Russian Industry Research Articles

ABCD method for determination of low-temperature properties of ordinary and modified binders

Introduction. The active introduction into practice of the system of volumetric and functional design (OFP) is aimed at the large-scale development by the Russian road construction industry of advanced foreign approaches to the technology of designing asphalt concrete pavements (Superpave). One of the fundamental differences between the OFP methodology and the previously established practice of evaluating technical, technological and operational indicators of road construction materials is the introduction of new methods that characterize quantitative indicators with a high degree of accuracy, based on the actual physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the components used. Thus, as methods for assessing the low-temperature properties of bitumen binders, it is proposed to use the bending beam method (BBR), which has proven itself quite well when working with traditional (ordinary) bitumen. However, the natural and climatic conditions of operation of highways in Russia clearly require the use of binders modified with high- and low-molecular compounds, including polymers. In this study, the task of applying the ABCD method to evaluate the low-temperature parameters of ordinary bitumen and polymer-bitumen binders was realized.Materials and methods. Samples of industrial batches of petroleum road viscous bitumen (GOST 33133-2014) and polymer-modified bitumen (GOST R 52056-2003) were used as objects of research. To determine the lowtemperature parameters, an ABCD 8.0 device and an air-cooled climate chamber were used. The study of bitumen binders according to the parameters laid down in the technical requirements of GOST R 58400.11–2019 ‘Automobile roads of general use. Petroleum-based bitumen binders. Method of determining the temperature of cracking using the device ABCD’ was carried out.Results. The values of the cracking temperature for ordinary and modified bitumen binders were determined. It is shown that the low-temperature parameters of polymer-bitumen binders significantly exceed similar properties of oxidized road bitumen.Discussion and conclusions. A comparative analysis of the low-temperature properties of ordinary and modified binders obtained during their determination by the direct method enables to confirm the effectiveness of the methodology developed in GOST R 58400.11-2019 for assessing the performance of binders of various component composition in difficult climatic conditions of Russia. The effectiveness of the domestic second-generation ABCD 8.0 device for direct assessment of the cracking temperature of bitumen binders of variable composition has been confirmed.

Современное состояние и развитие кластеров в российской промышленности

The article is devoted to the study of the current state of clusters, which are one of the most priority directions of the domestic industry development. The author substantiates the relevance of creating clusters in the Russian industry. The existing definitions of the term “cluster” offered in the existing scientific studies are investigated. The author analyzes the results of three cluster structures that unite high-tech industrial enterprises.

Effectiveness of Tax Benefits for Information Technology Organizations in Russia

The subject of the study is a set of measures of tax incentives for the information technology industry in the Russian Federation — “tax maneuver in IT”, launched from the beginning of 2021. The purpose of the study is to identify and qualitatively assess the stimulating effect of the tax maneuver in IT, which is expressed in changes in key financial and natural performance indicators of IT industry organizations, and to develop proposals on ways of tax incentives for the development of the industry. The article describes the distortion of the aggregate tax reporting characterizing the IT industry, which takes into account not only recently established IT organizations, but also “nominal” separates from large organizations IT subdivisions or technically clarified classification code, making it inappropriate to use such reporting as a basis for analysis and reliable conclusions. Based on the data of the public financial statements of selected sample from the top-100 Russian IT organizations, the article analyzes the dynamics of financial indicators of their activities, among which are the profiles of profiles, operating profit, net profit, investment in basic assets, the number of staff, the amount of products supplied for export, the capitalization of the company. The observation was conducted for 2017– 2022 and covers the periods both before and during the engagement of tax benefits. A comparative study was carried out with similar indicators of the organizations of the “control group”, which included IT companies operating in other countries that were not affected by such tax benefits. According to the results of the study, small or no extra growth was observed in key financial indicators of IT organizations due to the tax maneuver compared with the “pre-maneuver” period and compared with the indicators of the control group. It is concluded that there is no evidence of a significant impact of the tax maneuver on the development of the IT industry in Russia. We proposed dismantling of the “maneuver” and transition, based on the Chinese and some EU countries approaches, to taxation of the qualified profit. The latter is the profit of Russian and foreign IT developers from the localization of IT development and value creation in Russia. The achievable effective rate is 2.5%.

Литературный туризм как социальное явление: исследование культурных практик и туристической индустрии в России

This article scrutinizes literary tourism as a social phenomenon, delving into its sociocultural aspects, including the formation of tourists’ identities, their attitudes towards cultural heritage, and their perception of literary works. It underscores the pivotal role of literary tourism in the development of regional economy and cultural tourism at large. The significant importance of literary routes, writers’ museums, and literary festivals in attract-ing tourists and shaping the image of cultural tourism in Russia is highlighted, alongside the impact of literary works on tourist activity. Literary sites that allure tourists are identified. The article presents a study elucidating the influence of literary heritage on the development of the tourism industry in Russia. The results of the study facilitate a deeper understanding of the dynamics of literary tourism as a social phenomenon and its contribu-tion to the development of the country’s cultural sphere.

Роль креативных индустрий в формировании профессиональных сообществ

The article considers the problem of the impact of the creative industry on the formation of professional com-munities. The purpose of this study is to identify the necessary support and develop recommendations for rep-resentatives of the creative industries in creating professional communities and influencing them. Diverse defi-nitions of the term “creative industry”, as utilized in various global contexts such as Japan, Great Britain, etc., are expounded upon. The increasing role of professional communities in the development of creative industries in Russia is highlighted. The analysis ascertains the profound positive ramifications of creative industries on the evolution of professional communities, reciprocally, the constructive influence professional communities wield on creative sectors is elucidated. Furthermore, the author posits that creative industries not only furnish individ-uals with new cultural experiences but also serve as a conduit for acquiring information and express their indi-viduality. The author's stance concerning distinguishing cultural and creative industries, delineating prevailing challenges, and subsequently formulating recommendations for engaging with professional communities with the potential for their integration into the developmental roadmap of creative industries is substantiated.

Состояние отечественной отрасли козоводства на современном этапе развития России

The article analyzes the state of the goat breeding industry in Russia from 2007 to 2022. Based on official data from the Federal State Statistics Service and data from the All-Russian Research Institute of Breeding, presented in the public domain, an assessment of the state of the goat breeding industry in Russia was carried out and the main trends and patterns were identified. As part of the study, it was revealed that goat breeding in Russia is mainly concentrated in small forms of farming and currently there are no prospects for scalability, while the number of goats is decreasing annually. The leader among federal districts in terms of livestock is the Siberian Federal District, and among the subjects of the Federation the undisputed leader is the Republic of Tyva. Dairy goat farming ranks third in the world in milk production, behind cows and buffaloes. In Russia, there is a clear trend towards increasing milk production. The leader in goat milk production is the Leningrad region. The analysis of modern domestic goat breeding made it possible to formulate the main problems that impede the effective development of the industry in the country and outline possible ways to solve them.

Analysis of Competition and the Level of Dominance in the Russian Food Retail Market

The article analyzes the competition and the level of dominance in the Russian food retail market for the period 2015-2022. A total of 36 companies were analyzed. The Lynd and Herfindahl–Hirschman indices, as well as the SV (strength/variety) matrix, were used as analytical tools. As the results of the study showed, the food retail industry in Russia is highly competitive. Over the past eight years, the combined share of key players has increased, but does not exceed 30%, and therefore it was concluded that there is no dominance in the food retail market in Russia. Due to the active process of acquisitions and mergers by key players, 2 main players have formed: X5 Group and PJSC Magnit, and there is also a high saturation of small companies. It is worth noting that despite the pandemic and instability.

Localization of innovative technologies of industrial production as a tool for intensification of import substitution policy

The main criterion for the successful implementation of import substitution policy is the location of domestic production on the domestic territory of the state, in order to reduce the negative economic consequences of the industrial policies of unfriendly countries, with the orientation of domestic industrial enterprises towards their own intensification of production, including the production of analogous products to imported ones, for subsequent replacement of imported technologies with domestic ones and supply of domestic products to the domestic market – production and sale of own products. Localization of production is the placement of manufacturing or component industrial production facilities on its own, separate, local territory, in order to reduce the cost of products and bring them closer to assembly sites or sales markets. The term «localization of production», in the scientific literature, is represented by a special case of territorial organization (localized enterprises in separate territories) of production processes for the creation of material wealth, which has a number of features: in the organization of production, a company with a higher level of technological development forms the “conditions of the game”, organizing the distribution of production of certain products among all participants; localization is often carried out on the territory of another state, which has a lower level of development of technology and technology and a higher demand for final products in the markets of this state; An additional benefit of localization is the optimization of process logistics, bringing it closer to consumers. The goal of localization is to reduce production, transaction and logistics costs and increase the level of investment. The article presents the author's position on the development of intensification of the processes of industrial import substitution, in modern conditions, the main idea of which is the creation of localized production, a full technological cycle in the activities of Russian industrial enterprises, representing: at the initial stage, a full line of production of components and import substitution of missing parts, to meet demand in the domestic market, and in the future, the development of processes of substitution of imported technologies, the formation and use of advanced development technologies, increasing export potential and strengthening their presence of Russian industry in world markets. The work explores the essence of localization of production, which is determined by the production of parts and components manufactured in Russia, at national production facilities, using its own technologies, in order to increase the intensity of import substitution processes.

Professional education and the needs of modern Russian industry

Aim. To identify the correspondence of the level of professional training of graduates of higher and secondary educational institutions to the needs of modern industry on the example of St. Petersburg enterprises, as well as to assess the dynamics of changes in the basic competencies of new employees coming from the educational environment to the labor collectives.Objectives. To determine the quality of interaction between the educational and industrial spheres on the example of St. Petersburg; to assess the level and dynamics of changes in professional knowledge and skills, social qualities and universal competencies of graduates of St. Petersburg higher and secondary vocational educational institutions.Methods. On the basis of employers’ survey the quality of training of graduates of St. Petersburg higher and secondary vocational educational institutions was assessed by such indicators as the level of professional knowledge and skills, social qualities and universal competences. The results of the monitoring were compared and the dynamics of changes in recent years in the quality of training of young specialists according to the main requirements of employers was revealed.Results. The degree of interaction between industrial structures and the system of professional education in the conditions of increasingly complex economic situation and social transformations is determined. The role of the enterprise as an economic unit is shown, modern labor relations in the production team are characterized. The parameters of employers’ assessment of the quality of training of graduates of St. Petersburg higher and secondary vocational educational institutions are proposed. On the basis of employers’ data, the level and dynamics of changes in professional knowledge and skills, social qualities and universal competencies of graduates of St. Petersburg higher and secondary vocational educational institutions who were hired in 2014-2022 in the St. Petersburg production sphere were assessed. Conclusions. The directions of activation of interaction between the education system and industrial production, professional orientation of young people, formation of the creative component both in the educational process and in the production team have been proposed. The efficiency of measures on formation of progressive labor market on the basis of improvement of quality of preparation of graduates of higher and secondary professional educational institutions employed at enterprises, their quick adaptation in the conditions of production process and labor relations is determined.

СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ РАКЕТНО-КОСМИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ

Author researches the general context of a firm operating in Russian space industry. Components of a strategic analysis of such a firm have been highlighted and systemized. Macro and micro environment as well as industry analyses have been made.

Development of Russia’s industry: Some regularities and prospects

Industry is the substratum of material production and the economy as a whole. Numerous discussions about the need for new industrialisation make us turn again to the analysis of the state of industrial potential and results of industrial development in Russia. The study aims to explain the performance of the Russian industry in terms of the most relevant and aggregated indicators characterising its functioning, and to formulate its long-term development tasks. The methodological basis of the study is the theory of industrial development. Methods of planning and industrial analysis are used. The evidence is the data for 2012–2022 retrieved from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and the Unified Interdepartmental Statistical Information System. The research concludes about the ‘contracted’ development of the Russian industry. The growth rate of the gross value added is more significantly impacted by the dynamics of fixed capital rather than that of labour. Yet the labour contributed greatly to the creation of the new value, which indicates the predominance of labour-intensive technologies, or obsolete capital-intensive technologies. The study empirically confirms that some periods saw a ‘paradox of rapid industrialisation’, that is, a substantially lower rate of economic growth against a higher growth of industry and modernisation of its fixed assets. The general conclusion is that when conducting industrial policy, it is necessary to influence the state of the labour and capital factors in the manufacturing sectors. The industrialisation of the Russian economy needs to be oriented towards the technological substitution through the creation of new fixed assets; in addition, the losses of greatly reduced labour potential should be compensated. A promising avenue is the organisation of analytical planning for the state-owned industry and indicative planning for private industries along with the adoption of a law on the state sector.

Activity of light industry in Russia in the conditions of mobilization events in the field of economy

The purpose of the article is to establish the principles of organizing the light industry and adjacent sectors of the Russian economy in the context of mobilization activities in the economy, in order to ensure the uninterrupted supply of products to meet the needs of the troops within the framework of the state order. Methods. The industry analysis is carried out under two main assumptions: a) the industry should be reformed, on the terms of public-private mobilization partnership (PPMP); b) relations between the light industry and related economic sectors should be built on the terms of an inter-industry syndicate (cluster, strategic alliance). The assessment of the stability of companies in the light industry sector is carried out on the basis of a matrix aggregate calculator (MAC). The return on equity of companies is analyzed using the DuPont formula. Results. Based on the simulation results, it is shown that the industry maintains economic stability provided that three basic conditions are met: a) it maintains an irreducible net profitability at the level of 5–7 %; b) forms an irreducible turnover of its assets at the level of 1.5 times a year; c) is credited by the state under the supplier’s factoring scheme, which gives a level of financial leverage of about 1.6. All this together should lead to a return on industry equity (ROE) of about 20 % per annum, which guarantees a rapid attraction of private capital to the industry, with the issuance of additional state guarantees for capital protection (a real option for business). Discussion. A more detailed modeling of sectoral economic stability requires the correct selection of modeling factors by groups: Threats, Opportunities, BSC, Risks, Chances, Decisions. A special modeling of the industry corporate culture is needed, using the approaches of related specialties. Conclusion. The GFMP principle guarantees the sustainable functioning of the Russian economy in the conditions of a period of maximum and medium levels of response and high readiness. The conventional wisdom that it is possible to ensure the sovereignty of the country by keeping the peacetime economy in the rear is untenable.

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM OF PROVIDING IMPORTED EQUIPMENT OF BREWERIES IN RUSSIA WITH SPARE PARTS AND COMPONENTS

In the context of Western sanctions pressure and current bans on the import of machinery and components in the Russian brewing industry, a problem arose with the supply of new production equipment, original spare parts and components, industrial service on imported equipment, which is largely equipped with large and medium-sized enterprises, due to the inability to find suppliers of the required original spare parts in Russia, components and materials. The article provides an express analysis of possible solutions to this problem in order to determine the strategy of survival or development of the enterprise. The methodological basis is the traditional methods of technical, economic and logical analysis, systematization and ranking. The advantages and disadvantages of three options are considered: import substitution of the brewery's fixed assets by gradually replacing imported units, semi-automatic and automatic lines with domestic analogues with financial support from regional governments; parallel import of spare parts and components, supported by the restoration of worn-out parts of technological equipment of breweries using the services of specialized reverse engineering firms; organization of a specialized company as part of the Rosspetsmash Association, carrying out reverse-engineering, manufacturing of spare parts and assemblies for imported equipment of all breweries in the industry and industrial service of imported equipment based on a specific repair specialization. Based on the express analysis, it was suggested that the choice of a survival or development strategy for a particular plant depends on the condition of the equipment, the availability of an enterprise development strategy, the availability of its own finances and the support of state authorities.

Industry 5.0: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development of Russian Industry

The implementation of the task of economic and social development at the present stage of social progress by the state is entrusted to innovative technologies used in various fields. The most advanced, competitive, allowing to promote the economy into Industry 5.0, technical and technological innovations become an effective lever for the formation of a steadily growing economic system. The selection of such innovations takes place according to well-defined parameters, among which the return on scale is important. Institutional and evolutionary economics, based on the position of the influence of institutions with specified properties on the behavior of market actors, determine the mandatory increasing effect of using high technologies for the successful development of industry as the basis of the country's economic economy. The paper presents an argument supporting this position in the manufacturing sector and the industry of a "new" type – the knowledge economy. But defining the criteria for promotion to Industry 5.0 is not enough to form tactics for the transition to a new high-tech stage of development. Innovative goals and intellectual technological tasks in the field of industry are being created and implemented in Russia. As part of this, priority areas of economic modernization are being implemented at the level of industrial policy, which makes it possible to respond to the challenges arising adequately and successfully in the paradigm of modern technological innovations.

Внедрение российским бизнесом стандартов ESG: разработка комплекса приоритетных мер для системы торгово-промышленных палат РФ

The article is devoted to issues affecting the implementation of ESG standards by the Russian business community and the role of the Russian Chambers of Commerce and industry in this process. This scientific article presents the results of a large-scale sociological study (by means of a questionnaire survey) conducted in order to identify what semantic meaning representatives of Russian business put into understanding the essence of ESG principles, how ready they are to follow them in their current professional activities, etc.
 The respondents were both direct representatives of Russian business and representatives of the system of Chambers of commerce and industry of the Russian Federation. The survey results served as the basis for the development of a set of measures to support the implementation of ESG standards by the Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Russia.

THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN MODERN RUSSIA

The effectiveness of the development of construction companies in Russia is one of the most important topics for the modern construction market. In a country with vast expanses and a developing economy, the construction industry should play a key role in providing housing, infrastructure and industrial facilities. However, there are a number of problems that hinder the development of this industry in Russia. In the article, the authors define the role of construction organizations in society, identify the key problems of the development of the construction industry, and also identify “bottlenecks” in the activities of construction companies engaged in planning and implementing construction policy in the Russian Federation.

Challenges and Prospects of Developing Light Industry in Russia

Today enterprises of light industry face serious problems arising due to competition with Asian companies, problems with investment and staff. Comparative analysis of key figures of light industry in Russia and China shows considerable backwardness of Russian enterprises by the level of fund-equipment and labour productivity. At the same time, it should be noted that in Russian light industry there are enterprises with high fund-equipment but low fund-return and not very high labour productivity. The author came to the conclusion that low efficiency of enterprises of light industry can form the initial cause of current problems. It was shown that the principle way of developing light industry is modernization of technological processes on the basis of advanced digital technologies, artificial intellect, robot-engineering, acute scientific solutions in management, which could give an opportunity to cut the need in unskilled personnel, to raise labolur productivity and the quality of products and cut prime cost and final price. Apart from that to resolve problems of efficiency it is necessary to take into account individual conditions of enterprise functioning and improve quality of management. When decisions aimed at measures of state support for enterprises of light industry are made, including investment, it is needed to take into consideration their technological standing to elaborate grounded strategy of support, development and control.

The Potential of Tube Industry Development in Conditions of Instability

The research deals with estimating the potential of Russian enterprises of tube industry and possibilities of their efficient adaptation to fast changes. Academic results of the research include systematization, summarizing and author’s appraisal of processes taking place in Russian tube industry, as well as proposals aimed at its development. According to the research, Russian tube industry rather quickly adapts to changes and is still stable in spite of difficult situation and high sectoral risks. Today the potential of the increase in home demand for tubes is not realized in full, especially for products with high added value. Tube industry is facing the problem of importsubstitution in equipment purchase and production modernization. To resolve it a set of measures is necessary, such as starting the mechanism of innovation development in machine-building manufacturing; working-out the program of developing home industry of electronics, software, systems of management and engineering; motivating the growth in production capacities of machine-building enterprises. It is necessary to raise investment from countries importing tube products in Asia, Africa and Middle East. These regions can become both the marketing targets and sources of investment. In conditions of instability tube industry is strategically important for the country and needs measures of state support.

Анализ барьеров развития электроэнергетики России: история вопроса, современное состояние и перспективы

The author's view of the history of the Russian electric power industry is presented, based on facts confirmed in official sources, an analysis of the problems of the development of the electric power industry in the period from the beginning of the XX century to the present. Based on the latest data, an analysis of the dynamics of the Russian electric power industry from 2018 to the present has been carried out, and the main trends in the market under consideration have been identified. The prospects for the development of the industry are considered, taking into account the Federal legislation of the Russian Federation and state plans. Special attention is paid to the impact of the tense geopolitical situation on the Russian electricity market in 2022-2023. The main problems faced by market participants, as well as the actions of the government and companies in response to the changes, are analyzed. Various methods of electricity production are considered and a comparative analysis of different types of power plants is carried out, which includes a description of their positive and negative sides. It is noted that despite the high rates of development from the moment of formation to the present, barriers and challenges have always arisen, which resulted in reforms to change and modernize the approaches of the state to the development of the Russian electric power industry. Today, the electric power industry of the Russian Federation demonstrates stability, however, the potential of its development tools has not been exhausted and requires constant monitoring and updating. Options for measures to improve the efficiency of the industry are proposed. It is concluded that the various proposed measures will help set a new positive vector for the development of the electric power industry in Russia.

Перспективы обеспечения потребностей России в продукции электронного машиностроения

The paper delves into the problem of meeting the needs of Russia’s electronic industry with technological equipment for semiconductor production at present and in the medium term, taking into account the expected development of consumer industries. A quantitative assessment of the scale of the emerging electronic engi-neering industry in Russia, as well as the necessary investments for this purpose is formed. The available op-portunities for reorientation of Russian imports of equipment for the electronic industry to countries that are not unfriendly are considered, and the groups of equipment are identified for which the reorientation of imports is possible, and for which it is completely unrealizable. The analysis of the means of localization in Russia of the necessary industry competencies through cooperation with non-CIS countries, as well as deepening coopera-tion with Belarus, which possesses technologies in the field of production of equipment for the electronics in-dustry in demand in Russia, is carried out.