Russian President Research Articles

The Military Economy of the Ural in the Research of Professor Vladimir Vasilyevich Zapariy

Introduction. In 2022 the 70th anniversary of the birth of Doctor of History, Professor Vladimir Vasilyevich Zapariy will be celebrated. The purpose of the study is to analyze the activities of this scientist in the study of the economy of the Ural region during the Great Patriotic War. Research Methods. In the course of the study general scientific methods are used, as well as mainly the biographical method. This allowed us to reveal the multifaceted talent of V. V. Zapariy in creating a holistic view of the contribution of the military economy of the Urals to the victory over Nazi Germany. Results. The article is devoted to the scientific activity of V. V. Zapariy, professor of the Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin. His scientific works on the history of the economy of the Urals during the war years are analyzed. Conclusion. Professor V. V. Zapariy’s significant contribution to the study of the history of the Ural economy during the Patriotic War is undeniable. The conducted research shows that the high professionalism and talent of the scientist allowed to enrich the national historiography with publications of great practical importance. V. V. Zapariy was awarded the medal of the Order “For Services to the Fatherland”, awarded the title “Honored Worker of the Higher School of the Russian Federation”.

Legal reform of the Public service of the Russian Federation in the XXI century

State-building in the context of the constitutional and legal reform that has taken place puts forward a number of problems that require in-depth scientific research, one of which is the prospects for reforming the civil service of Russia. Today, in the conditions of internal economic tension and foreign policy pressure, the requirements for the government apparatus are increasing. The fact that the low quality of government is a brake on the path of reforms in various spheres of public life has been repeatedly pointed out in the Messages of the President of Russia. Transformations of the civil service are among the key structural reforms. A long way has been passed in the formation and formation of the institute of public service, the authors of the article touch upon the issue of increasing its effectiveness.

The war in Ukraine through the prism of foreign media

On February 24, 2022, Russian President Putin launched a large-scale unprovoked war against Ukraine, destroying Ukrainian cities and towns using artillery systems of volley fire, air strikes and missile attacks. The Armed Forces of Ukraine, territorial defense units and the entire people of Ukraine rose up to fight against the barbaric invaders.
 The article examines the statements and assessments of well-known Western politicians, military, scientists and analysts on the barbaric nature of Russia's aggression against Ukraine, the nature, course and possible options for further development and end of hostilities, world community's sanctions against the aggressor. Based on foreign media reports, it has been proven that the plan of Russian dictator Putin, aimed at the so-called "demilitarization" and "denazification" failed in the early days of the war. It is substantiated that in the future, without achieving their goal, the Russian invaders will try to wipe out peaceful cities and villages, destroy civilian population, infrastructure, and unleash the genocide of the Ukrainian nation. It is convincingly proved that Ukraine will win.

Putin’s Descent: Iconography of the Last Judgment and Politics in Contemporary Ukraine

This article explores the role of social and political agendas in the shaping of the development of contemporary Last Judgment iconography in Ukraine. Specifically, it focuses on a controversial recently painted icon of the Last Judgment in the town of Chervonohrad (Lviv region), on which universal Christian themes and motifs are interwoven with representations of historical and contemporary events and national sensibilities. Many episodes on the mural arose as a response to military aggression by the Russian Federation. The most controversial of these depicts scenes of Hell, where the main figure resembles Russian President Vladimir Putin burning in fire along with other anonymous sinners and totalitarian symbols. Although the mural may be observed as non-canonical or even absurd, it is enthusiastically accepted by church attendees and members of the laity. This paper highlights both religious and secular reactions to the mural. It examines the social and political dimensions of this religious piece, its iconographic elaboration, and its function as a piece of propaganda.

Putin's Strategic Failure

Russian President Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine was a grand strategic error. He underestimated Ukraine’s cohesion and will to resist, the West’s unity and resolve, the vehemence of Russia’s domestic opposition and the wariness of Russian elites. While Putin’s resort to war reflected Russia’s limited options for trying to halt Ukraine’s drift away from its remaining pull, the war itself has shattered myths about Russia’s own strength. It has exposed economic vulnerability, serious failures of military planning and battlefield execution, and deficits in information and cyber warfare. Mooted compromises involving Ukraine’s partition or neutrality do not yet feel like stable solutions whose terms all sides will accept. Parallel escalation by Russia and the West appears to be the prevailing dynamic. But even if Russia out-escalates the West, the costs of victory will be very large, not least on the home front.

EU Restrictive Measures with Respect to third States and their Residents (the Case of the Russian Federation)

The historical development of the practice of applying restrictive measures (sanctions) has led to a transition from the idea of their application against States to the concept of their application against individual private law entities. The article examines the historical practice of applying sanctions against Russia and the prerequisites for their application against private law entities. The author gives a general description of the restrictive measures of the European Union used against third States and individuals. In addition, the article examines the specifics of the restrictive measures of the European Union that have been in force against Russia since 2014, taking into account their significant expansion that occurred after February 24, 2022. The legal regulation of the European Union, which establishes restrictive measures against the Russian Federation, was significantly expanded and revised after the announcement by the President of Russia about the beginning of a special military operation in Ukraine. As a result of the analysis of this regulation, the author comes to the conclusion that at the moment there is a hybrid sanctions regime in the European Union, when targeted sanctions against individuals are combined with comprehensive restrictive measures against a number of sectors of the Russian economy. The article also assesses the compliance of restrictive measures of the European Union with modern concepts of "smart" and "targeted" sanctions, which, according to the supporters, should reduce the negative humanitarian consequences of the use of restrictive measures. Despite the official statements of the European Union, the article presents arguments that allow us to conclude that in practice such "smart" and "targeted" sanctions are accompanied by indiscriminate comprehensive restrictions that apply not only to sanctioned persons, but also, in principle, to any Russian persons.

Reducing the risks of nuclear war to humanity

Reducing the risks of nuclear war to humanity

THE NEW GOVERNMENT OF GERMANY AND GERMAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS

On December 8, 2021, the new coalition government of Germany began its work, an important area of the country’s foreign policy development is relations with Russia, Germany’s leading partner in the post-Soviet space. In many ways, they determine the parameters of cooperation between the European Union and the Russian Federation and its partners. The SPD, Union 90 / Greens, FDP, during difficult negotiations, agreed on common approaches to cooperation with Russia, which eventually united the value, economic, civil and political «Russian» denominators of the three party election programs. At the same time, the provisions enshrined in the coalition agreement are based on the foundation of bilateral relations built by the last two cabinets of ministers under the leadership of A. Merkel, incl. during 2021, the year that marked the end of the era of the former Chancellor. Just a week after the start of the government, bilateral relations were tested for strength in the political and economic spheres. The new year 2022 began in difficult conditions of escalating confrontation between the collective West, including Germany, and official Moscow. Under these conditions, on January 18, the German and Russian foreign ministers held talks, clarifying their mutual positions on the most important issues on the bilateral and international agenda. On February 15, Russian President V.V. Putin and Chancellor O. Scholz continued to discuss the most important topical issues of cooperation. The author sums up the political and economic results of cooperation between the two leading countries of the European continent in 2021, and also analyzes its prospects in 2022, paying special attention to the role of Germany and the Russian Federation in resolving the intra-Ukrainian conflict.

Публичное администрирование в современной России

Based on the analysis of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation initiated by the President of Russia, the authors state that the term “public power” received a legitimate sound, which is significantly different in content from the term “state power”. The authors support and develop the theory of state, or rather public administration, while noting that in the realities of a social, legal democratic state, which is modern Russia, this term has not remained in demand.

Economic consequences of the Russia-Ukraine war: a brief overview

At the end of February 2022, Russian President Putin announced the beginning of a military intervention in Ukraine. The Russian invasion of Ukraine is dramatic and its economic consequences are very serious. This article reviews some of the early economic consequences this conflict is having. The shock is affecting the financial markets with falls in the stock markets, on the one hand, and producing rises in the price of raw materials, on the other. Russia is the European Union's most important supplier of some crucial imports, which cannot be replaced quickly or at all, such as natural gas. Russia is prepared to deal with the sanctions in the short term, but in the long term it could take a heavy toll and become economically isolated. This conflict also highlights the importance for countries in the future to diversify their sources of supply and not rely heavily on a single source.

Поддержка женщин в политике: роль оправдания гендерной системы, восприятия гендерного неравенства и сексизма

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective.</strong> Analysis of relationships between gender system justification, perceived gender inequality and ambivalent sexism in support for female candidates for the presidential post in Russia. <strong>Background.</strong> Human and gender development indices in Russia are considered to be very high in world rankings, however, promotion of women in politics and top management remains at a very low level, the Russian population is still prone to various biases towards women and their roles in society. Analysis of psychological mechanisms and factors restraining women’s empowerment is crucial to understand the lack of positive social change and barriers to quality attainment. <strong>Study design.</strong> The study examined relationships between gender system justifications, perceived gender inequality, hostile and benevolent sexism and respondents’ gender in support for female political candidates for presidency. Correlational online study using analysis of moderated mediation was conducted. <strong>Participants.</strong> Sample: N=1011 Russian respondents (48% male, 52% female) from 18 to 75 years old (M=35,1; SD=11,94). <strong>Measurements.</strong> Measures of system justification by J. Jost and A. Kay, Ambivalent sexism inventory by P. Glick and S. Fiske (both adapted to Russian by E. Agadullina), a question on perceived gender inequality in Russia («How would you evaluate gender inequality in Russia?») and a question about willingness to see a woman as a president of Russia («Would you like to see a woman as a president of Russia?»). <strong>Results.</strong> The direct association between gender system justification and support for a female politician was not found, however, indirect association through perceived gender inequality is significant: gender system justification leads to underestimation of inequality which in turn undermines willingness of the population to support female politicians. Ambivalent (benevolent and hostile) sexism hinders support for female politicians; benevolent (but not hostile) sexism contributes to underestimation of gender inequality in the society. Respondents’ gender does not moderate the studied relationships. <strong>Conclusions. </strong>Gender inequality perceived at low level as well as sexist attitudes are key factors restraining support for women in stereotypically unconventional fields (such as politics). Prevalence of sexist attitudes is one of the possible reasons why positive change is decelerated.</p>

КОММУНИКАТИВНЫЕ ПРАКТИКИ ПРЕЗИДЕНТОВ США И РФ 2000-2008 ГГ.

The public communication practices of U.S. and Russian presidents are built on the basis of legal norms, political culture and established national traditions. The key genres of public communications of presidents in both the U.S. and Russia are: messages to parliaments, inaugural and crisis speeches, press conferences, and interviews. In the practice of the United States and Russia, the genres of messages and inaugural speeches practically coincide in this case. This is not coincidental, since the institution of the presidency in Russia is much younger and the key genres of public communications have been borrowed from Western practices. However, there are also certain specifics. In particular, the genre of crisis speeches is quite often used in the public communication practices of American presidents. In Russia, the practice of crisis speeches is used as a rhetorical tool of presidential communication much less frequently. The exceptions include presidential speeches about the most critical events; as a rule, they are broadcast on record. The know-how of presidential communication in Russia is the format of multihour direct lines with the president, which are broadcast by federal TV channels. The genre of press conferences is used by Russian presidents much more frequently. The rhetoric used by specific presidents adds to the peculiarity of their communication practices.

Poetry of War: Ukrainian-Turkish Manifestations

The main focus of the article is on Ukrainian poetry written since February 24, 2022, as well as Turkish poetry about the war in Ukraine. The study explores the figurative palette of Ukrainian and Turkish poems, pays particular attention to the multi-vector perception of the war situation through the eyes of Ukrainians and Turkish neighbours, and also to children's poetry (poems written by Ukrainian and Turkish children). Using the comparative method and the method of microanalysis, we discovered common and different images and themes in Turkish and Ukrainian poetry, namely, the image of Europe and America, cruel Russia, the image of a bear, the president of Russia, the image of a stolen spring, the theme of courage, the theme of a crippled childhood. Human values were common to Ukrainian and Turkish poets: human life, peace on the planet, family grief, and historical memory is also similar: in both Ukrainian and Turkish poems, the theme of the aggressive character of Russia from ancient times to the present day echoes. Prayer poems deserve special attention; faith in God unites the poetic world of the Muslim and Christian worlds. Children's poetry is the most painful element of war poetry, but even here the voices of little Ukrainians sound patriotic, with a dream for a bright future, and Turkish voices – with pleas to return childhood to Ukrainian children. The presented works must necessarily have their continuation – namely, translations into different languages, in particular Turkish, for spreading part of the strong-willed spirit of Ukrainians and intercultural communication.

Направления развития экономического фактора Декларации о союзническом взаимодействии между Азербайджанской Республикой и Российской Федерацией

The aim of the study is that a strong new economic and political event has taken place in Russia in recent years. The assessment consists of an analysis of the Azerbaijani-Russian trade turnover in international economic relations on the basis of statistical data. On February 22, 2022, in Moscow, the Presidents of Russia and Azerbaijan signed the Declaration on Allied Interaction between Azerbaijan and Russia. The use of 40 paragraphs is strongly intensified. However, this article mainly analyzes the economic areas that will be blocked between Azerbaijan and Russia on both sides. The research methodology is to assess the role of political and economic relations based on official data and using analysis and comparison methods. The results of the study - the problems of assessing trade turnover in economic relations between Azerbaijan and Russia over the past 10 years - are analyzed.

Народнохозяйственная производственная функция России с учетом инфраструктуры в 1990-2020 гг.

In the period 1990-2020, the econometric methods were used to study the national economic production function of Russia, one of the arguments of which is the transport and communication infrastructure represented by the main funds of transport and communications. The results of the study indicate a continuing decline in the elasticity of Russia's GDP in transport and communication infrastructure in 2020 at a lower rate than in previous years. The dynamics of the marginal rate of technological substitution of production factors in 2009-2020 is researched. Among the main reasons for the decline in the elasticity of GDP for transport and communication infrastructure, the economic downturn and a decrease in the volume of capital investments in transport and communication industries were highlighted. It is noted that the spread of the Wuhan coronavirus in Russia has somewhat slowed down the rate of decline in the elasticity of GDP in infrastructure due to the sharply increased role of its communication component. For the successful implementation of the policy of advanced infrastructure development announced by the President of Russia, it is necessary not only to increase the volume of investments in infrastructure bottlenecks, but also to adopt an additional set of measures aimed at stimulating economic growth, among which, in the conditions of sharply increased foreign economic and foreign policy restrictions for Russia from our Western and overseas neighbors in 2022. it is possible to highlight the weakening of the centuries-old dependence of the Russian economy on raw materials and, as academician S.Yu. Glazyev, the transition of our country's economy to a new technological order.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ТУРИЗМА СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОКА БАШКОРТОСТАНА

The problems of sustainable tourism development in the Republic of Bashkortostan on the example of the northeastern regions of the region are considered in the article and it suggests ways to solve them, primarily through the rational use of immovable cultural heritage, and also provides other recommendations aimed at solving the problems. The sustainable development of civilization, country, region has long been perceived as one of the main problems facing the world community as a whole, and specific national states, their regions, etc. The international community adopted an important document "Strategies for Sustainable Development for the period up to 2030" on September 25, 2015, which is aimed at transforming the world and it will determine the direction of development at the global, regional and national levels. President of Russia V.V. Putin already in 2006, approved the "Concept of the Transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable development". Currently, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 474 dated 21.07.2020 "On the National Development Goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030" is in force, which defines the most important goals and solutions for the sustainable development of the country. Generally within the framework of sustainable development, the tourism and hospitality industry also needs a sustainable development strategy and this is recognized both at the international level and at the national level. Accordingly, at the international level – already in 1995, the "Agenda for the XXI century for the travel and Tourism industry" (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry) was developed. UNESCO formulated the Concept of Sustainable Tourism Development in 2004, according to which "the norms and practices of managing sustainable tourism development can be applied to all types of tourism and to all types of destinations, including mass tourism and various niches of tourist segments." In 2013, the Global Criteria for Sustainable Tourism for Destinations (GSTC-D) were introduced, representing a set of 37 voluntary standards. This is the minimum that any tourist business should strive for in order to protect and maintain natural and cultural resources. Sustainable tourism must also necessarily meet the needs of tourists and host regions. It is in this vein that the article proposes a set of steps for a more rational use of the tourist potential of the northeast of Bashkortostan.

Significance of the visits of Federal Chancellor O. Scholz to Washington, Kiev and Moscow for relations between Russia and Germany

Federal Chancellor Olaf Scholz held talks with US President John Biden on February 7, 2022 in Washington, on February 14 in Kiev with Ukrainian President V. Zelenskyy and on February 15 in Moscow with Russian President V.V. Putin. The focus of all meetings was on the situation on Russian-Ukrainian border and energy cooperation between the EU and Germany with Russia. The paper analyzes the importance of the Chancellor's agreements for the future of Russian-German relations.

Кто виноват? Централизация и электоральное поведение титульных этносов в республиках России

Introduction: the electoral behavior of voters in many Russian republics is characterized by higher support for incumbents. However, recently some of them have witnessed a decrease in electoral support for the Russian president from representatives of the titular ethnic groups. Objectives: to find the answer to the following research question: why do representatives of the titular ethnic groups reduce electoral support for the Russian president in some ethnic republics, while this does not happen in other republics? Methods: the study uses qualitative data collected by focus groups in four Russian republics: Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Chuvashia, and Komi. Results: the analysis of the data made it possible to identify the main factors that determine the change in the electoral behavior of titular ethnic groups’ representatives. The results of the study suggest that a decrease in the electoral support for the Russian president among the titular ethnic groups occurs only if they consider both levels of government – federal and regional – to blame for the infringement of their ethno-cultural rights. This, in turn, stems from two factors: (1) the fragmented structure of regional elites and (2) the choice of a loyalty strategy by the head of the region in response to pressure from the center. Conclusions: the latest reforms in ethno-linguistic policy in Russia did not remain unnoticed and influenced the electoral processes in a number of ethnic republics. In some of them, the titular ethnic groups significantly reduced the electoral support of the Russian government and ceased to be a significant link in the mechanics of political machines. In others, their electoral behavior remains stable. This allows us to conclude that the structure of the current the Russian president electoral majority is undergoing changes. Moreover, although these changes are not tectonic and are rather local in nature, ignoring them may lead to the fact that researchers and experts in the future may not notice the onset of more fundamental changes.

Burkina Faso: Putsch 2022

In June 2021, the most authoritative experts of the Paris Center for Analysis, Forecasting and Strategy sent an analytical report to the President of France. In the report the experts urged him to be prepared for a prolonged destabilization in Africa and warned that the coming global political crisis could break the fragile political regimes in the Sahel and Central Africa. This prediction turned out to be prophetic. The military coup in Mali in May 2021 led to the overthrow of President B.Ndau. In September, a military coup took place in Guinea, during which the country's president, A.Conde, was detained. In January of this year, President M. Kabore was arrested as a result of the coup that took place in Burkina Faso. Since 2015, this country has been involved in a spiral of violence perpetrated in Africa by jihadist movements. Its citizens more and more clearly demonstrated dissatisfaction with the inability of the authorities to ensure the safety of the population and protect people from the raids of the Islamists, the army, in turn, was outraged by the poor supply and incompetence of the command. Kabore was unable to overcome the political crisis in the country. As a result of the military coup, officers came to power who showed clear sympathy for Russia and the Russian president. These political orientations found support among the citizens of the country and became apparent during mass demonstrations in the capital. Participants in the capital's actions in support of the new leadership of the country demonstrated their rejection of France's African policy. Paris strongly condemned the military coup in Burkina Faso, as well as the change of political regimes in Mali and Guinea. On February 17, the Elysee Palace announced that France and its partners in Operation Takuba had decided to withdraw troops from the Sahel. On the contrary, immediately after the coup, the Russian private military company Wagner declared its readiness to assist in the modernization of the Burkenian army and to help strengthen the country's defense capability.

ИМЭМО в первой половине 2000-х (Результаты исследований)

The article summarizes the results of the IMEMO academic affairs in the first half of the 2000s. Like before, the Institute combined fundamental theoretical and applied research. In its work, IMEMO focused on the study of global, regional and national problems of the modern world. An important achievement of the Institute during these years was the prepared long-term forecast of the world economy development until 2015. The annual (2000–2005) analytical reports on the study of armed conflicts, their prevention and control, as well as of global and regional trends in the development of military expenses can be considered another achievement of this kind. These reports were prepared at IMEMO together with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). IMEMO’s accomplishments include the fundamental work “Transitional Economy: Theoretical Aspects, Russian Problems, International Experience”. In this research, the theoretical problems of the transitional economy were deeply investigated with an emphasis on the achievements of world economic thought, international and accumulated Russian experience of transitional processes was analyzed. The IMEMO scientists were involved in comparative analysis of the influence of new factors (globalization, information civilization, integration processes, international terrorism, etc.) on modern Russia and foreign countries. Along with theoretical research, the Institute regularly prepared analytical materials and expert opinions for the Administration of the President of Russia, the Government, the Federation Council and the State Duma. The IMEMO employees took part in the preparation of materials for the annual messages of the President of Russia to the Federal Assembly, gave their recommendations on military reform and updating the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. The Institute was engaged in constant monitoring of the economic and internal situation in various regions and major states of the modern world. The focus of IMEMO analysts was the foreign policy of the United States, the European Union countries, the states of the Middle East, Central Asia and Latin America, as well as the Asia-Pacific region. This ongoing work was carried out in various departments and sectors of the Institute. The author presents the directions and main results of the work of these scientific departments. In general, one of the indicators of the overall performance of IMEMO in 2001–2006 are 256 monographs, collections of scientific papers, conference materials, brochures and reports published by its employees. During these years, the results of current work began to be posted on the IMEMO website.