Lakes Of Russia Research Articles

Microplastics in Russian Freshwater Systems: a Review

Contamination of environment by plastic debris has already become a worldwide problem due to the global production of polymers and the further accumulation of waste. Microplastic particles (<5 mm) have been found almost everywhere. Despite the significant number of publications devoted to the microplastic pollution in freshwater and marine environments, in the review articles around the world freshwater systems the Russian territory is a white spot. The article provides the summary of studies investigating microplastics (MP) in Russian lakes and rivers, the determination of concentrations, type and composition of polymer particles and also possible sources of plastic contamination. The map of the MP distribution in Russian freshwater systems is presented. The concentration of microplastics in freshwater system varies greatly, e.g., in lakes from 0,27 items/m3 in Lake Baikal to (4-26)∙103 items/m3 in the Altai lakes of Western Siberia; in large Russian rivers measured polymer content varies by three orders of magnitude, from parts of items/m3 in the Volga River to hundreds of items/m3 in the Upper Ob. Significantly higher concentrations of MP are found in the bottom sediments of rivers and lakes, exceeding polymer concentrations in surface water by several orders of magnitude. Thus, bottom sediments are able to accumulate significant amounts of MP.

The theory of the regional security complex — Case study, the riparian states of the Black Sea

Known in Antiquity as the Pontus Euxinus, the Black Sea has been the bridge between European and Eastern civilizations since ancient times. Possessing a multi-varied mosaic of cultures, the Black Sea area has facilitated over the centuries, both the development of commercial and political relations and the maintenance and production of conflicts, being like the Sword of Damocles. Located at the intersection of three security zones (Euro-Atlantic, Russian, and Eastern), the Black Sea is currently a vulnerable space in terms of security. Heir to Byzantine culture, most of the riparian states have a complicated internal and external policy, being caught between the idealism of the Western world and the realism of the Eastern European space. At the same time, the revisionism of the Russian Federation and Turkey in terms of foreign policy will also mean a change in the dynamics of the relations between the states bordering the Black Sea, which could result either in its return to the status of a Russian lake or in a division of the spheres of influence between the Russian Federation and Turkey. In this sense, in order to analyze the future security dynamics of the riparian states, we used the theory of the regional security complex, which we consider very appropriate in our study of the Black Sea region.

Phototrophic bacterioplankton of four stratified boreal ferruginous lakes of the Northern Hemisphere: comparative analysis of vertical 16S rRNA profiles

The aim of the study was to analyze the phototrophic bacterioplankton composition and vertical structure of Lake Linevo, a polyhumic iron-rich lake in the Raifa section of the Volga-Kama Nature Reserve (Tatarstan, Russia), and three other ferruginous boreal lakes in Russia, Finland, and Canada. The results demonstrated the presence of identical phylogenetic groups and dominant operational taxonomic units, but the inntensity of development and overall structure of the phototrophic bacterioplankton community was nevertheless different. Highest abindance was detected in Lake Linevo which had a number of unique features when compared to the other studied lakes. In particular, it had the largest number of phototrophic bacteria and a significant abundance and diversity of phototrophic Chloroflexales that were scarce in the other lakes. It seems desirable to further characterize the oxygen-depleted zone of this lake in more detail and, if possibly, to apply metagenomic and whole-genome analysis methods that have already been used in lakes Lovojärvi and L227 as well as many other boreal brown-water lakes.

FORMATION OF THE LARGEST LAKES IN THE NORTH-EASTERN EUROPE AT THE EASTERN PERIPHERY OF THE BALTIC CRYSTALLINE SHIELD<a href="#FN1"><sup>1</sup></a>

Since 2014, the joint research team from the Institute of Earth Sciences, Northern Water Problems Institute KRC RAS, the Science Park of Moscow State University, as well as FSBI “VNIIOkeangeologia”, and Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia has begun a study of Quaternary deposits of Onega and Ladoga Lakes, the largest Russian lakes located on the eastern periphery of the Baltic crystalline shield. Using large volume of data collected in previous studies, and new data obtained by multichannel seismoacoustic profiling and heavy gravity corers, as well as new methods for core analysis the main attention was paid to the geological development of these lakes in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene. The study of the lake Quaternary deposits makes it possible to accurately understand the dynamics of the Scandinavian Ice Shield retreat from the North-Western territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the major influence of the glaciers on the lakes formation during its degradation makes it possible to draw regional paleogeographic correlations, starting from the Baltic and ending with the White Sea. The history of the lake basins formation is also of considerable interest, given that there are practically no Phanerozoic deposits. The geological section of the lakes is represented by both Archean-Proterozoic and Quaternary formations.The article discusses the analysis of new data obtained using multichannel seismoacoustic profiling and long sediment cores (Lake Onega), results of mathematical modeling of cycles of lake basins development (glacial, glacial-lake, lacustrine), and their correlation with the paleogeographic development of the White Sea.

On the issue of studying proper names in the linguoculturological aspect in the lessons of Russian as a non-native language

The article discusses the most effective methodological means of work when teaching proper names in Uzbek schools. It is insufficient to use only the linguistic aspect, presented in the current textbooks of the Russian language, it is important to use the linguoculturological approach in modern schools, since it is necessary to form schoolchildren’s cultural competence. The research uses such methods as question-naires, analyses and generalizations. We prove that the study of proper names in the linguoculturological aspect will contribute to the expansion of the linguistic and cultural outlook of Uzbek schoolchildren. The conducted research confirms the idea that anthroponyms and toponyms require more attention. The list of proper names, proposed by us, made it possible to draw the attention of Uzbek schoolchildren to outstanding figures of Russian science, culture and education. The names of the most famous cities, rivers, and lakes of Russia are also included in our list, which Uzbek schoolchildren got acquainted with in Russian lessons in grades 5-6 during the 2021-2022 academic year. The most effective method of work turned out to be mini-projects about proper names, which were carried out by students during the school year. We believe that the results of our study may be of interest for teaching Russian as a non-native language, as well as for postgraduate and undergraduate students of Russian.

How Ukraine reveals Russian nuclear strategy

ABSTRACT If we examine the role played by nuclear weapons in Russia's war against Ukraine, we find that they play an offensive role in Russian strategy. The deterrence mission is as much intended to free Russia's hands for conventional war on its periphery as it is intended to prevent a nuclear first strike from the West. Indeed, the evidence of exercises etc. strongly points to a readiness for attacking Western sea-lines of communication in the Atlantic were a Western response to come as a result of the attack on Ukraine. Similarly, the potential for nuclear threat exists in the vicinity of the Black Sea as shown by Russian exercises in advance of the war there and in the Eastern Mediterranean. Those exercises reveal that Moscow's power projection policy into the Levant and beyond is also part of its deterrence strategy and has amongst its objectives protecting the Black Sea as a Russian lake, an inherently offensive posture. Therefore Russia's nuclear strategy in this war and in general stand revealed as offensive ones which the West must reckon with.

1946. The “Straits Crisis” as Reflected in the Intelligence Reports of the Romanian Military Attaché to the Republic of Türkiye Office’s Secretary

"The “Straits Question” has long been a factor of tension in the Black Sea area, because of Russia and later the Soviet Union’s desire to control the Bosporus and Dardanelles, mainly with the aim of turning the Black Sea into a “Russian lake”. After the end of the Second World War, in full ascension as a victorious country and in the tradition of Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union tried to take control of the Straits through political and military pressure to the detriment of Türkiye, although the Soviet Union had signed the Montreux Convention in 1936, which established the predominant role of the Republic of Türkiye in the control of naval traffic in the Straits, especially in wartime. The atmosphere so heavy with tension from the autumn of 1946, when the outbreak of a war between the USSR and Türkiye seemed inevitable, is reflected in the intelligence reports prepared by the secretary of the Office of the Romanian military attaché to the Republic of Türkiye. The documents include the first defence measures taken by Türkiye at a political and military level, the effects of the “Straits Crisis” on the Turkish population and the beginning of the process of Türkiye’s rapprochement with the USA and the Great Britain, a process that ended with the accession of the Republic of Türkiye to NATO in 1952."

1946. „Criza strâmtorilor” reflectată în rapoartele informative ale secretarului biroului atașatului militar român în Republica Turcia

"The “Straits Question” has long been a factor of tension in the Black Sea area, because of Russia and later the Soviet Union’s desire to control the Bosporus and Dardanelles, mainly with the aim of turning the Black Sea into a “Russian lake”. After the end of the Second World War, in full ascension as a victorious country and in the tradition of Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union tried to take control of the Straits through political and military pressure to the detriment of Türkiye, although the Soviet Union had signed the Montreux Convention in 1936, which established the predominant role of the Republic of Türkiye in the control of naval traffic in the Straits, especially in wartime. The atmosphere so heavy with tension from the autumn of 1946, when the outbreak of a war between the USSR and Türkiye seemed inevitable, is reflected in the intelligence reports prepared by the secretary of the Office of the Romanian military attaché to the Republic of Türkiye. The documents include the first defence measures taken by Türkiye at a political and military level, the effects of the “Straits Crisis” on the Turkish population and the beginning of the process of Türkiye’s rapprochement with the USA and the Great Britain, a process that ended with the accession of the Republic of Türkiye to NATO in 1952."

Study on the quality and symbiotic microbial composition of Artemia nauplii in three main producing areas

Artemia nauplii are high-quality biological feed for aquatic animal breeding, and its quality determines the effectiveness of breeding. The aim of this study was to explore the quality and symbiotic microbial composition of nauplii in different areas. The dormant eggs of Artemia nauplii from Kulundan Lake in Russia, Aibi Lake in Xinjiang, and salt fields in Bohai Bay were selected for incubation, and the relevant indicators of the 29 h incubation period were recorded. A high-throughput sequencing platform was used to analyze the microbial structure of symbiotic bacteria in nauplii between treatments. The PICRUSt2 was used to precalculated the predicted genes and their functions. The hatching rate of Artemia per thousand eggs in Kulundan Lake, Aibi Lake and Bohai Bay was 91.2%, 87.8% and 75.9%, respectively. The Alpha and Beta diversity analysis showed that the richness and evenness of Artemia nauplii in Kulundan Lake were higher than that of in Bohai Bay. At phylum level, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota were the dominant symbiotic bacteria of nauplii. But at the genus level, the dominant species of the symbiotic bacteria of nauplii were Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Exiguobacterium. The hatching rate and the abundance of symbiotic bacteria of Artemia nauplii from Kulundan Lake were better than the other two areas. This research might provide a theoretical guidance for the symbiotic bacteria of Artemia nauplii to regulate the feeding health of aquatic animal seedlings, reduce the occurrence of diseases and purify water quality.

Changes in the environmental situation in Listvyanka in 2017–2022

The article deals with the problem of deterioration in the quality of the waters of Lake Baikal and changes in their composition. Baikal is the only large lake in Russia. It ranks sixth in the world in terms of the volume of drinking water reserves whose shortage is observed in a number of countries. Due to the development of tourism in Siberia, the lake ecosystem has already suffered great damage. To identify the reasons for the change in water quality, samples were taken in Listvyanka; quality indicators were analyzed and compared with those obtained in 2017 and 2020. The study revealed that the change in the water composition was caused by improper disposal of household waste and modern detergents containing organic substances and derivatives of petroleum products. Decaying waste increases the water temperature in the bays, which causes the appearance of spirogyra blocking the transport of oxygen to the lake inhabitants. The further spread of spirogyra can cause an ecological disaster. The article describes treatment facilities in Listvyanka and shortcomings of the project. Unfortunately, to restore the ecosystem, it is not enough to limit tourism; measures aimed to improve the productivity of these treatment facilities with a minimum of financial costs are required.

Ecology of Methanonatronarchaeia.

Methanonatronarchaeia represents a deep-branching phylogenetic lineage of extremely halo(alkali)philic and moderately thermophilic methyl-reducing methanogens belonging to the phylum Halobacteriota. It includes two genera, the alkaliphilic Methanonatronarchaeum and the neutrophilic Ca. Methanohalarchaeum. The former is represented by multiple closely related pure culture isolates from hypersaline soda lakes, while the knowledge about the latter is limited to a few mixed cultures with anaerobic haloarchaea. To get more insight into the distribution and ecophysiology of this enigmatic group of extremophilic methanogens, potential activity tests and enrichment cultivation with different substrates and at different conditions were performed with anaerobic sediment slurries from various hypersaline lakes in Russia. Methanonatronarchaeum proliferated exclusively in hypersaline soda lake samples mostly at elevated temperature, while at mesophilic conditions it coexisted with the extremely salt-tolerant methylotroph Methanosalsum natronophilum. Methanonatronarchaeum was also able to serve as a methylotrophic or hydrogenotrophic partner in several thermophilic enrichment cultures with fermentative bacteria. Ca. Methanohalarchaeum did not proliferate at mesophilic conditions and at thermophilic conditions it competed with extremely halophilic and moderately thermophilic methylotroph Methanohalobium, which it outcompeted at a combination of elevated temperature and methyl-reducing conditions. Overall, the results demonstrated that Methanonatronarchaeia are specialized extremophiles specifically proliferating in conditions of elevated temperature coupled with extreme salinity and simultaneous availability of a wide range of C1 -methylated compounds and H2 /formate.

Fatty Acid Composition and Contents of Fish of Genus Salvelinus from Natural Ecosystems and Aquaculture.

Fatty acids (FA) of muscle tissue of Salvelinus species and its forms, S. alpinus, S. boganidae, S. drjagini, and S. fontinalis, from six Russian lakes and two aquacultures, were analyzed. Considerable variations in FA compositions and contents were found, including contents of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA), which are important indicators of fish nutritive value for humans. As found, contents of EPA+DHA (mg·g−1 wet weight) in muscle tissue of Salvelinus species and forms varied more than tenfold. These differences were supposed to be primarily determined by phylogenetic factors, rather than ecological factors, including food. Two species, S. boganidae and S. drjagini, had the highest EPA+DHA contents in their biomass and thereby could be recommended as promising species for aquaculture to obtain production with especially high nutritive value. Basing on revealed differences in FA composition of wild and farmed fish, levels of 15-17-BFA (branched fatty acids), 18:2NMI (non-methylene interrupted), 20:2NMI, 20:4n-3, and 22:4n-3 fatty acids were recommended for verifying trade label information of fish products on shelves, as the biomarkers to differentiate wild and farmed charr.

Sediments of Lake Malye Chany as a Late Holocene paleoecological archive in the south of West Siberia (Russia)

Abstract. The paper presents the first results of multiproxy study of the sediment core from Lake Malye Chany. This lake is a part of the biggest drainless lake in Russian Lake Chany. The Kargat and Chulym Rivers flow into Malye Chany. The lake locates in the forest-steppe near the southern border of taiga zone which makes it a promising object for reconstructions of the vegetation shifts and other ecological changes of the past periods. The sediment core was investigated by sedimentological, pollen, chironomid, diatom, ostracod analyses. Based on pollen and chironomid data were maid quantitative reconstructins of climate, vegetation cover and biodiversity. According to radiocarbon dates the upper 200 cm of the core covers the last ca. 3900 years. It was established that reconstructed time boundaries of climate, vegetation and ecological changes coincide according to various reconstruction approaches. At the beginning of its existence, Lake Malye Chany was a shallow saline lake with warm water; only after 2.4 thousand years BP the water level rose and the lake became fresh and the water colder. Then the water level and salinity changed, and only 1 thousand years BP the lake became deep again. The last 200 years recorded a slight warming of the water. Landscapes developed from very dry steppe to modern forest-steppe, about 2 thousand years ago there was a short-term cooling and spread of taiga elements. Last 200-300 years, there has been a steppification.

Eurasian Holocene climate trends in transient coupled climate simulations and stable oxygen isotope records

Transient simulations of the global fully coupled climate model COSMOS under realistic varying orbital and greenhouse gas forcings are systematically compared to diatom oxygen isotope () records from Russian lakes with focus on Eurasian Holocene climate trends. The measured decrease and other temperature proxies are interpreted as large-scale cooling throughout the Holocene while the model simulations are biased too warm, likely through missing radiative forcings. This large-scale warm bias also dictates the modeled . Hence, at locations where the signs of model and proxy temperature/precipitation trends agree, measured and modeled trends show notable accordance. An increased temporal variability of modeled is linked to persistent atmospheric circulation patterns. Applying the transient forcings in an accelerated way (every 10th year only) yields a similar, yet weaker or delayed model response, especially in the ocean.

The Mediterranean Eskadra and Russia’s military-political strategy in the Mediterranean Basin

ABSTRACT Russia seeks to convert the Black Sea into a Russian lake. This entails projecting power well into the Mediterranean Sea. Since 2013 Moscow has reinforced the missile, air defence, and submarine component of its Mediterranean Eskadra (Squadron) to deny NATO access to the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Seas. This article explains how and why Russia's Mediterranean Eskadra has become a major arm of Russia's military-political strategy in these waters. By analysing its missions, roles, and activities the article shows how Moscow conducts innovative, sophisticated, yet simultaneously traditional military-political operations to maximise and enhance its global standing in accordance with its own strategy. The article further argues that the Eskadra's creation and deployment corresponds not just to the revival of Russian military capability in 2013, but also to a much broader Russian perspective on contemporary war, and analyzes Russia's political considerations in the deployment of major military forces in the Mediterranean Basin.

Russian Socio-Economic and Demographic Expansion in the Principality of Odishi (Samegrelo) in The 30s and 60s of the 19th Century According to the Diaries of Foreign Confidants

In the travel diaries of foreign confidants we have found the reasons for the high degree of poverty and socio-economic decline described in Odishi's life in the structure of the conquest plan of a low political culture empire. The Russian Empire is waiting for an opportune moment in its ambush position to torture the Odishi principality with its socio-economic, demographic policies, de facto and de jure, and turn the ancient trade routes between Georgia and Europe and Asia, namely the Turkish Sea into the Black Sea. At least in part, it turned into a lake in Russia. Under these conditions, the empire fully described the natural resources of Odishi, made it a raw material supplement, and applied its demographic transformation as well.

The Ecology of Meromictic Lakes in Russia. 2. Continental Water Bodies

The Ecology of Meromictic Lakes in Russia. 2. Continental Water Bodies

METHODS FOR CALCULATING PERMISSIBLE PHOSPHORUS LOADINGS ON LAKES

Three methods for calculating permissible phosphorus loadings on lakes located in different natural and climatic zones of Russia were analyzed (the Vollenweider method, the Vollenweider and Dillon method, the Lozovik method). A statistically significant relationship was found to exist between the permissible phosphorus loadings on ten lakes in Russia and the size of their catchments.

MAJOR RESULTS OF BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH AT THE NORTHERN WATER PROBLEMS INSTITUTE KarRC RAS (A REVIEW)

The review reports the main results of the studies carried out by NWPI KarRC RAS in the institute’s major research areas over the past 30 years. Information is provided on some studies in national priority R&D areas, and on the activities implemented under regional and international grant-funded projects and applied initiatives. Some results of research on the White Sea, Lakes Ladoga and Onego, lake-river systems, and groundwater are reported. A summary is given of important practical developments ordered by federal and regional ministries and departments, companies and organizations, and implemented under the public drinking water supply programme. The information systems designed and implemented for these developments to be used by relevant organization are introduced. An overview of the results of studies carried out by NWPI collaboratively with Russian and foreign institutes and universities is given, namely regarding research on water resources, water quality, White Sea ecosystems, Russia’s largest lakes, and under-ice conditions in North Russian lakes.

The efficiency increasing problems of water biological resources using at the regional level

The fishing structure and amount of vertebrate and invertebrate biological resources are estimated for small limnoecosystems in the forest-steppe zone of the Western Siberia south-west part. The predominance of fish farming based on the maximum use of the natural abiotic and biotic (feeding) resources of the ecosystems, mainly with annual growth of fishes, is noted. Negative abiotic, anthropogenic and socio-economic factors hindering the efficient use of aquatic biological resources are considered. On the Kurgan region territory dominate the small lakes without flow out which has small area (1.0–1.5 km2 ) and depth (up to 3–4 m) with sloping shores, which overgrowing of Phragmites australis. Most lakes are mesotrophic with average biomass of phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos, as well as the concentration of biogenic matter, or eutrophic. On the Kurgan region territory are in total 7102 lakes of different genesis and size, which area is more than 0.001 km² according to the decoding results of satellite images performed at the Institute of Lake Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences 2010–2013 years (“Lakes of Russia” Information System). For 2019, in the Kurgan region, 3,857.5 tons of aquatic biological resources were obtained as a result of fishing. 99.3% of the total amount of products is accounted for by lake nature use. Fishing increased by 1.3 times compared to 2018. In 2019, 2087 tons of fish of both indigenous and introduced fish species were caught, which amounted to only 45% of the recommended quotes at the region’s lakes. The main part is accounted for by such aboriginal species as crucian (Carassius gibelio, 895.5 tons per year), and peled (Coregonus peled, 1999.4 tons per year). In addition to fish resources, the region lakes are sources of non-fish aquatic biological resources — invertebrate limnobionts. The main species are Gammarus lacustris (Amphipoda) and Artemia salina parthenogenetica (Branchiopoda).