Russian Materials Research Articles

The effectiveness of a mobile mammography units in breast cancer screening

Breast cancer remains the leading cause of death in the female population. Screening studies are conducted in order to detect the disease at an early stage. At the same time, domestic authors emphasize the lack of alternatives to preventive mammography in breast cancer screening and the prospects of using mobile mammographs for early diagnosis of breast cancer and precancerous breast diseases.Aim. To evaluat the results of the use of mobile mammography units for active and early detection of breast cancer.Materials and methods. The research uses methods of content analysis, information and analytical materials of Russian and foreign researchers, and forms of federal statistical observation. Statistical research methods were used to analyze the data obtained.Results. Regression analysis with a very low probability of error (p = 0.001) showed that the larger the total volume of mammographic studies with preventive purposes in the subjects of the Russian Federation, the higher the proportion of cases of active detection of breast cancer, although this relationship is rather weak. Taking into account the obtained value of R2 (0.192), only 19.2% of the increase in the proportion of breast cancer cases detected actively can be explained by an increase in the volume of preventive mammograms. The correlation analysis showed that the volumes of preventive mammograms performed using mobile devices in the subjects of the Russian Federation were not associated with either the proportion of breast cancer cases detected actively or with the proportion of breast cancer cases detected in the early stages. At the same time, it is worth noting that the obtained value of p ≥ 0.5 indicates a statistically insignificant result of evaluating the relationship between variables, the interpretation of which should be performed with caution.Conclusion. Despite the high cost of mobile mammography units, the increase in their number in the subjects of the Russian Federation and the growth in their activities, the contribution of these diagnostic devices to solving the problem of early and active diagnosis of breast cancer remains uncertain. More promising are personalized approaches to the timely detection of cancers, including breast cancer, based on an assessment of the individual risk of their occurrence.

Japan's rifle supply to Russia during the First World War and the Fourth Russo-Japanese Agreement : Focusing on Russian materials

Japan's rifle supply to Russia during the First World War and the Fourth Russo-Japanese Agreement : Focusing on Russian materials

Analysis of the effectiveness of the implementation of investment projects projects of the eaeu regions

Relevance. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is the most important instrument of cooperation between Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as the most important strategic entity in the context of modern geopolitical realities. It is in such an unstable period that joint cooperation is an integral feature of the long-term development of the member states of the union. The article examines the processes of development and implementation of the largest construction projects within the EAEU, as well as examines the issues of financing these projects, and evaluates the effectiveness of their implementation for each participating country.The purpose of the work is to identify the role of the EAEU in the development of the participating countries, their points of contact and cooperation.Objectives: to analyze the volume of completed construction works of the EAEU member states, the number of housing squares commissioned on the territory of the EAEU; to estimate the amount of investments invested in the largest investment projects of the EAEU in the participating countries.Methodology. The basis of the study is the database of the official portal of the Eurasian Union and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The materials of Russian and foreign experts published in the official publication of the Eurasian Union "Bulletin of the EEA" were also used in this study. Methods of comparison, synthesis and analysis of information resources were used in the study. Results. The unified strategy for the economic development of the EAEU member states, taking into account internal and external challenges, is implemented mainly through the active development and development of the largest investment programs throughout the Union.Conclusions. The active work of the EAEU brings tangible benefits and advantages to each member country of the union through the exchange of technologies, production experience and resources, as well as through the development of transport infrastructure. At the same time, questions remain about the sufficiency of the contribution of specific States to joint development, since some of them do not have a sufficient level of development and a sufficient amount of natural resources.

Russian World in Yakut Heroic Epic Olonkho

This article evaluates the impact of Russian culture on the Yakut epic, Olonkho. The emergence and evolution of the Russian character in Olonkho are analyzed. Texts from various local traditions and time periods of Olonkho serve as the research material. The study employs a historical poetics approach, showcasing the evolution and changes in the portrayal of the Russian character in Yakut epic texts, considering the territorial and temporal differences in the texts and the individual characteristics of storytellers. It is determined that the semantics of this character transform from “foreign” to “native”. The Russian character in Yakut heroic epic texts initially appears through epic formulas, comparisons, and epithets, manifesting foreignness and alienation. Subsequently, the Russian individual becomes a character participating in the Olonkho plot. A transition from “foreign” to “different,” “other” is observed: intermediary zones (the meeting place of heaven and earth, forests, mountains) start resembling objects belonging to Russians. When Russian material culture aligned with the life and customs of the Yakuts, objects adopted from Russians began resembling parts of the main hero’s (bogatyr) body, vividly demonstrating the incorporation of the Russian character into the category of “ours.” References to certain realities of Orthodox Christianity are also made in Olonkho. Images of Baba Yaga, Zmey Gorynych, the forest spirit, motifs of path selection are borrowed from Russian fairy tales and myths. Russian names, names of Russian cities and places, among others, are mentioned.

РУССКИЙ СИБИРЯК В НЕСОВМЕСТИМОЙ СОВМЕСТИМОСТИ ЗАПАДА И ВОСТОКА

The history of “Russian Eurasia” represents a variant of the formation of a socio-cultural community of Russian Siberians in the process of adaptation of the population to the challenges of the factors of the new environment. The natural, social, ethnocultural characteristics of the Siberian region were transformed under the influence of factors of Russian material and spiritual culture. At the same time, within the culture of the first Russian generations of Siberia and in the consciousness of its bearers, changes in conformity with the environment took place according to the feedback principle of small impulses of “micromutations”. During the XVII–XVIII centuries the results of the mutual adaptation of the society of Russian old-timers and the environment was the formation of a new “place of development”, sub-ethnic identity, self-awareness and character. Mentality and traditions in the process of cultural adaptation in the 18th–19th centuries are fixed in cultural traditions in the recombination of mutations that underwent natural selection at the level of genetic programs and the structure of ethnic constants. The society of old-timers continuously socialized new settlers into their midst. The stage-by-stage dynamics of adaptation contained stages of material, social and psychological “getting used to” them in the community of Russian old-timers. The process of one and a half centuries of adaptation to an extreme environment transformed the traditional irrational, sensory-emotional “worldview” into the rational, pragmatic psychology of “western man.” A process in which rational “thought gave birth” to stereotypes of an active, pragmatic transformer of the world. At the same time, in the value attitudes of the Orthodox-pagan worldview of the world, the attitudes of conscientiousness, humility, sympathy, mercy, and compassion increased compensatoryly among the old-timers. These value factors, according to Russian and generally Eastern traditions, were determined by the concept of “soul”. In the postulates of Russian culture, this factor is reflected in the saying “The soul gives birth to character.”Hence, the harsh realities of physical adaptation of the old-timers formed in them external behavioral rationality, the origins of psychological attitudes go back to Slavic-Russian ethnic spirituality. As a result of the ethnopsychological analysis, the author of the paper made an innovative conclusion: the incompatibility of the civilizational poles of rationality and spirituality was overcome by the formation of the quality of moral rationality in the character of the Russian Siberian.

Специфика языковой реализации жанра обращения руководства в годовом отчете (на материале русского языка)

The article is carried out within the framework of the analysis of institutional business discourse and is devoted to the problem of genres in corporate communication. The paper aims to reveal structural-linguistic and communicative-pragmatic peculiarities of the genre of top-managers’ message in the annual report in Russian language. The article considers the genre as an open and flexible scheme in a prototypical model with different frequency of elements. More and less typical sets and narrative schemes are described, which make it possible to establish genre relatedness in the type of text under study. Typical speech patterns and their sequences are also established. The scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the change in the genre-forming factors of the top-managers’ message in annual reports belongs to one of the insufficiently developed areas in Russian linguistics. In this regard, for the first time an integrated approach to the linguistic analysis of this genre has been implemented on the Russian material. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the elements of the genres of business letter and report are the most frequent in the type of text under analysis. It has been established that the category of addressee serves to vary the distance between communicants. It is also demonstrated that the described discursive practices of constructing written speech in the top-managers’ messages in annual reports of Russian companies are due not only to the informing, but also to the argumentative function.

Land Warfare During the Russian-Ukrainian War and International Humanitarian Law

The Russo-Ukrainian War is one of the largest – and probably the most intensive – conflicts of the last several decades. Fought between large, regular, and well-equipped forces of two sides, it naturally provides an extremely wide scope of materials for analysis as to the functioning of ius in bello. At the current stage, however, the evidence is often piecemeal and unclear, particularly taking into consideration the lack of access to documents and to Russian materials. While there is a significant body of evidence to indicate serious violations of humanitarian law, including indiscriminate or deliberate attacks on civilian targets, a detailed analysis requires taking into consideration a broader scope of circumstances which at this point are unclear. One of areas where we have strong evidence, if based on a sample, is the issue of the treatment of the prisoners of war. In general, the initial information seems to indicate widespread and systematic violations of humanitarian law during the conflict.

Positioning of facts, meanings and terms in the media: theoretical approaches and practice of covering the problems of terrorism

The interpretation and interrelation of the concepts of “fact”, “meaning”, “term” throughout the 20th–21st centuries were constantly in the zone of interest of researchers: sociologists, philosophers, cultural scientists, linguists, lawyers, as well as writers and journalists. At the same time, this connection, outwardly understandable and logical, was understood as an increasingly complex composition, depending both on the peculiarities of human perception and on the social modeling of various kinds of messages to target audiences. This article examines the dynamics and current state of these ideas, connected, on the one hand, with the internetization and mediatization of society; and, on the other, motivated by the presence and strengthening of the global socio-political conjuncture at the interstate and other levels. The author’s research focuses on the problems of terrorism as the most acute and revealing. There is no unified internationally accepted definition of terrorism. To an even greater extent, this applies to social practice, in the process of which the perpetrators and customers of terrorist attacks are determined by interested parties in different ways, up to the complete opposite. The immediate facts of terror are interpreted in the same way, when the fixation of a real event is supplemented or completely replaced by a demonstration of its meaning. The article examines the prerequisites and modern practice of creating and subsequent application of factual, meaning and terms elements in the compositions of published messages. By analyzing the materials of Russian and Western mass media, the author explores the dynamic change in the goals and roles of these elements in influencing target audiences. In the course of the study, the hypothesis is put forward and confirmed that reports of acts of terror turn into an instrument of information warfare, and their semantic part acquires a dominant character. Technologies are being developed to verify the facts for authenticity and identify the primary goals of the authors of the messages. However, the priority form of counter-actions is the formation of stereotypical attitudes among target groups to the rejection of events, statements and their content designations in the media, qualified by the state as terrorist.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ОЦЕНКЕ И ХЕДЖИРОВАНИЮ ПРОЦЕНТНЫХ РИСКОВ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ КОМПАНИЙ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ПРОЦЕНТНЫХ СТАВОК

The article examines the problem of assessing and hedging the interest rate risk of construction companies in the context of rising interest rates, it is noted that in order to increase the stability of the business of construction companies in the context of rising interest rates, it is necessary to develop a common instrument for hedging interest rate risks. The author, using information and analytical materials of Russian and international scientific publications, analyzes the specifics of the construction industry and the debt burden of construction companies, and also provides a typification of interest rate risk hedging tools that are most optimal for this industry. The study revealed the specifics of interest rate risk for companies in the construction sector, as well as the optimal tools for hedging the interest rate risk of construction companies in conditions of rising rates. Not all interest rate risk hedging tools are applicable for construction companies, in this regard, an urgent scientific and practical task is the development of theoretical, methodological and practical provisions for hedging interest rate risks of construction companies in the context of interest rate increases, taking into account industry specifics.

Economic War, Russia, and the Problem of the Post-War World in 1918

Competition between Germany and the West for access to Russian raw materials in 1918 reflected the exceptional importance of raw materials to both the war effort and to plans for the post-war. Anxieties about the weaknesses in their own strategies were reflected in reports on both sides about the enemy gaining access to Russian material when they themselves could not. These anxieties highlighted competing ideas about the ability of markets to allow coercive pressure to be exerted at a distance.

Отражение монгольских имперских идей в средневековых русских источниках

The purpose of the research: This research builds upon the author’s previous work focused on exploring the reflection of Mongolian imperial ideology in sources from various countries that were influenced to varying degrees by the Mongolian expansion during the 13th and 14th centuries. The objective is to search for and systematically categorize the manifestations of Mongol ”world-organizing” ideas within Russian sources. Research materials: The primary sources for this study were the oldest Russian chronicles, including the Laurentian, First Novgorod, and Hypatian chroniclew, along with several others. Valuable information was also extracted from collections of yarlyqs (edicts) from Mongol khans to Russian metropolitans, hagiographic literature, and religious records. Comparative materials from Eastern and European sources were utilized to elucidate the identified elements of Mongolian ideology. The works of both Russian and foreign historians, specializing in Russian and Mongolian history, were extensively referenced. The results of the research and scientific novelty: This research reaffirms conclusions made by other experts regarding the limited interest among Russian scribes in the material and spiritual culture of the Mongols. Ideological aspects of Mongolian power are scarcely documented in Russian sources, although in some instances, they can be reasonably reconstructed. The foundations of Mongolian ”universalism,” such as the concept of Eternal Heaven, the deification of Genghis Khan, and the Great Yasa attributed to him, have left traces in chronicles and other historical sources. Russian sources also provide supplementary information highlighting Mongolian “imperialism,” including the Mongol Empire’s system of titles, interactions between the Ulus of Jochi and Karakorum, and the steppe rituals that princes were compelled to perform within the Horde. Overall, Russian materials do not support the notion that the Mongols aimed to conquer ”the whole world.”

Traumatology and Orthopedics in the Focus of Intellectual Property

High incidence of injuries, diseases of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue leads to a high demand for modern high-tech materials in the area of orthopedics and traumatology. Development of russian materials is an extremely relevant issue, especially under conditions of restricted supply of foreign products to the Russian Federation. Creation of new products and their subsequent launch to the market require comprehensive protection of unique information about the design, composition or production/manufacturing technology of the product. Analysis of patenting domestic solutions for trauma and orthopedic surgery in the Russian Federation has shown that there are various risks associated with the commercialization of national products. For example, russian developers in a number of cases neglect patent protection of their developments, which puts successful developments at risk of unauthorized copying or claims from other market players. On the other hand, patenting strategy of domestic developers for their products in most cases contains a number of errors, such as narrow bounds of patent protection due to incorrectly drafted patent claims. For example, these can be in formulations that can be easily bypassed in case of commercial interest in the product, preferential patenting of technological processes, lack of comprehensive patent protection of the product. Such patenting errors make the development unattractive for investors and manufacturers, which leads to low commercializability of russian inventions. Thus, russian developers, who have significant scientific potential and competencies to create highly effective national products, do not proceed with technology transfer and cannot bring their promising and in-demand products to the market.

Evolution of Airframe Materials for Russian Fighters

Fighter aircraft make extensive use of materials such as Steels, Aluminum alloys, Magnesium alloys, Titanium alloys and composites for construction of airframe. It has been seen that many of the airframe materials used in Russian fighters are common. But attempt has been made to introduce progressively superior quality alloy grades in the later version of aircraft. A comprehensive study (1) is thus made to identify the important structural member of the airframe and its materials in different generations of the Russian fighters to highlight the ways lighter and superior alloys replaced steels. This paper describes the application of various aerospace materials used from the evolution of old generation Russian combat fighters to latest Russian fighters. Effort have been made to analyse and explain the change of some of the grades within the domain of these Russian fighters and use of superior structural materials (western and Russian origin) to old age aircraft to enhance the performance. It also discusses the percentage weight change of various types of materials used in the construction of Russian fighter aircrafts under operation in India. Main objective of this study which is discussed here, to keep aware the operators as well as manufacturer’s of Russian aircrafts within India to exchange these Russian materials during rationalization, substitution, indigenization and at a times of short supply or non-availability of these grades based on their merits.

Migration flows between Europe and China in the 21st century: main Aspects and Problems in the Materials of Russian and Chinese Historiography

The study of the political identity of Chinese and European immigrants in the XXI century is relevant and significant. Firstly, migration flows affect the political and socio-economic landscape of States. Secondly, they exacerbate cultural identification problems in host communities. Thirdly, diasporas can be used as an instrument of political influence, both by the host State and the State of exodus. Fourthly, it is Chinese immigrants who raise the largest number of questions from the host European community, since they do not fully integrate, actively maintain ties with their homeland, and their total number is constantly growing. Based on the analysis of materials of Russian and Chinese historiography on migration flows between Europe and China in the XXI century.The article examines the processes associated with the migration of Europeans to China and Chinese to Europe, their impact on the political and cultural landscape of European states and China; analyzes issues related to the legal regulation of migration policy in China; examines the specifics of migration from China to Europe and from Europe to China. On the basis of the conducted research using the comparative method and the induction method, the features and specificity of the Chinese diaspora in Europe in comparison with European migration to China are revealed.

«Вечные образы» у И. С. Тургенева: на материале повести «Степной король Лир»

The main aim of the paper is to identify the peculiarities of I. S. Turgenev’s interpretation of the Shakespearean “eternal image” of King Lear using the material belonging to a different nation (the Russian material). The study is novel in that it is the first to examine the relationship between the noble and universal qualities of the hero through the myth of omnipotence, which is destined for deconstruction. In addition, attempts are made to link this relationship with the writer’s reflections on the formation of a new type of man in the post-reform transition period. The paper examines various approaches to the notion of eternal images, analyses the aspects that drew I. S. Turgenev’s attention to “eternal images”, reveals the correlation of culture-specific and universal, common human traits in the main character. As a result of the study, it has been found that drawing on the literary experience of W. Shakespeare, Turgenev created his own drama, the drama of “Russian King Lear”. The writer reveals both dark and light features in this national type, paying special attention to the personal psychology of his hero, the depiction of which is connected, on the one hand, with the reflection on the problems of Russian life and, on the other hand, with the situation in which Harlov finds himself, similar to that of King Lear.

The Use of the Existential Sentences in the Text

The article deals with the use of the existential sentences in the text. Existential sentences occupy a special place in the typology of the sentence. Depending on the structure of the given language existential sentences differ. This article is the continuation of the author's article, named “Some features of existential sentences in languages belonging to different language systems” [18], that's why there is no need to give further explanation about the nature of existential sentences. Here we are going to find out factors which influence the use of existential sentences. Considering theoretical and practical aspects of the investigation the author uses the materials of Azerbaijani, English and Russian.

«Жалкая дань сентиментализму» Якова Галинковского

Yakov Galinkovsky (1777–1815) is remembered in the history of literature primarily as compiler and translator of the aesthetic encyclopedia “Coryphaeus, or a Key to Literature” (1802–1807), that had been trampled down by both opposing literary “camps,” the “karamzinists” and the “shishkovites;” and also as the author of critical articles anonymously published in 1805 in the “The Northern Messenger” that were harshly resented as directed against Karamzin and his school in literature. In his later years Galinkovsky was a member of “Beseda” (“Conversations of Lovers of Russian Word”) and although this affiliation originated primarily due to his family kinship to Derzhavin, this has made him a reputation, among contemporaries as well as most later researchers, of a “mediocre pedant” and musty “archaist.” His literary evolution was outlined as a rapid regression from the “karamzinism” of his earlier novels to the “anti-karamzinism” induced by his early association with Andrey Turgenev’s “Friendly Literary Society,” and lastly to “shishkovism.” We attempt to retrieve Galinkovsky from this dominant literary framework of the epoch that however was not central for him personally, and to position him in a different context and circle that was really relevant for him — that of learned translators and critics, “archaic enlighteners.” The present article offers a new reading of Galinkovsky’s earlier novels inaccurately labelled “karamzinist” and unfairly dismissed as a “miserable tribute to sentimentalism.” When read more closely and sympathetically and, more importantly, shifting the research outlook away from the focus on Karamzin, they appear to be primarily meta-literary critique and study of the genre possibilities, especially of the hybrid of epistolary novel of the “English” type with the modern and “realistic” Russian material. We also review the way Galinkovsky as a novelist-cum-translator read Laurence Sterne, one of the major literary models of literary sentimentalism. Galinkovsky noted the specificity and thus untranslatability into Russian of Sternean notions of “sentimentality” and “humour,” that had been totally absent from the dominant Russian image of “tender” and “sensitive” Sterne as created by Karamzin.

Court Studies in Russian Medieval Studies: Review of the Latest Publications

The article presents the Russian medieval studies on the European courts in the Middle Ages and early Modern period. The review is based on the Russian materials on the history of France, England, Germany, Italy and Spain published during 2000—2020. Consideration is given to the following aspects: the role of the study of the court in the political history of the Middle Ages and the very understanding of this phenomenon; the geography of scientific centers, forms and types of publications; the boundaries of research; the topics studied within them, perspectives, special subjects; methodological and historiographical debates. Suggestions are being made regarding the reasons for active development of court studies and their transformation into an independent scientific field (associated both with the peculiarities of medieval studies itself, and with evolution of humanitarian knowledge and social context in general).

Нефть как пространство неперевода: Хикмет, Негарестани, Парщиков

In 1927, Nâzım Hikmet composed several poems based on his impressions of his visit to Azerbaijani capital, the city of Baku. They will be included in the collection Song of the Sun-drinkers (1928) and will soon be translated into Russian. The Baku cycle was one of the first attempts at a symbolic representation of petroleum in Russian poetry, in many ways foreshadowing the later poetics of the subject, which will develop on Russian material only in the 2000s. One can look at these poems by Hikmet as one of the first attempts to create a philosophy of petroleum, which will find its most large-scale embodiment in the philosophical novel “Cyclonopedia” by Reza Negarestani, where petroleum constitutes a new type of subjectivity, simultaneously fluid and explosive. On the other hand, the image of petroleum will play a key role in Alexei Parshchikov’s poem of the same name, where one can also discern echoes of this philosophy in Hikmet’s Baku cycle. For all these authors, petroleum acts as a radical expression of the logic of non-translation: it is a condensed memory of antiquity, which cannot be directly accessed; its mystery cannot be revealed because, in a sense, it contains no mystery. Such a paradoxical semiotics leads all three authors to the idea that petroleum is alien to the human world and has a special inhuman agency.

ИДЕОЛОГИЯ И КОСМОС В ДОКУМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ФИЛЬМАХ СССР И США ПЕРИОДА ХОЛОДНОЙ ВОЙНЫ

The article highlights issues related to the peculiarities of developing the theme of space in Soviet and American documentary (popular science) films of the 1950s-1960s. The article is devoted to the issues related to the peculiarities of the development of the space theme in documentary (popular science) films of the Cold War period. Analyzing materials (movies and TV films, scripts) of Russian and foreign archives, the author identifies key strategies that allowed the USSR and the USA to broadcast in documentaries about space and the universe, near-Earth and interplanetary flights such key ideas for those years, as colonization, technocratism, etc. Special attention is paid to the function of a commentator and visual solutions, which made it possible to implement the tasks of propaganda on documentary film and television material. Space themes in cinema and television of the USSR and the USA during the Cold War were supposed to clearly demonstrate the advantage of each of the rival superpowers. In popular science films about space, the technological rivalry between the two superpowers took the form of an ideological confrontation.