Russian Ones Research Articles

Основания лишения родительских прав: правоприменение и зарубежное правовое регулирование

The article discusses the reasons for the deprivation of parental rights provided for in Article 69 Family Code. When comparing them with the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, a conclusion is drawn about their significant difference, therefore, the thesis that the existing provisions of Russian law are determined by international obligations of the Russian Federation is not confirmed. Despite the fact that the six existing structures of deprivation of parental rights are independent, an analysis of law enforcement practice shows that the courts avoid a clear reduction of factual circumstances to the relevant compositions. Of course, this increases the risk of an unjust decision. The clarifications given in the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated November 14, 2017 No. 44, unfortunately, are insufficient. The norms establishing the basis for deprivation of parental rights in the Union of Independent States are generally similar to the Russian ones, however, in a number of cases, the latter show a desire for concretization. In Western European countries, such reasons, as a rule, are not particularly distinguished: violation of the rights of the child is considered as the basis for applying various measures of influence, among which the deprivation of parental rights is extreme, but even if it is used, the parents do not lose the opportunity to communicate with the child (if this does not contradict him interests). The latter should be provided for in Russian law. According to the author, one should restrictively formulate the grounds for depriving parents of their rights, reduce their number; at the same time, an explanation should be given to the courts about the need to clearly follow their content when making decisions.

ЭТНИЧЕСКАЯ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ КАК СТИГМА: КАЛМЫКИ В ДЕПОРТАЦИИ (1943–1956 ГГ.)

The article is devoted to the study of the ethnic identification of the Kalmyks during the deportation of 1943–1956. These thirteen years in Siberia represented a special historical context during which the Kalmyk ethnic group was completely outlawed and its ethnic identity problematized. The purpose of the article is to show how the Kalmyk ethnicity was stigmatized under the pressure of a large society, how the Kalmyk ethnicity disappeared from the public sphere, retreating into the private sphere, and how the weakening of markers of Kalmyk ethnicity played out in Siberia: Kalmyk personal names changed to Russian ones, the ritual order of calendar holidays was reduced, knowledge of the native language declined. Special attention is paid to the problem of constructing ethnic boundaries of the group by the local population and by the deported Kalmyks. Moreover, the stigmatization of Kalmyks and the influence of external forces on the cohesion of the group are discussed. Contrary to the view that such a dependence is always directly proportional to external pressure, the study shows that this trend does not always hold: Kalmyks were resettled so dispersedly and lived through such hardship that stigmatization did not allow group cohesion to develop. Relying on “local voices”, the article discusses the complexity of ethnic identification based on constructivist views on the nature of ethnicity as a way of organizing cultural differences. To convey the voices of the older generation “in person” is a fundamental authorial position for the researcher. The article was written based on field materials from the “Everyone Has Their Own Siberia” project — a collection of spontaneous oral interviews that the author compiled in 2002–2004 and 2016–2018 in Kalmykia and Moscow, supplemented by published memoirs of Kalmyks about life in Siberia.

Speech Disorders Testing: Practices of European and Russian Clinical Linguistics

The article is devoted to the problem of speech disorders caused by local brain damage. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate different tests for diagnosing aphasia developed in European countries and Russia. Four out of these methods have passed significant approbation and are widely used for testing the speech of the patients with aphasia. The other three were created recently and reflect current data from neurolinguistics. The authors used a descriptive method to present the testing systems. The study showed that European classifications of aphasia differ from Russian ones. There is a problem of discrepancies in diagnosis when using different methods. It was noted that there is a culturally specific marker of diagnosis in accordance with the research traditions of different countries and cognitive and mental characteristics of the patients who speak different languages. Modern approaches to working with aphasia are associated with neuropragmatics, research of metalinguistic abilities and augmentative / alternative communication. The prospects for diagnosing speech localization in the brain are found in the combination of methods of neuropsychology and neuroimaging and in the use of artificial intelligence. The problem of post-stroke speech disorders is relevant and requires the combined efforts of speech therapists, linguists, neurologists, and neuropsychologists

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ДОХОДОВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ МУРМАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ И ДЕТЕРМИНАНТЫ

Incomes are an indicator of the population living standard and a source for meeting various needs. The article is devoted to analysis of population incomes in one of the Arctic regions of Russia —the Murmansk region. For the region, the problem of increasing population incomes is especially acute due to harsh natural and climatic conditions and high living cost. The paper aims to analyze, systematize and evaluate the specifics of the formation, levels and dynamics, as well as differentiation of population incomes in the Murmanskregion in 2000–2019, to identify trends in incomes, as well as determinants influencing incomes formation in this Arctic region. The study was based on the methods of analysis and synthesis of statistical information, grouping, generalization and comparison. The analysis of relevant statistical data made it possible to reveal and compare trends in population incomes both in the Russian Federation and in the Murmansk region over the last two decades. For the country as a whole the main trends include slowing down growth rates of average per capita income, the persisting high level of income differentiation, decrease in share of income received from entrepreneurship and property. The main trends in changing population incomes in the Murmansk region are identified and compared with the Russian ones. It is found that main trends in this region in the studied period are a slowdown in the growth rate of per capita income of the population with lower rates of income growth compared to the national average, decreasein real incomes, a downward trend in the purchasing power of incomes, decrease in poverty and smoothing the degree of population stratification. Also the determinants influencing formation of population incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are identified. First of all these are the effect of regional coefficients and northern allowances and the specific structure of the population's needs. Measures aimed at increasing population incomes and directions for building up a state policy regulatingpopulation incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are formulated. The practical significance of the work is that the results of the study can be used by the regional authorities for developing and correcting the socio-economic policy.

Alien—Different—One’s Own. North-east ethnic and lingual cultural frontier of Ukraine (Kharkiv, Donbas)

In the article, which continues the discourse of ethnocultural frontier, the attention is focused on the facts and problems referring to the Ukrainian-Russian cultural frontier of Eastern Ukraine. Polyethnic character of the society initially, since the mid 17th century, determined the presence of two culture-forming components in the region, namely Ukrainian and Russian ones, the dynamics of their correlation in various historical periods, the motion of transitive forms and ambivalent conditions. (The Jewish element acquired the essential function in the ethnocultural system of the region later, mainly in the 20th century.) In the frames of the so-called Kharkiv school of romantics a unique linguocultural situation, not deprived of paradoxicality, was formed, in which Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism objectively performed as one of the factors shaping the development of the Ukrainian literature. From this perspective, the article conducts the diachronic analysis of the main stages of the literary process in Ukrainian Slobozhanshchyna, mainly in its center, Kharkiv. The researcher focuses on such issues and phenomena as the role and signiƗ cance of Kharkiv University founded in 1805; Kharkiv periodicals and collections in the Russian and Ukrainian languages; the activity of such influential figures as H. Skovoroda, H. Kvitka-Osnovianenko, P.Hulak-Artemovskyi, I. Sreznevskyi, M. Kostomarov, O. Potebnia, etc.; contradictory and dramatic literary life in Kharkiv of the national cultural Renaissance epoch in the 1920s and early 1930s (‘Executed Renaissance’) and during the subsequent periods. The ‘Donbas segment’ of the eastern ethnocultural frontier, with its history being much shorter than the Kharkiv one though also abundant with contradictions, is considered in the synchronic aspect, in comparative contrast of the diferent writers’ fates and creative phenomena, including the background of the modern dramatic situation in the region.

Classification of Homonymic Terms in Medical Terminology of English, Russian and Tatar Languages

This study is undertaken to identify the similarities and differences of classification of homonyms in medical terminology of English, Russian and Tatar languages. In this paper a comparative method was used to identify the common and special in the compared languages. The basis of comparison in the medical terminology of genetically unrelated languages was established. In this study, the method of feature comparison was used, i.e. the phenomenon of homonymy was studied in a comparative aspect. The results of this study contribute to ordering the terms, the selection of the correct, appropriate term when translating medical texts from one language into another. The languages under the consideration have intra-terminological, inter-terminological, inter-system homonymy. Besides, there are homonymic relations between eponyms in all languages. In the medical terminology of the English language, the following groups of homonyms are found: absolute, incomplete, partial (homophones, homographs) homonyms. Incomplete homonyms are divided into lexical and lexical and grammatical, and partial homonyms are divided into lexical, lexical and grammatical, grammatical (homonyms-converse terms). Homophones, in turn, are classified into homophones and near homophones. Homonyms are classified into homonyms of a high degree of homonymity, homonyms of a medium degree of homonymity, homonyms of a low degree of homonymity in Russian medical terminology. In medical terminology of the Tatar language absolute and incomplete homonyms are distinguished. Incomplete homonyms include homoforms that belong to different parts of speech and homographs. Homographs are rare phenomenon in the medical terminology of the Tatar language. Separately, as a special group, homonyms-converse terms are considered. There are three types of functional shift relations in the Tatar language: syntactic, lexical and semantic, the most common of which is syntactic relation. The phenomenon of homonymy affects the Greek-Latin terminological elements, which are international. Comparative analysis of three languages in the matter of homonyms in medical terminology has shown that English and Tatar languages have more similarities than English and Russian ones and Russian and Tatar ones. The English medical terminology is more replete with homonymous acronyms than Russian and Tatar ones.

ВОПРОСЫ КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ ТРАНСФЕРНЫХ РИСКОВ В ТРАНСФЕРНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ФУТБОЛЬНОГО КЛУБА

The commercial attractiveness of football, the introduction of financial “fair play” and the need to disclose financial statements are forcing professional football clubs to pay more and more attention to issues of financial stability, improving management efficiency, including the transfer activities of football clubs. The article deals with the issues of transfer activity of a professional football club and the risks arising from this, which can significantly affect the financial, sports and reputation components of the club’s activities. This topic is especially relevant in view of the current situation with the coronavirus pandemic in the world, since one of the areas of activity that has been significantly affected is the football industry. Many clubs, including Russian ones, were forced to cut players’ and employees’ salaries, which was associated with a huge loss of income; and this obviously reflected on the transfer activity as well as the activity in the 2020 summer transfer window. Therefore, the need to pay even more attention to the topic of risks when making transfers seems obvious. This article is devoted to formulating the concept of transfer risk and creating a classification of transfer risks and transfer market participants, as well as their characteristics in terms of attitudes towards the risks arising from the transition of a professional footballer from one club to another in relation to the Russian professional football club. The article proposes a classification of transfer risks and transfer market participants from the point of view of their attitude to risks, which makes it possible to assess the degree of probability and the type of possible transfer risks to improve the efficiency of the transfer activities of a professional Russian football club. The article concludes that the most dangerous from the point of view of transfer risk due to incorrect decision-making and assessment of the situation are the actions of the representative of the buying club and the body that makes the final decision on the transfer; the least risky are the actions of the scout department and the intermediary agent. The article also introduces the concept of a player’s full transfer value, which is associated with a tendency for the difference between the market and transfer values of players to increase.

Improvement of industrial development management as a basis food security: an integrated approach

The current stage of economic development in Russia is characterized by a new mainstream in management theory – the promotion of management technology to leading roles in the management of economic entities, priority is given to managers. It is believed that they are able to bring enterprises to the desired level of financial efficiency. Management developments of previous generations of managers, especially Russian ones, are not sufficiently taken into account. The article considers the formation of industrial development management, the contribution, first of all, of Russian economists and practitioners to the formation of the management paradigm. It is shown that the General principles of an integrated approach were developed in the first quarter of the twentieth century and Russian scientists and statesmen played a significant role in this. The main directions of formation of management tools, the increasing role of science-based planning in it are revealed.

Genetic diversity comparisons of wild populations of Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae) in Russia and China using microsatellite markers

The wild sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera is considered as an endangered aquatic plant in China and Russia. To date, the assessments and comparisons of the genetic diversity of wild populations of N. nucifera in Russia and China are very limited. Here, we sampled 15 wild populations of N. nucifera, including 208 individuals from these two key areas and genotyped using 13 microsatellite markers. Our results revealed 154 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) among individuals. Excluding the NS049 Locus that showed significant null alleles, we further assessed the genetic diversity of 154 MLGs in our study. The Chinese populations exhibited slightly lower genetic diversity compared to the Russian ones. Overall, the study showed low levels of genetic diversity (HO = 0.174 and HE = 0.251) with substantial genetic differentiation (FST = 0.547) in N. nucifera populations. We found a greater genetic variation residing among populations (54.74%) and a significant correlation (R2 = 0.8756, P = 0.01) between genetic and geographic distances. In Bayesian analyses, we found that the populations were clustered into three distinct genetic pools (K = 3) supported by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and neighbor-joining (NJ) tree. We observed low gene flow between the genetic pools (NM = 0.2649). Nine of the 15 populations showed recent bottlenecks, demonstrating the N. nucifera populations were vulnerable or endangered in Russia and China. Therefore, based on the available genetic variations and the levels of threats, we recommended important population sites for the preservation of N. nucifera through complimentary conservation approaches.

ВЫСОТА РАСТЕНИЙ-ОБРАЗЦОВ ТРИТИКАЛЕ РАЗЛИЧНОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ И УРОВНЯ ПЛОИДНОСТИ

The great attention that is now being paid to triticale by breeders is due to the hopes of combining in one organism all the valuable that wheat and rye can give. The study of morphological characters using the most typical samples of triticale, characterizing the ecologicalgeographic and genotypic diversity of this synthetic genus, allows us to reveal the patterns of their variability for use in breeding programs and in taxonomy. As a result of studying 36 samples of triticale of various origins and ploidy different levels in terms of plant height and resistance to lodging, it was found that there is a very close correlation between these two parameters. Spring and winter forms significantly differ from each other in terms of plant height. Spring forms are lower than winter ones. The largest number of spring triticale samples have plant height from 110 to 130 cm, and hexaploids – from 130 to 150 cm. The majority of hexaploid triticale spring forms were obtained in Mexico and Russia. Mexican triticale plants are much lower in height than Russian ones. A close correlation was established between the resistance to lodging of triticale plants and the length of the stem. As a rule, specimens with heights not higher than 115 cm are characterized by high resistance to lodging. The amplitude of variability in plant height in triticale is quite significant at all ploidy levels. The range of variation in plant height is greatest at the hexaploid level – from 50 to 200 cm. In tetraploids it ranges from 70 to 160 cm, in octoploids – from 80 to 170 cm. The highest average value of plant height in octoploid forms of triticale is 133.8 cm, in tetraploids – 122.7 cm, and the smallest in hexaploids – 114.5 cm. This is explained by intensive selection work carried out at this level of ploidy.

A characterization of language development in heritage speakers

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the assessment of working memory and linguistic skills in 21 Italian–Russian speaking bilingual children who were born in Italy and inherited Russian from their parents. Their performance was compared to that of 21 monolingual Russian-speaking and 21 monolingual Italian-speaking peers. For the assessment of the two languages (Russian and Italian) in bilinguals and the respective languages (Russian OR Italian) in monolinguals, the equivalent forms of the same battery of tests were used. Overall, the bilinguals showed enhanced verbal working memory with respect to Italian monolinguals but not Russian ones. The lexical skills of the participants in the bilingual group, as measured via semantic fluency, naming and lexical comprehension, appeared to be rather limited in Russian when compared to those of the monolingual group. Their vocabulary was mainly made of words with medium-to-high frequency. Passive, reversible and negative sentences appeared to be the most difficult for the participants who inherited Russian from their parents. The findings are discussed in the light of current theories of heritage languages acquisition.

Якими повинні бути радіопередачі «Голосу Америки» для Совєтського Союзу

Статтею колишнього керівника Бюро інформації Української Головної Ради (УГВР), чолового журналіста й публіциста УПА Петра Федуна (Полтави) редакція «Українського інформаційного простору» відкриває нову рубрику «Документи з діаспорних архівів». Плануємо повертати із небуття ті зовсім невідомі українським дослідникам-журналістикознавцям тексти, змістові акценти яких суголосні нинішнім реаліям розвитку національного інформаційного простору.Петро Миколайович Федун (псевдо «Полтава», «Волянський», «Север», «Зенон», «П. Савчук») вважається чоловим ідеологом («політвиховником») українського збройного підпілля ОУН-УПА 40–50-х років ХХ ст. У новітню українську історію він має заслужено увійти як публіцист, автор та редактор багатьох повстанських публікацій. Родом із села Шнирів, що неподалік Бродів на Галичині, де народився в селянській родині 23 лютого 1919 р.

МЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНОСТЬ В ПОДГОТОВКЕ КОНФЛИКТОЛОГОВ: СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The present article concerns with the modern state of things of the conflict resolution specialists’ training in the US universities. The analysis is based on the informational and promotional materials which were picked up from the 11 American universities’ websites. The aim of the analysis was the examination of the four sections, which are: the orientation of the academic program, the content of the program or the scope of the skills, the main methodology of the academic program and the educational technologies. Together with the analysis of the US universities’ academic programs the article provides the comparative analysis of these programs with the Russian academic programs. On the back of this comparative analysis the authors come to the comprehensive conclusion according to which the specialists’ training in the field of the conflict resolution and peacebuilding in the US does not have significant differences from Russian ones and is carried out within one international academic trend in regard to its main features which are: the orientation, content, educational methodology and technologies. The key distinction of the Russian training from the American one is that the Russian academic tradition does have the core subject matter around which the whole academic program is being developed and which is the conflict. This subject matter is being taken in its entirety and the conflict resolution is considered as the closing stage of the conflict studies specialists’ training whereas the academic programs of the US universities embrace the conflict resolution as the subject matter of the academic training and therefores leaves beyond the scope of the training both the theory of the conflict and the forms practice of its manifestation in a number of the programs. The letter is peculiar to both short-term academic programs and the full-time two-year academic programs as it is accepted in the educational space of the Russian Federation. Furthermore, the authors of the article make up the conclusion of the coinciding major educational methodology which guides the academic programs of the American and Russian universities and which is developed on the principles of the interdisciplinarity.

HISTORY OF PETER THE GREAT BAY DISCOVER AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SURVEYS IN THE JAPAN SEA TILL THE MIDDLE 20TH CENTURY

Peter the Great Bay (PGB) was not known to Europeans for a long time. The first European ship reached PGB in 1852. She was the French corvette Capricieuse commanded by captain G. de Rocquemaurel who was sent by his government for exploring the western coast of the Japan Sea; actually he had described the Posyet Bay only. Later the British HMS Winchester and Barracuda visited PGB in August, 1856. They discovered the Golden Horn Bay, them as Port May, and gave names to many other geographical locations. Large Russian expedition of 7 vessels was sent to Primorye coast under the leadership of N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, in the summer of 1859. They described thoroughly the entire PGB and changed many (not all) foreign geographical names to Russian ones. Scientific researches in the Japan Sea were started soon by L.I. Schrenk, who summarized the results of Russian observations in two books published in 1869 and 1874. Great success in understanding of oceanographic regime was the work of S.O. Makarov «The «Vitiaz» and the Pacific Ocean» (1894). S. Ogura created in 1927 the general chart of currents in the Japan Sea on the base of Japanese observations in 1900–1911 that was more detailed and comprehensive than the first chart of L.I. Shrenk. Moreover, S. Ogura plotted the water temperature and salinity distribution over the whole Japan Sea for February and August. Oceanographic studies in PGB were made in 1920s by K.A. Gomoyunov, the first professional oceanographer who lived constantly in the Russian Far East; he began from the Amur Bay survey in the summer of 1925. The USSR Hydrographic Office conducted the oceanographic survey in PGB and the Tatar Strait in 1926–1928, with measuring of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen content, pH, and water transparency, with the deepest measurements at the depth of 3500 m. In 1932, the Pacific Res. Inst. of Fisheries in Vladivostok together with the State Hydrographic Institute in Leningrad organized the large-scale Pacific expedition that covered all Far-Eastern Seas. In the framework of this expedition, the 5 cruises of RV Rossinante to the Japan Sea headed by N.I. Tarasov explored PGB, too, that allowed to analyze seasonal variations of temperature, salinity, oxygen content, and currents. Oceanographic researches in the Japan Sea became more active in the times of WWII, 4 small research vessels made observations at Primorye coast every month from April to October under general supervision of A.M. Batalin; in total, more than 100 exits to the sea were recorded in 1941–1946. The data collected in those years was the basis for the big atlas of the Japan Sea created under the leadership of A.I. Rumyantsev and published in 1951.

Особенности английских и русских сравнений в лингвокультурологическом аспекте

The article examines the English and Russian comparisons in the linguo-culturological aspect. The paper aims to identify peculiarities of the English comparisons contrasted to the Russian ones. Originality of the study involves analysing figurativeness as a component of lexical meaning that represents and describes national and cultural phenomena. Extensive illustrative material is presented. The findings indicate that the figurative basis of comparisons is a key component of meaning that has a powerful emotional-evaluative potential. The images of comparisons differ cardinally in the English and Russian languages; consequently, the English and Russian comparisons differ in terms of their emotional-evaluative potential and stylistic markedness.

Pável Filónov versus Pablo Ruiz Picasso

Aunque el título del artículo parece aludir a la oposición entre ambos artistas, el análisis de sus vidas y obra evidencia que, aunque sus figuras son en gran medida contrapuestas, también poseen características que los unen. No obstante, dados los límites del presente trabajo, sólo vamos a detenernos en tres cuestiones: la firma, su relación con las mujeres y los retratos de familia. No nos parece adecuado tratar la cuestión atendiendo a la importancia que la posición social o su origen oriental u occidental poseen en la producción artística de uno u otro, por una cuestión en la que están de acuerdo todos los estudiosos de la obra de Filónov: su obra es tan absolutamente extraordinaria y original, que se encuentra al margen, no sólo de las vanguardias occidentales, sino de las propiamente rusas. Es un artista único, que creó un estilo único, “el arte analítico” y una escuela propia y, por tanto, sin parangón con ningún otro.

The improvement of organizational and legal mechanisms of admission of novice drivers to traffic on roads

The research object is social relations connected with the admission of novice drivers to traffic on roads and the issue of driver’s licences. The research subject is the set of normative acts of the Russian Federation regulating the admission of drivers to traffic on roads, and the statistical data of the State Road Safety Unit on road accidents with novice drivers whose driving experience is up to 2 years. The authors analyse road accidents with novice drivers, identify the main reasons of accidents and offer the solutions to these problems. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that the analysis of traffic accidents helped to outline the problems that should be solved within the shortest possible time in order to reduce the number of road accidents caused by novice drivers. In this context, the authors suggest introducing changes into the legislation of the Russian Federation which would allow for the declaration of driver’s licences issued in other states invalid, as well as the exchange of non-Russian driver’s licences for Russian ones only after adequate training and passing the exams. Besides, the authors suggest introducing the possibility for juveniles who passed the exams to drive a vehicle before they arrive the age of 18 with particular restrictions and accompanied by an experienced driver.   

Socio-professional structure of the Belarusian-Russian-Ukrainian border area rural population on the eve of the Second World War

The article comprehensively examines the original archival materials of the 1939 census and analyzes the social structure and professional composition of the rural population of the Belarusian-Russian-Ukrainian border region, the development of which for «strategic reasons» was not a priority in the plans of the Soviet mobilization modernization. It highlights main reasons and stages of gender imbalance development, changes in rural population of the region dynamics, in which the titular ethnic groups absolutely dominated and more than half were women. The historical and comparative analysis allowed us to establish a number of specific features of rural population socio-professional structure in the Belarusian part of the border region, which is emphasized in the article. The share of the titular ethnic group among specialists, education workers, service workers, new professions related to maintenance of machinery and mechanisms, planning and selection work, and professional activities requiring high qualifications and education was lower in the Belarusian regions compared to Russian and Ukrainian ones. The author concluded that technical and socio-cultural modernization in agriculture in Belarusian village took place more slowly than in neighboring border regions, as evidenced by the socio-professional appearance of its rural population on the eve of the Second World War, which interrupted this progressive process.

Analysis of Methods for Determining the Optimal Number of Taxi Cars in Megacities

In modern large cities, taxi fleet is a significant component of the urban transport system. The degree of development and impact of taxi services on quality of transport services for residents and users traveling in the city depends on many factors. But one of the basic ones is the optimal ratio of the number of taxi cars and the demand for transportation by them. The objective of the article was an analytical review of scientific research and practical work in the field of methods for solving the problems of organizing and operating taxi services, in particular, determining the existing population demand for taxi transportation and the required number of taxi cars. For analysis, the research used the method of content analysis of the works of authors of several countries, including Russian ones. The conducted analysis of existing approaches to determining the demand of the population for taxi transportation and to calculating the required number of taxi cars showed that at present there is no single universally recognized method for this. The methods used are based on various methods which comprise statistical, sociological (surveys, observations), mathematical methods. The analysis of big data obtained using information systems of megacities is increasingly being used. It is concluded that there is an objective need for research in the field of developing a universal methodology for determining the required (limit) number of taxi cars in metropolitan areas.

Domestication Strategy Implementation in the Translation of O. Wilde`s Fairy Tales

This article focuses on the analysis of translation strategies employed in rendering O. Wilde`s fairy tales into the Ukrainian and Russian languages. O. Wilde`s fairy tales cannot be addressed as intended solely for children, though they are usually described as belonging to “children`s literature”. Being against the “art for art`s sake” idea, the author touches upon a number of topics, like beauty, love, generosity, etc. At the same time, his works render all the essential features of literary fairy tales. This is important in the aspect of translation with regard to the stable and long-run tradition of this genre in the Ukrainian and Russian literature. The aim of the study is to reveal the tactics and means employed by the translators, using the main strategies – domestication and foreignization. The material for the study includes two fairy tales by O. Wilde – “The Nightingale and the Rose” and “The Happy Prince” and their translations into Ukrainian and Russian. Two Ukrainian translations and two Russian ones belong to well-known highly qualified translators – T. Nekriach, I. Korunets, K. Chukovsky, M. Blagoveshenskaya; while two other ones (both into Russian) are done by unknown translators and available only in electronic versions. The results of the study give grounds to argue that all the translators chose to employ domestication strategy. This strategy comprises the following tactics: structural-semantic adaptation (adding suffixes, combined affixation); semantic adaptation (generalization, concretization, modulation); lexico-semantic adaptation (exclusion, addition, complex transformation); stylistic-semantic adaptation (the change of neutral lexical means for colloquial and dialect ones). Among all these the addition of diminutive suffixes shows the greatest productivity and is employed most widely by all well-known translators. This can be accounted for by (1) language differences, i.e. a much greater number of such suffixes in Ukrainian and Russian, and their ability to combine the meaning of “small in size” with positive evaluation; (2) typical use of words containing such suffixes in Ukrainian and Russian fairy tales which allows for the young readers to feel themselves in the familiar world of native language and literature.