-R scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing appearance comparison tendencies in Russian population.

СООТНОШЕНИЕ ЭКСПЛИЦИТНОГО И ИМПЛИЦИТНОГО УРОВНЕЙ ПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ ЦЕННОСТЕЙ: КРОСС-КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ АСПЕКТ

Background. Th e study is devoted to cultural specifi city of the personality value sphere, and from the point of view of its level — explicit and implicit structure. Th e novelty of the study lies in the appeal to inaccessible and practically unexplored implicit levels of value presentation, whereas most studies research deals exclusively with the approximate levels of their presentation.Objective of the study is a cross-cultural comparison of the structure of the value sphere of the individual from the point of view of its implicit and explicit level on the example of Russian and Uzbek culture. Methods. Th e following methods were used: the refi ned S. Schwartz PVQ method, M. Etkind’s color test of relationships. Sample. 190 subjects took part in the study — 86 people of Uzbek culture and 104 of Russian culture. Results. Th e study showed a signifi cant coincidence of the leading and insignifi cant values of both cultures at the explicit level. Th e explicit diff erences are as follows: despite the leading nature, less signifi cant in the Uzbek sample compared to the Russian were such values as independence of actions, independence of thought, personal security, well-being in interpersonal relations, tolerance for other people, and more signifi cant — life pleasures, reputation, public safety, responsibility to the loved ones. At the implicit level, the diff erences between cultures are less manifested, the following values are more signifi cant on the Russian sample: diverse life experience, public safety. More signifi cant the Uzbek sample is the responsibility to loved ones. Cross-cultural diff erences of some values are signifi cantly evident at both levels. Th ese are public safety (Uzbek subjects have higher signifi cance at the explicit level and lower at the implicit level than Russians) and responsibility to loved ones (higher in Uzbek subjects at both levels). Public safety has shown to be implicitly insignifi cant value to both cultures. Practical application of the results. Th e results can be applied in the joint training and professional activities organization of representatives of diff erent cultures.

Сценарии личной безопасности субъекта конфликтного взаимодействия

Objective. Establishing the potential of reflexive image of personal security by subjects in the construction of scenarios of their conflict interaction.Background. The preservation and dissemination of the psychological practice of conflict interaction require further research aimed at improving the understanding of the factors of its occurrence and dynamic development. The authors of the article link their work in this direction with the introduction of the category of personal security into the research space of conflictology. The corresponding phenomenon, falling into the basic layers of the human need sphere, acquires a controlling status for its activity, including that in the form of conflict interaction.Study design. The paper demonstrates the possibility of constructing scenarios of personal security of subjects of conflict interaction and identifying their differences depending on the content of reflection. Procedures for comparing the quantitative distribution of different types of security scenarios were performed using the criterion φ* (Fisher’s angular transformation).Participants. Russian sample: 250 people (52.0% of girls and 48.0% of boys) aged 18 to 21 years (M=19.6, SD=19.5).Measurements. The main methods were the analysis of products and expert evaluation, the additional method was the clarifying conversation.Results. The reflection on personal security affects the quantitative and qualitative features of the interaction of conflict subjects. The scope and target pole of personal security are private parameters of reflection by subjects of conflict interaction and determine the scenario of its construction.Conclusions. The construction of scenarios of conflict interaction, taking into account the peculiarities of personal security reflection by its subjects, gives a new vision of the processes of initiation, planning, development and termination of the conflict. Scenarios of conflict interaction reveal the resource priorities of the subjects involved in it as a productive zone for applying efforts in the interests of overcoming it.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ПОД ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕМ НОВОЙ КОРОНАВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ COVID-19

Significance. Youth students make an individual socio-demographic group. The psycho-emotional state of young people affects their health and labor potential. The purpose of the study is to analyze transformation of the psycho-emotional state of students under the influence of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Material and methods. Sociological survey based on the author's questionnaire and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), validated in the Russian sample by N.V. Tarabrina (2001). A total of 252 three and four-year medical university students aged 19-26 were interviewed. Results. The study has identified a direct moderate correlation (rxy=0,325; p<0,05) between the confirmed previous COVID-19 infection in friends and relatives and the respondents' fear of getting sick. The majority of students with a fear of getting sick showed signs of health deterioration: palpitations, difficulty falling asleep, etc. The need to comply with the self-isolation regime contributed to the emergence of such negative emotions as anxiety, apathy, irritability. Emergence of impaired concentration of attention and fatigue in a certain share of students was accompanied by difficulties in learning. Lectures and seminars at an educational institution were the most popular source of information on the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 for youth students. Most of the respondents followed news updates once a day. Conclusion. The COVID-19 rate among friends and relatives is one of the significant social factors for transformation of the psycho-emotional state of students. Violation of the psycho-emotional state of the respondents was accompanied by various manifestations on the part of almost all organs and systems, disorders of the emotional sphere, which, among other things, contributed to the decrease in motivation to study. The results obtained made it possible to form a risk group for the development of mental disorders, requiring consultation with a psychotherapist. The influence of information sources (mass media, Internet resources, etc.) on the psycho-emotional state of the respondents was not confirmed. Scope of application. It is advisable to use the results obtained to optimize educational process in higher education institutions, as well as to plan preventive measures on screening anxiety disorders among students.

The association of serum folate levels with schizophrenia symptoms

To evaluate the association of serum folate levels with schizophrenia and its clinical characteristics in patients from a Russian sample. Ninety-three patients with schizophrenia and 60 healthy volunteers were examined. Determination of serum folate levels was performed by chemiluminescent immunoassay on microparticles (Architect, Abbott Lab SA). Symptoms of schizophrenia were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Calgary Schizophrenia Depression Scale, the Snight-Hamilton Anhedonia Scale, the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, the Personal and Social Performance Scale, the Scale for Therapy Side-Effects assessment, Simpson-Angus scales, abnormal involuntary movements scale, Barnes akathisia rating scale. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 6.0. Since the data distribution was different from normal, non-parametric criteria were used. Patients had significantly lower folate levels than healthy controls (p=0.00053), mainly in women (p=0.0025). At the same time, in all the subgroups (including healthy ones), the vast majority of the participants had folate levels below the median (9.95 ng/ml) and in the lower quartile of the reference values. In patients, folate levels are inversely correlated with the severity of most negative symptoms and directly correlated with all measures of cognitive functions. Patients with folate levels below the reference values differed from other patients by a greater severity of the total score of negative symptoms (p=0.023), Marder's factors of negative symptoms (p=0.046) and disorganized thinking (p=0.033), a greater severity of general side effects of therapy (p=0.021) and all measures of cognitive functions except for verbal memory. Smoking has a significant effect on serum folate levels in all participants (p=0.016). There was also an inverse association of folate levels with the selectivity of antipsychotics (p=0.035), and more severe folate deficiency in inpatients than outpatients (p=0.0063). The results obtained in the Russian sample on the association of folate deficiency with schizophrenia and a wide range of clinical indicators, including those affecting the prognosis of schizophrenia, indicate the high relevance of further study of this topic and the introduction of approaches to augmentation of antipsychotic therapy for schizophrenia with folates.

Cognitive features and strategies for the meaning transfer of students in the process of online learning

Solving the problem of finding new technologies and ways of teaching in the education system today has become a global topic. Undoubtedly, young people quickly adapted to the new conditions of learning through Internet technologies. However, it should be taken into account that some psychological qualities of students influence their preference for forms of learning: direct "live" communication and interaction in the "educator-student" system, or online learning. The study involved students of 1-2 years of study of bachelor's degree in technical and humanitarian areas. A total of 103 students participated, including 49 girls and 54 boys aged 18 to 24 (average age is 18.7). Methods used: survey - Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, CFI (CFI-R) (Dennis J.P., Vander Wal J.S. adapted by Kurginyan S.S., Osavolyuk E.Yu.), Questionnaire by S. Epstein “Rationality-Experience” (adapted on the Russian sample by T. V. Kornilova, A. Yu. Razvalyaeva), Analyticity-holisticity scale (Apanovich VV, Znakova VV, Alexandrov Yu.I.), Questionnaire “Meaning transfer strategies” (Suroedova E.A.), Questionnaire that made it possible to collect data on respondents; statistical methods.The study established differences in cognitive styles, ways of comprehending cognitive and social situations, cognitive flexibility and strategies for meaning transfer between groups of students with different preferences for the learning format. Research perspectives are aimed at studying shifts in the development of cognitive features and strategies for meaning transfer in the process of online learning.

Understanding Kindness in the Russian Context

Kindness and acts of kindness have the potential to cause tremendously positive effects on subjective well-being, reflected in improvements in mental and physical health, and interpersonal relationships. Fostering knowledge about kindness may help in self-development and psychotherapeutic interventions aimed to improve an individual's emotional well-being. However, existing research data and understanding of this phenomenon in Russia, as well as descriptions of acts of kindness, are presently relatively limited. To study the Russian understanding of kindness, its meaning in the Russian context; to categorize a variety of identified acts of kindness; and to define kindness based on the data derived from a Russian sample. There were 291 Russian participants, recruited using an online recruiting platform, who filled out an online questionnaire that identified definitions of kindness with corresponding examples. Also captured in the sample were the participant's age, gender, and religiosity. The data underwent qualitative analysis through open, axial, and focused coding. As a result of qualitative analysis, four theme categories emerged to define kindness: a) personal states and qualities (one's own states and self-perception, moral values and qualities, self-regulation and emotional stability); b) openness to others (attention to others, love and positive attitude); c) emotional and cognitive understanding of others and tolerance, actions and behavior (altruistic sacrifice, help, politeness and respect, forgiveness, generosity, pleasing actions). Concrete examples of kind acts and behavior were categorized. A definition of kindness was formulated based on the data. The research results can be used in training, counselling, and therapeutic sessions to increase subjective well-being. Directions for further research have been defined.

Доступность цифровых устройств детям дошкольного возраста: различия в родительских позициях

Introduction. The article presents the results of an empirical study, aimed at revealing the peculiarities of parent position concerning the use of gadgets by preschool children on a Russian sample. Objective. The article focuses on the phenomenon of parents’ inconsistent position concerning the use of digital devices by preschoolers. Methods. The study was conducted in February-April, 2021. The questionnaire, elaborated by the authors of the study, was disseminated in social networks. 6376 parents of preschoolers aged from 2 to 7 from Russian Federation participated in the study. The collected data was analyzed with the help of quantitative and qualitative methods. Results and conclusions. The results of the study testify that most Russian parents demonstrate a coherent position in relation to accessibility of digital media to their children — they either give their children limited access to gadgets (66,1%), or completely ban it (5%). A big group of parents (28,9%) give rather controversial answers to questions concerning the accessibility of digital devices to their children, which testifies that they have no coherent strategy. The research demonstrates that many Russian parents face difficulties in organizing their children’s interaction with gadgets and testifies that it is important to organize parents’ counselling and education in relation to these challenges.

Социокультурные стереотипы как фактор становления образа тела у девочек дошкольного возраста

Objective. We hypothesized that even short-term interaction with images that broadcast stereotypes of an unrealistically thin body may shift girls’ self-reference of body image to a thinner one. Background. Modern standards of body image, broadcast through the media, toys and other products for children, are unattainable for most people. Among such standards is the stereotype of an unrealistically thin body. Its presence makes girls perceive their bodies in a distorted manner and contributes to the formation of an extremely rigid self-ideal. Study design. The work experimentally assumes the influence of sociocultural stereotypes on the body image of preschool girls. The idea of H. Dittmar, E. Halliwell and S. Ive was used for the experiment. At the first stage, all children were examined using the "Silhouettes" technique. After 2 weeks, the girls of the experimental group were given coloring books with the image of Barbie. Girls in the control group were given neutral coloring pages with animals. After the children were coloring for 30 minutes, their body image was re-examined using the "Silhouettes" technique. Participants. Russian sample: 100 girls aged 5—6 years. All the children have a normal for their age body mass index. Measurements. Psychodiagnostic technique "Silhouettes". To compare distributions in independent samples, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used, in dependent samples, the Kolmogorov test of agreement was used. Results. The results showed that a sample of Russian-speaking preschoolers, as well as their peers around the world, internalize unrealistic stereotypes of physicality by the age of 5—6. Conclusions. Interactions with images of an unrealistically thin body shift the distribution of choices for the "my body" and "ideal body" categories toward thinner images.

Гендерные представления девушек, увлекающихся метажанром «Boy’s Love»

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>To describe the relations between liking visual representations of male same-sex romance and gender representations of young female fans of BL. <strong>Background. </strong>Nowadays there is a globally spread interest in manga among teenagers. Manga has a vast diversity of styles, genres, and followers. Nevertheless, some heterosexual girls quite often demonstrate stable interest in the manga sub-genre focusing on homoerotic relationships between young – and frequently androgynous – male characters. This research has addressed an issue whether heterosexual girls’ liking for visual representations of male homosexuality in Boy’s Love (BL) comics relates to their gender representations. <strong>Study design. </strong>The survey among the members of the Internet Social Media Manga Publics included: description of socio-psychological effects of viewing BL pictures, scaling attitudes towards masculinity ideology, exploration of gender role beliefs and description of femininity concepts. Comparison of the data between BL fans and other members of Manga Publics being acquainted with Boys’ Love, but deliberately neglecting it. Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher F test, and Pearson’s chi-squared test are used. <strong>Participants. </strong>Russian sample: 140 female respondents 11-45 years old (M=17,95; SD=4,84). Main group consists of 90 respondents 11-45 years old (M=18,88; SD=5,22). Control group consists of 50 respondents 12-27 years old (M=16,79; SD=3,10). <strong>Measurements. </strong>Questionnaire of socio-demographic characteristics. Author’s scale of socio-psychological effects of visual representations. Masculinity Ideology in Relationships Scale by J.H. Pleck, F.L. Sonenstein, L.C. Ku. Gendered Personality Characteristics (I.S. Klyotsina). Masculinity and Femininity Questionnaire by T.A. Bessonova – psycho-semantic version by N.V. Dvoryanchikov for examining individual femininity constructs. <strong>Results. </strong>Girls that fond of homoerotic drawn fictions prefer non-normative gendered traits combinations and give specific interpretation of their femininity. BL followers significantly often describe their femininity with traditionally masculine traits. Gender polarization is weak. Gender identity of female BL fans comply with non-orthogonal conceptualization. They believe that core of gender identity in every human being should consist of gender-neutral characteristics. Male emotionality, represented in homoerotic drawings, arrests attention of all respondents. But BL fans are less likely to perceive men in the light of normative (hegemonic) masculinity. <strong>Conclusions.</strong> Straight girls’ enthusiasm for BL is grounded in the possibility of apprehending their gender non-normativity/non-conformity within a fictional realty, and in BL manga meta-genre capability to display adequately significant aspects of new non-normative gender practices and ensure their social affirmation.</p>

Русскоязычная версия «международного опросника травмы»: адаптация и валидизация на неклинической выборке

Purpose. The article presents the results of adaptation and validation of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) on a Russian sample. The questionnaire measures the symptoms of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), which can develop as a result of exposure to prolonged, repetitive traumatic experiences in the interpersonal sphere. Method. The study was carried out on a non-clinical sample, which included 429 participants who were 18 to 68 years old and who experienced at least one traumatic event in their lives. International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), LEC-5 (Life events checklist-5), author’s questionnaire “Emotional abuse”, Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) were used in the study. Results. The structure of the questionnaire in the Russian-speaking sample confirmed the two-factor model of complex PTSD, which combines the symptoms of PTSD («Re-experiencing», «Avoidance», «Sense of Threat») and disturbances of Self-organization («Affective Dysregulation», «Negative Self-concept», «Disturbances in Relationships»). Internal consistency of the scale was in the acceptable range. Among those who have experienced at least one traumatic event, 20% met criteria for PTSD (11%) or CPTSD (9%). These data show that respondents with CPTSD have more intense psychopathological symptoms than respondents with PTSD; women show more intense symptoms of CPTSD than men.

Связь академической мотивации и выгорания у студентов российских и азербайджанских вузов

Student burnout is a risk factor for personal well-being and can lead to a decrease in motivation and other crucial components of learning. We present the results of a study of the relationship between academic motivation and burnout in the Russian (N=203) and Azerbaijani (N=170) samples. Motivation profiles were compared to profiles of burnout and study-related experiences. Students from two profiles with the highest level of intrinsic motivation, but different levels of motivation of self-esteem (high — 32% of the total sample, or low — 20%) experienced either no burnout, or high exhaustion along with high meaningfulness of learning in both cases. Students with predominance of external motivation (20%) or amotivation (9%) turned out to be more prone to burnout, showing a high level of emotional exhaustion along with an average or complete loss of the meaning of their own educational activities. Among students with an average profile (18%), the main symptom was a decrease in the meaningfulness of study that was in some cases linked to other symptoms of burnout. The results were similar in both samples, with the profiles with high levels of self-esteem being more typical of female students. The limitations of the obtained results are discussed, as well as the relevance of burnout prevention in universities.

Связь зависимости от смартфона с признаками психологического неблагополучия у россиян и украинцев

Introduction. Smartphone addiction is the most widespread non-medical digital addiction associated with signs of psychological distress, which makes the study relevant. The purpose of the study is to identify similarities and differences in the relationship between smartphone addiction and signs of psychological distress (impulsivity, narcissism, lack of assertiveness, vulnerability to manipulation, addiction to social media) in Russian and Ukrainian men and women. Methods. Smartphone addiction was diagnosed using the CAC-16 questionnaire (developed by V. P. Sheinov), assertiveness was diagnosed with a shortened version (A23) of the assertiveness questionnaire (V. P. Sheinov), exposure to manipulation was diagnosed with the questionnaire “Assessment of the degree of vulnerability of an individual to manipulation” (B. P. Sheinov), addiction to social media with the ZSS-15 questionnaire (V. P. Sheinov, A. S. Devitsyn), impulsiveness with V. A. Losenkov’s method, narcissism with E. Kot’s questionnaire. The data for the study were obtained in an online survey of 663 respondents, including 412 Russian residents and 251 residents of Ukraine. Results. Russian and Ukrainian samples of men and women revealed the following similarities as regards correlation between smartphone addiction and personal qualities: a negative correlation with assertiveness and positive correlation with impulsivity, loss of self-control, fear of refusal to use a smartphone, euphoria from its use, addiction to social media and the related factors. No correlation with vulnerability to manipulation was found. Regardless of gender and geographic location, the strongest link is between smartphone addiction and loss of self-control. Russian female respondents showed a negative correlation between smartphone addiction and narcissism, while a positive correlation was found in Ukrainians of both sexes. Conclusion. The prospects of the study are related to the expansion of the range of studied personal qualities and traits, presumably associated with smartphone addiction. Similar studies may be conducted in other regions.

Особенности психологического благополучия русских и армянских студентов

Objective. The study and description of the specifics of the psychological well-being of Russian and Armenian students (on the example of students studying in Kostroma and Yerevan). Background. The problem of increasing the psychological well-being of students becomes especially relevant in the context of a decrease in resilience, vitality, adaptability, satisfaction with life and oneself among today’s youth. Research that is carried out in a cross-cultural approach is of particular importance. They make it possible to single out and describe universal and specific for certain ethno-cultural groups referents and features of students’ psychological well-being. Study design. The paper analyzes the features of the psychological well-being of Russian and Armenian students. We have established the relationship of the integral indicator of well-being with individual variables using correlation analysis. We also described the predictors of psychological well-being in Russian and Armenian students. Participants. The study sample consisted of 360 university students aged 17 to 28 years (M=19.9; SD=2.1), who were divided into two research groups according to the criterion of ethnic and cultural affiliation (Russians and Armenians). Measurements. The study was conducted using the “Scale of psychological well-being (RPWB)”; “Scales of subjective happiness”; “Scales of life satisfaction”; methods of color metaphors; self-assessment scales, “Innovative Competence”; test “Life-meaning orientations”. Results. The study established similarities and differences in the referents of psychological well-being among Russian and Armenian students. It is noted that the level of psychological well-being of students from different countries is below the normative values. This testifies to the general tendencies of a decrease in optimism among young people, faith in the future, in themselves and their capabilities. The paper also describes the specificity of correlations of psychological well-being referents in the Russian and Armenian samples. The psychological well-being of Armenian students is associated with the assessment of subjective well-being, the degree of independence from parents, health and life satisfaction; among Russian students — with a high assessment of the state of health, academic success, success in life and satisfaction with romantic relationships. In general, the meaningfulness of life is important in the perception of psychological well-being among students of different ethnic and cultural groups. At the same time, Armenian students have more pronounced life intentions and orientation, set clear goals for the future. Their focus is on self-development. The process of life appears to them filled with meaning and interest. Russian students are more satisfied with their lives in the present, although they are focused on raising their status and achieving success in the future. Conclusions. There are general cultural and cultural-specific trends in the psychological well-being of students studying in Russia and Armenia.

Conscious choice of profession as the dominant motive of studying at the university

Introduction. Highly qualified specialists with higher education are the basis of the economy of any modern state. The choice of a future profession by an individual is an important process for the individual and society. Regardless of the type of competition, resources (time, money) for the training of an expelled student or graduate who does not work by profession are spent inefficiently. Reducing negative consequences is impossible without identifying the reasons for expulsion or employment not in the specialty. Therefore, issues related to the choice of profession, motivation for training and professional activity are relevant. The purpose of the study: to identify the types of students with a high risk of expulsion based on several criteria, including the quality of career guidance. Methodology and methods of research: Theoretical and methodological foundations of research are systemic and institutional approaches. 551 students studying in various fields of study at Perm National Research Polytechnic University (277 girls and 274 boys) took part in the survey. Methods of mathematical statistics: correlation analysis, analysis of conjugacy tables, typological analysis, criterion χ2. The results of the study confirm the relationship between the passage of career guidance measures and the independence of choosing a future profession (r = 0.709). The study allowed us to construct a typology of students according to the criteria of work plans and the availability of career guidance. There are 4 types of respondents: "professionally oriented", "self-determined", "disappointed" and "mistaken". The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the criteria for identifying groups with a high risk of leaving the university, specific to the Russian sample of students, have been identified. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the data obtained for timely identification of risk groups among students of different courses and carrying out comprehensive measures to reduce the risk of expulsion.