Abstract
Transient simulations of the global fully coupled climate model COSMOS under realistic varying orbital and greenhouse gas forcings are systematically compared to diatom oxygen isotope () records from Russian lakes with focus on Eurasian Holocene climate trends. The measured decrease and other temperature proxies are interpreted as large-scale cooling throughout the Holocene while the model simulations are biased too warm, likely through missing radiative forcings. This large-scale warm bias also dictates the modeled . Hence, at locations where the signs of model and proxy temperature/precipitation trends agree, measured and modeled trends show notable accordance. An increased temporal variability of modeled is linked to persistent atmospheric circulation patterns. Applying the transient forcings in an accelerated way (every 10th year only) yields a similar, yet weaker or delayed model response, especially in the ocean.
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