Entrepreneurship In Russia Research Articles

A springboard for entrepreneurs? Gig and sharing economy and entrepreneurship in Russia

PurposeThe growing popularity of gig and sharing economy changes not only consumption models but also employment patterns. This study aims to analyze the potential entrepreneurial nature of gig and sharing economy initiatives. As such, the authors compare the entrepreneurial intentions of gig and sharing economy workers to the general population. Further, the authors consider commonalities and differences in terms of the driving forces of both intentions to start-up and participation in gig and sharing economy, treating them as connected phenomena. Finally, the authors look into gig and sharing economy experience as a direct antecedent to entrepreneurial intentions formation.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical settings for this study are derived from the sample of 1,257 individuals who participated in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Adult Population Survey 2018 in Russia. Methodologically, the authors rely on analysis of variance-test and binary logistic regression analysis to test the study hypotheses.FindingsThe results indicate that entrepreneurial intentions of gig and sharing economy workers are significantly higher when compared to the general population. In terms of antecedents to gig and sharing economy participation and startup intentions, similar effects of age, entrepreneurial social capital, prior entrepreneurial exit and intrapreneurial experience were revealed, while perceived self-efficacy was associated only with engagement into digital platforms. Finally, gig and sharing economy experience showed significant and positive effect on entrepreneurial intentions formation.Originality/valueThis study represents a first substantive effort to systematize antecedents to gig and sharing economy participation through an entrepreneurship perspective. Beyond that, this research adds to the contextualization of entrepreneurship literature stream, further defining the mechanism of entrepreneurial intentions formation in empirical settings of an emerging market with a relatively low propensity of population to develop intentions to start-up.

Psychological and Cultural Analysis of Attitude to Entrepreneurship in Russia and China

The article considers the attitude to entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurs as a social group in society, which is one of the factors of formation of economic self-determination of entrepreneurs at the present time, from the position of interdisciplinary approach in the context of historical, cultural, psychological analyses. The values of Chinese and Russian business culture were influenced by traditional religious attitudes in these countries. Theoretical analysis showed that in Chinese culture the attitude to entrepreneurship was more stable and positive, the basis of entrepreneurship is rationality, pragmatism, compliance with social hierarchy. Incoherent images are rather inherent for the Russian culture; thus, the stereotype of the entrepreneur was endowed with negative qualities, both in pre-revolutionary times, and in the Soviet period, changes towards positive side emerged only in the 2000s. The article summarizes the empirical data on the prevailing value judgments regarding such economic categories as wealth, poverty, money, as well as the formed stereotypical images of the entrepreneur. According to Russian respondents, a positive and rational attitude to money dominates, but along with positive associations, the negative ones are vividly expressed, such as: dependence, cynicism, conflict, hopelessness, retrenchment, need, quarrels, crisis, etc. From the Chinese respondents’ point of view, money and wealth are values, on which status and credibility depend, and are associated with nobility and humanity. According to Russian and Chinese respondents, the stereotype of the mo­dern entrepreneur is characterized by the following qualities: respectful for people, communicative, cooperative, critical thinking, selective, rather independent, serious, intelligent.

The Role of Wine Buyouts in the Formation of the Initial Capital of the Russian Entrepreneurship of the XIX century: on the Example of D. E. Benardaki

Introduction. The entrepreneurial activity in history has passed a very long distance in the course of its evolutionary development. At each of the stages of its development, it possessed very specific features and qualities that directly depended on a number of various factors. These factors include: the level of development of productive forces, the nature of various (socio-economic, production, political) relationships, forms of ownership and their changes. Materials and Methods. Comparative historical, chronological and genealogical research methods were used, the principles of objectivity and historicism were observed. Results. By the time the lease system was canceled, the period of initial capital accumulation for the former leaseholders was over. Discussion and Conclusion. One of the main stages in the development of Russian entrepreneurship falls on the first half of the 19th century. At this time, directly related to the beginning and development of the industrial revolution, there was a significant acceleration of the processes of initial capital accumulation. This process was based on various forms and types of trade and intermediary activities within the developing the all-Russian market.

Russian entrepreneurship in the context of the economic crisis: tendencies, problems and prospects

The economic crisis that began in 2014 continues to have a negative impact on Russian entrepreneurship. The measures taken to overcome the consequences of the crisis do not give the desired results. The objective of the article is to analyze the main trends of entrepreneurship in Russia and identify areas of its activation to support sustainable economic growth and economic security. The article presents the authors’ approach to the definition of entrepreneurial activity. A number of indicators for assessing entrepreneurial activity are proposed. The basic tendencies of development of small and medium business of Russia during the crisis are revealed. Two key factors determining the level of entrepreneurial activity are assessed: the desire and willingness of people to engage in entrepreneurial activity and the availability of conditions for the creation and development of their own business in Russia. We also marked the features of motivation of Russians to start their own business. The key factors that have a negative impact on the development of Russian entrepreneurship and determine the direction of the application of the efforts of state and public institutions to activate it are formulated

SYSTEMATIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CONTENT OF THE CONCEPT OF "INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SUPPORTING BUSINESS STRUCTURES" IN THE CONTEXT OF REFORMING OF DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS

The systemic limitation of the further development of Russian entrepreneurship is its infrastructure support. Insufficient development of the support infrastructure remains an urgent scientific and practical problem in the context of the announced transformation of business development institutions. The purpose of the article is to identify and systematize theoretical approaches to the content of the concept “support infrastructure of business structures’ for their comprehensive consideration in the subsequent assessment of the adaptation capabilities of infrastructure to the new conditions of economic policy. The author’s analysis of the research has shown that over the past decades there has been a set of terms that define the concept of “support infrastructure of business structures’ with varying accuracy. Thanks to the application of content analysis, it is established that the category of “support infrastructure of business structures’ is formulated within the framework of functional, object and
 territorial approaches. For the first time, the components of this concept, identified in this way, as well as the classification of its elements. This can become the basis for a theoretical systematization and a comprehensive assessment of the adaptive capabilities of the infrastructure in transforming conditions.

Investigation of program mechanisms efficiency for the small and medium-sized businesses development in Russia

The study examines the improvement trends of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia by the year 2021. Measures of state support aimed at developing the entrepreneurship are outlined. The effective growth of entrepreneurship leads to the satisfaction of products, works, services, and new jobs. Support for small and medium-sized business entities in foreign countries is at a higher level than in Russia. This is due not only to the long period of formation of the market economy but also to the fact that foreign countries’ government attaches great importance to small forms of enterprises and supports them by implementing special programs and providing benefits. The study aims to evaluate the program mechanisms’ efficiency for developing small and medium-sized entrepreneurship in Russia. The authors substantiated a system of indicators characterizing state support’s socio-economic efficiency in consolidated blocks: entrepreneurial, budgetary, and social efficiency. A methodology for assessing state programs’ efficiency for developing small and medium-sized businesses, including integral indicators based on the standardization of entrepreneurial efficiency components, has been developed. This methodology makes it possible to identify the relationship between the social aspects of entrepreneurial activity and state support.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА В РОССИИ

Entrepreneurship from a socio-economic perspective is the basis for the development of the economies of countries. In this article, the goal is to determine the features of the development of entrepreneurship in Russia based on the analysis of small and mediumsized, as well as high-tech businesses. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: the concept of "entrepreneurship" and the criteria that determine its small and medium form were clarified; analyzed the state of entrepreneurship in Russia; the main features of the functioning of Russian entrepreneurship are highlighted. The results of the presented study contribute to the development of the theory and practice of entrepreneurship, and also have practical significance for use by the authorities and management as analytical information in the preparation of regulatory and tacticalstrategic documents for solving problems within the framework of the national project "Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and support of individual entrepreneurial initiative".

The problem of staffing for the digital transformation of the entrepreneurial sector and the directions of its solutions

The active development of digitalization can have a significant impact on the formation of competitive advantages of organizations in the entrepreneurial sector, which was clearly manifested with the onset of the pandemic. The generalization of the results of business surveys in the entrepreneurial sector of the EU countries and Russia, presented in the work, revealed that the problem of staffing occupies a prominent place among the constraints on the development of digital transformations. It is shown that the current situation is characterized by an increasing demand for qualified specialists in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for various sectors of the economy against the background of a low level of digital skills in the workplace. At the same time, both in the entrepreneurial sector of the EU countries and in Russia, the coverage of organizations with advanced digital technologies is insignificant, in contrast to the basic segment technologies. Using the principal components method, generalized characteristics were constructed for reflecting the active use of advanced digital technologies in various fields, which made it possible to further assess their relationship with the set of indicators of investment in human capital. The implemented approach showed promising directions for solving the problem of staffing the digitalization of the business sector, which seems relevant for both Russian and European entrepreneurship.

Publicistic Reflection Of Russian Entrepreneurship in Second Half of 19th — early 20th Centuries in Context of History of Russian Journalism

An attempt to outline the contours of a new research field within the framework of the history of Russian journalism — the history of entrepreneurial journalism of the mid — second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries is presented. The publicistic work of Russian entrepreneurs of this time is interpreted by the authors as the forerunner of modern business journalism. It is shown that the key role in its constitution was played by the Great Reforms of the 1860s — 1870s, during which entrepreneurship became a collective actor in the emerging public (media) space and showed the ability to express and defend its interests, including through the printed word. It is noted that even then an array of non-professional entrepreneurial publications of various genres began to take shape, which subsequently evolved into an independent branch of journalistic creativity. It is pointed out that entrepreneurs-publicists remained primarily practitioners, people of action, which determined the special pragmatism of their texts, closely related to the “guild” and personal business interests. The authors come to the conclusion that when studying the journalistic creativity of entrepreneurs, not only logical coherence should be taken into account, but also the synchronicity of all forms of the author’s verbal creativity and his business activity.

Women Entrepreneurship in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic

The article is devoted to the analysis of the level of development of women's entrepreneurship in the context of the pandemic and the crisis of 2020. The thesis that women's entrepreneurship was most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic was verified. The article presents the results of an original focus group interview with female entrepreneurs of the Perm Region (Russia), conducted with the aim of studying their social well-being and adaptation to the conditions of the pandemic. Despite negative assessments of socio-cultural conditions and measures to support women's entrepreneurship in Russia, there is a high adaptability of Russian female entrepreneurs to crisis conditions. Female entrepreneurs find new opportunities for business development, expect the further development of women's business communities and the reduction of gender inequality. Based on the results of the focus group the qualities that contribute to the more successful adaptation of female entrepreneurs to the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic were highlighted: the ability to establish and maintain social ties (networking), focus on the social importance of business, flexibility in making new decisions and focus on learning.

Entrepreneurship support institutions in Russia

The article presents historical and modern aspects of the theory of entrepreneurship, the role of entrepreneurship in the socio-economic life of the country. The paper considers the reasons: why the state should create conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses. The study gives criteria for defining small and medium-sized businesses in Russia and in the European Union. The author studies and presents the main indicators that characterize the degree of development of small and medium-sized businesses in terms of their involvement in the economy. The article gives the classification of the main measures to support small and medium-sized businesses in countries with a developed business sector. The paper considers the main measures of state support for entrepreneurship in Russia and assesses their effectiveness.

General issues of forensic characteristics of fraud connected with subsidy payments in the sphere of small and medium entrepreneurship

One of the strategic guidelines for sustainable socio-economic development is the creation of favorable conditions for small and medium entrepreneurship. According to article 6 of the Federal Law “On the development of small and medium entrepreneurship in Russia” of July 24, 2007 #209, government policy in this sphere is a part of socio-economic policy, and includes political, economic, social, informational, legal, organizational, educational and other activities performed by Russia’s public and local authorities. The research subject is the mechanism of fraud connected with subsidy payments in the sphere of small and medium entrepreneurship, and the patterns of organizational and methodological support of the work of law enforcement agencies aimed at the detection, investigation and solution of such crimes. According to the above-mentioned law, the implementation of regional programs with financial support from the federal centre is meant to facilitate the achievement of these goals, since small and medium entrepreneurship has a prominent regional aspect, and is a strategic resource of spatial development. At the same time, in the last few years, the facts of illegal receipt of budgetary funds by business entities in the form of federal, regional and local subsidies have been registered more and more often. Law enforcement agencies failed to effectively detect and investigate these crimes, which can be explained by the lack of methodological support of their work and modern tools based on information technologies. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by its tasks, and consists in the substantiation of conclusions about the organic interrelation of the organization and methodology of investigation fraud-related crimes in the sphere of small and medium entrepreneurship, and the development of ways of their improvement.   

Перспективы внедрения интеллектуальных ресурсов в цифровую среду торгового предпринимательства

The relevance and practical significance of the research is determined by the increasing role of intellectual resources in the conditions of digitalization of entrepreneurship. Along with other types, intellectual resources determine the competitiveness of trade enterprises and act as a key factor in their development. One of the main features that characterize the modern economy is a high level of competition, which ultimately leads to the need to maximize the use of all available resources, actively introduce innovative technologies, and quickly adapt to changing market conditions. The scope of the study is expanded by the fact that during the coronavirus pandemic, commercial entrepreneurship in Russia was greatly transformed. suffered and transformed. The pandemic has pushed commerce to online platforms, and contributed to the development of a favorable environment for e-commerce. Currently, a wide range of digital innovations are used in commercial entrepreneurship. The COVID-19 crisis has accelerated the spread of e-commerce to new firms, customers, and products. This allowed the trade enterprises to continue working, despite the limitations of contacts. At the same time, the possession of intellectual capital has a significant impact on the competitiveness of firms. The importance of intangible assets as a source of competitive advantages is growing rapidly. Blockchain and related technologies are currently relevant, many industries are exploring their capabilities, and new ways to use it are constantly emerging. Since the distributed ledger technology creates a secure, verified, and immutable information chain, it finds application in brand protection and enforcement, and is used to track.

The Firm “F. Schwabe” in the Context of Russian Industrialization in the Second Half of the XIX – early XX century

Introduction. The relevance of the stated topic is due to the significance of the problem of the formation of entrepreneurship as an important social component of industrial and post-industrial society. Many modern contradictory processes of post-industrial globalized society have analogs in the modernization of the second half of the XIX – early XX century. Materials and Methods. The modernization paradigm was chosen as the main strategy of the study, and this choice contributed to the identification of socio-political, socio-economic and socio-cultural influences on the formation of entrepreneurship in Russia. The history of the formation of the Schwabe company – from a small shop selling imported optics to a large enterprise – was considered in the context of the processes of industrialization in the optical industry as a whole. The technique of combining macro and micro-historical research was used. Results. The history of the formation of the company F. Schwabe reflected the peculiarities of the development of industrial society in Russia: the uneven course of the industrial revolution, dependence on imports, and technological backwardness were combined with high rates of development, the use of various mechanisms for expanding influence in the industry: publishing catalogs, opening new stores and branches throughout the Russian Empire, attracting capital from shareholders and investments from foreign banks, cooperation with educational institutions, the Boundary Office as consumers of optical devices, free packaging and delivery of goods to consumers, participation in Russian and international industrial exhibitions. Discussion and Conclusions. The Russian bourgeoisie has become an important socio-organizing factor in the development of the optical industry. Its vital activity played a significant role in the formation of industrial society. It is safe to say that the firm F. Schwabe was at the forefront of Russia’s modernization at the turn of the century. Working in a new promising sector of the economy – the production and sale of optical devices – the owners of the company actively conquered the market. The history of the Schwabe company is presented in the study not only as the evolution of production capacities and technologies, but also as the history of entrepreneurial experience, socio-cultural activities of the bourgeoisie, the continuity of entrepreneurial traditions and bourgeois values.

Taxes as a tool for development in healthcare industry in Russia and the world

It is generally assumed that the result of the healthcare company's work is taxed. This is the principle used by most tax systems in the world. But not with us. The tax system that is currently being used in Russia, which was invented and implemented by "experts" from the IMF, is not based on the state withdrawing from the producer some, even the lion's share, of the profit that he received. The know-how of this system consists of “wind up” taxes and other mandatory payments of a tax nature on the cost of production and on each other. The concept of social entrepreneurship at the microeconomic level is revealed. The characteristics of social and socially oriented enterprises are given, their role as a palliative in alleviating poverty in Russia is shown. The main obstacles to the formation and development of social entrepreneurship in Russia are identified. Measures to overcome them are proposed and the prospects of this type of entrepreneurship are evaluated.

Financial Mechanism for the Development of Islamic Business in the Russian Federation

Purpose: in modern conditions in Russia there are regions with a large proportion of the Muslim population that implement initiatives for the development of Islamic business, however, the functioning Islamic business model practically does not differ from the traditional model of Russian entrepreneurship, only individual elements and principles, types and forms of entrepreneurial activity based on principles of Sharia, Islamic banking is being promoted more actively. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to study the financial mechanism for the development of Islamic business in the Russian Federation in the context of the implementation of key areas of state support for entrepreneurship at the federal and regional levels.Methods: the study is based on the use of general scientific methods of induction and deduction, a review of scientific sources; the quantitative assessment is based on the calculation of statistical indicators, in particular: the relative size of the structure of segments of the Islamic economy with comparative studies in the country context of the volume of the halal food market, chain and basic indicators of the series of dynamics of directions of state support for Islamic business and regional levels.Results: the article analyzes the main directions, tools and institutions for the implementation of state support for Islamic entrepreneurship in foreign practices, indicating the active development of legislative, regulatory and organizational infrastructure, large-scale financing of infrastructure support programs. The article also provides an analytical overview of the development of Islamic business in the Russian Federation. Particular attention in the article is paid to the analysis of federal and regional programs to support Islamic entrepreneurship, which made it possible to identify the features of the implementation of the mechanism of state support.Conclusions and Relevance: it has been determined that in Russia the most developed segments of Islamic entrepreneurship are the halal industry, the development of which is supported by state programs at the sub-federal level, and the relationship of partner banking. The factors that limit the development of Islamic entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation have been identified: inadequacy of federal programs for financing Islamic business; the local nature of support for Islamic entrepreneurs within the framework of regional programs («point» principle).

Правовая адаптация в условиях влияния промышленной революции на предпринимательскую деятельность и ключевые компоненты экосистемы

The paper is an overview of the themes selected for the main topic of the issue, their relevance and the validity of the research conducted in the journal for the legislation and law enforcement practice in the context of the industrial revolution and the need for greening modern business. In addition, the author explains the editorial board’s choice of the main topic of the next issue of the legal journal of Volgograd State University “LegalConcept = Legal paradigm” under the title “The right to protect human health and an environmentally friendly business environment”. The objective need for the technology development of the intensive involvement of the potential of Russian environmental entrepreneurship in the industrial revolution processes is substantiated. The most important tasks are identified, which are addressed by the developments in the legal regulation of the digitalization processes of environmental entrepreneurship in Russia. The author lists a set of measures that, in the author’s opinion, are of primary importance for ensuring these processes. It is noted that the topic proposed for development is closely related to the formation of scientific and technological foundations that ensure the economic growth and social development of the Russian Federation. The state of scientific and technological progress achieved by modern society is manifested by the widespread use of digital technologies in various areas of production, business management, the provision of services in medicine, the banking sector, and the social sphere. It is proved that comfortable life, the security of the processes through qualitatively new regulatory approaches, the state security, including cybersecurity, overcoming the adverse effects due to natural disasters, as well as the introduction of biotechnology, entailing the appearance of unknown infectious diseases and viruses, preventing man-made disasters – these and many other goals and objectives can’t be achieved now or get a solution without the use of digital information technologies. It is also impossible to ignore the studies of the society and nature interaction, the cross-sectoral impact of modern technology in the field of renewable energy, the turnover of energy resources and energy efficiency improvement on the environment, the life and health of citizens, the public and state institutions designed to participate in the protection of the environment which corresponds to the solution of the specific objectives set in the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation. According to the author, the studies of the dynamics of interaction between the economic and legal institutions in the field of renewable energy development, the turnover of energy resources, and energy efficiency improvement will contribute to the expansion in renewable energy as one of the “green” sectors of the economy.

Системные связи и закономерности развития среднего предпринимательства в России

Medium-sized entrepreneurship in many countries plays a stabilizing role in the economy. The article is devoted to the issues of assessing the situation in Russia from 2010 till 2019. The purpose of the study is to analyze the development of medium-sized entrepreneurship in Russia, including in the context of federal districts. The published results of study on this topic were analyzed in economic and instrumental sections. The dynamics of the number of medium-sized enterprises in Russia, including the situation in federal districts, was considered. More or less "successful" districts were identified, quantitative estimates were made. A downward trend in the number of employees in such enterprises was revealed. The dynamics of turnover of medium-sized enterprises was analyzed and compared to the number of employees. It was concluded that in some years there was dependence between these indicators, but in general for the period – there was not. The change in labor productivity was considered, the presence of positive dynamics in Russia as a whole and in districts was established. Structural analysis of investments in fixed assets per capita was carried out. Their natural structure was identified, the most and the least favorable years in this regard were identified. The general conclusion was made that the development of this form of management in the country, in particular, within the framework of the implemented National projects, is expedient and in demand.

Peculiarities of interaction of an investigator and operations officers during the detection and investigation of fraud-related crimes connected with subsidy payments in the sphere of small and medium entrepreneurship

Sustainable socio-economic development of Russia is a strategic guideline for the creation of favorable conditions for entrepreneurship in the country. Article 6 of the Federal Law “On the development of small and medium entrepreneurship in Russia” of July 24, 2007 No 209 states that the governmental policy in this sphere is a part of the state socio-economic policy, and is a composition of political, economic, social, informational, legal, organizational, educational and other steps taken by Russia’s public and local authorities.  At the same time, in the last few years, the cases of illegal acquisition of budgetary funds by business entities in the form of federal, regional and local subsidies have been registered more and more often. Law enforcement agencies failed to effectively detect and investigate these crimes, which can be explained by the lack of methodological support of their work and modern tools based on information technologies. Intelligence support plays a significant role in the investigation of fraud connected with subsidies in the sphere of small and medium entrepreneurship. It is explained not only by the large amount of documentation and the spatiotemporal dissemination of a crime scene, but also by the fact that in most cases, the illegal acquisition of subsidies by small and medium business entities is pretends to be a legal economic activity.  The research subject is the laws of organizational and methodological support of the work of law-enforcement agencies aimed at the detection and investigation of fraud-related crimes. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the solution of its tasks, and consists in the substantiation of conclusions about the natural interrelation between the organization and the method of investigation of fraud-related crimes connected with the acquisition of subsidies in the sphere of small and medium business, and the development of ways of their improvement.   

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ОБЪЕКТИВНЫХ ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТЕЙ И ОСНОВНЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ АГРОКОРПОРАЦИЙ С МАЛЫМ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВОМ НА ПРИМЕРЕ КРАСНОДАРСКОГО КРАЯ

Purpose : development of scientifically grounded recommendations for effective interaction between agricultural corporations and small businesses. The information base of this work is based on the official data of Krasnodarstat, as well as on information from periodicals on the subject under study, official Internet sites. Results: the authors made an attempt to develop recommendations for effective interaction between agricultural corporations and small businesses. The future of Russian entrepreneurship and the development of small businesses is directly determined by the possibilities of forming corporate ties between small and large enterprises. The overwhelming majority of small businesses are in the sphere of interests of large business. A scientific hypothesis on the assumption that there is a close interaction between small businesses and agricultural corporations. Practical significance : the main provisions and conclusions can be used in the development and implementation of recommendations for improving the economic interactions of agricultural corporations of small businesses in the agro-industrial complex, in the agro- industrial complex, in developing a sound strategy for the agro-industrial complex of the Krasnodar region, while increasing the competitiveness of the national economy in the agro-industrial complex.