Russian Concept Research Articles

Концепт НАДЕЖДА в русской и китайской языковых картинах мира в свете сопоставительного лингвокультурологического анализа

The article presents contrastive linguo-culturological analysis of the unique Russian cultural concept NADEZHDA (HOPE) and the corresponding Chinese one. The purpose is to give complex description of content and structure features of verbal embodiment of the concept NADEZHDA in the aspect of Russian-Chinese language correlations. Design / methodology / approach include the following. The linguo-culturological approach is the base of the research methodology. The concrete method is the methodic of contrastive linguo-culturological analysis of conceptual content and language objectification of the concept. The material of the study is the data of basic Russian and Chinese dictionaries. Practical implications of the research are conditioned by possibility to use its results for teaching Russian as foreign language for Chinese graduate and post-graduate students. The results can be also used in the theory and practice of compiling the innovational dictionaries of concepts and linguo-cultural thesauri. Findings are that all the sense components of the Russian cultural concept the concept NADEZHDA are mainly presented in Chinese, but they are realized in different, diverged semantically and historically words. If the Russian concept NADEZHDA goes back to the idea of a stronghold, a support, the Chinese concept accents prospective semantics on the basis of spatial representations. Different cultural realities of Russian and Chinese worlds are expected to be reflected in language embodiment of compared concepts. Originality / value consists in that the analysis proves that the Russian concept NADEZHDA is connected with the other concepts VERA (FAITH) and SUD’BA (DESTINY) together with them expressing the key idea of the Russian language picture of the world about unpredictability of the universe, while the Chinese concept is corresponded with the idea of Middle Way and moderation, it is mainly oriented to the concept NORM.

Comparative analysis of the Russian foreign policy priorities and research interests of the national academic community

Assessment of the correlation in priorities of the academic community and national foreign policy represents not only an intriguing research question by itself, but also an important practical task. As the governmental bodies remain the main source of demand for professionals and research in International Relations, such analysis could create a foundation for the status and material aspirations of scholars. Nevertheless, there were no systematic attempts to assess the abovementioned correlation on the basis of the sufficient empirical data. The current article is aimed to stimulate discussion regarding the connections between policy and academic priorities through providing comparative analysis of the major directions in Russian official documents and topics covered in PhD theses on International Politics. The analysis covers the period from the early 1990s until 2016. The use of PhD theses as an object for the current study is justified by their reflection of long-term research orientations, significant multiplying effect on higher education and academic publications, as well as define transition of young specialists from students to members of the professional community. The article proves that thematical preferences of the PhD theses, prepared in 2000s and 2010s, to a great extent correlate with the priorities defined by the Russian Concepts of foreign policy. However, they underrepresent several important policy directions, siuch as arms control, political aspects of global innovation system and international relations in the Post-Soviet space and in the Asia Pacific.

Natural-Legal Theory as a Source of the Modern Russian Concept of the Rights and Freedoms of a Person

In article the genesis and development of the theory about the rights and freedoms of a person are studied. Works of classics and modern scientists about the reasons of their emergence, about justification of giving to the rights and freedoms of natural character are analyzed. Features of formation and evolution of the natural-legal theory in Russia are investigated. Negative consequences of denial of the theory during the Soviet period and her positive influence on process of democratization of the Russian society during the postsoviet period are noted. The problem of a ratio of the natural right with positive law, their influence at each other, completeness of legal fixing of the rights and freedoms of the person is solved. The changes in the theory about natural human rights which have arisen under the influence of process of historical development of society are considered. As a result of a research the author comes to a conclusion about a positive role of the theory about the natural rights and freedoms of the person in general and also about her positive influence on modern science of constitutional right and law-making.

Абсолюты в национальных картинах мира: представления французов и русских о добре и зле

The article is devoted to a contrastive analysis of the categories of good and evil / right and wrong in the French and Russian mentality. These notions belong to the basic worldview categories. In the formation of these concepts, mythological substrata, philosophical systems of different epochs, and religious doctrines also take part. The result of the study shows that the Russian conception of good and evil was mostly influenced by Christianity, while the French one -- by the antiquity. This determines the characteristics of all the concepts derived. The most striking differences between the French mentality and the Russian one are seen in the analysis of a concept that sounds like good (dobro) in Russian. In the French ordinary consciousness, it is quite different (as well as kindness). We associate this fact with the specific interpretation in the French culture of the concept of disinterested action. Undoubtedly, it is present in the French mind, due to Christian principles, but in everyday consciousness the ideas connected with pragmatic activity aimed at human prosperity (good) turn out to be more prominent. This is confirmed not only by the infringement of the concept of good in the French language, which is seen in compatibility, but also by special meanings, which appear in the fortune, occasion, vérité, accentuating the good. Epithets characterizing human behavior from the point of view of this particular moral category («good, kind») are also replaced by epithets that describe not the essence of temper but socially significant manifestations of it. We associate this difference between two cultures with the ascent of these concepts to fundamentally different origins.

The Poetics and Politics of Modern Russian Biography

Slavonic and East European Review, 96, 1, 2018 The Poetics and Politics of Modern Russian Biography POLLY JONES Like many genres, biography came belatedly to Russia. As with other such late arrivals, biography underwent intensive growth in quantity, sophistication, cultural significance and popularity from the era of Nicholas I onwards. It stands today as a dominant force in post-Soviet publishing. Yet studies of Russian biography’s poetics and its role as a literary and cultural institution in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries remain thin on the ground, a fact often lamented, yet not fully addressed, in the scattered writings on the subject.1 The present volume examines Polly Jones is Associate Professor of Russian and Schrecker-Barbour Fellow at University College, Oxford. 1 Book-length studies of Russian biography are almost non-existent, with the exception of G. O. Vinokur, Biografiia i kul´tura, Moscow, 1927; Dmitrii Zhukov, Biografiia biografii: razmyshleniia o zhanre, Moscow, 1980; D. Kalugin, Proza zhizni. Russkie biografii XVIII–XIX veka, St Petersburg, 2015, and the series published by Memorial, Pravo na imia. Biografii XX veka. Important Russian articles on the form include Boris Tomashevsky, ‘Literature and Biography’, in Krystyna Pomorska and Ladislav Matejka (eds), Readings in Russian Poetics, Cambridge, MA, 1971, pp. 47–55; Iurii Lotman, ‘Literaturnaia biografiia v istoriko-kul´turnom kontekste (k tipologicheskomu sootnosheniiu teksta i lichnosti avtora)’, in O russkoi literature. Stat´i i issledovaniia: Istoriia russkoi prozy, teoriia literatury, St Petersburg, 1997, pp. 804–17; B. V. Dubin, ‘Biografiia, reputatsiia, anketa. O formakh interpretatsii opyta v pis´mennoi kulture’, in Slovo, pis´mo, literatura, Moscow, 2001, pp. 98–119. The ‘Lives of Remarkable People’ series has attracted the most analysis, though more historical than textual. Several texts are analysed in Zhukov, Biografiia biografii; see also G. E. Pomerantseva, Biografiia v potoke vremeni: ZhZL, zamysly i voploshcheniia serii, Moscow, 1987; Ludmilla A. Trigos and Carol R. Ueland, ‘Literary Biographies in the Lives of Remarkable People Series (Zhizn´ zamechatel´nykh liudei)’, Slavic & East European Journal, 60, 2016, 2, pp. 207–20; Inna Bulkina, ‘The Lives of Remarkable People: Between Plutarch and Triapichkin’, Russian Studies in Literature, 49, 2013, 2, pp. 87–95. Several excellent studies of Russian concepts of the self shed light on biography but are not intended as direct studies of the genre: Jochen Hellbeck and Klaus Heller, Autobiographical Practices in Russia = Autobiographische Praktiken in Russland, Göttingen, 2004; Lidiia Ginzburg, On Psychological Prose, trans. Judson Rosengrant, Princeton, NJ, 1991; Laura Engelstein and Stephanie Sandler, Self and Story in Russian History, Ithaca, NY, 2000. POLLY JONES 2 modern Russian biography as a literary form, a publishing phenomenon and a cultural force that reveals and contests hegemonic ideas of the role of the individual in society, and of the make-up of the human personality itself. The History of Russian Biography The history of biography is long, with textual narratives of human lives dating back at least to Ancient Greece, if not the Pharaonic era. But it is also relatively short, with recognition (even naming) and theorization of the genre hesitant and partial in many cultures.2 Biography’s very hybridity or ‘impurity’ — its fusions of art and science, history and literature — long left it excluded from generic taxonomies, or consigned to the unprestigious periphery of the various professions with which it intersected, primarily history and literature.3 Its galloping mass appeal and its tendencies to either burnish or demolish reputations (the former still much more common) tended to make critics suspicious, or even disdainful, about the idea of subjecting the genre to serious analysis. Biography for much of its 2 Biography as a term appeared in English in the seventeenth century; in Russia, the term took until the nineteenth century to be established. On the disjuncture between practice and theorization of the genre, see Daniel Madelénat, La biographie, Paris, 1984 (whose detailed genre study is intended to address the ‘lack of an -ology’ of the genre, as he terms it). On the neglect of biography in criticism, especially before the 1950s, see also David Novarr, The Lines of Life: Theories of Biography, 1880–1970, West Lafayette, IN, 1986. On the neglect of its poetics, see Ira Bruce Nadel, Biography: Fiction, Fact...

Kultaisen keskitien jäljillä

This paper analyzes and describes the conceptualization and definitions of translation strategies in Russian translation studies in comparison to Western translation studies. In Western translation studies, global translation strategies are often approached in terms of dichotomies, such as Lawrence Venuti’s concepts of foreignization and domestication (1995). In contrast, Russian translation scholars prefer to focus on a third strategy, ‘the golden mean’ between the two extremes (Barhudarov 1975; Komissarov 1990; Recker 1974). Although the idea of ‘the golden mean’ has also appeared in Western ideas about translation (see e.g. Dryden 1991/1680), it is far less prevalent than in Russian translation studies, and its Russian concepts are little known in the West. This article presents a conceptual analysis of global and local translation strategies in the tradition of Russian translation studies, comparing them to the concepts of foreignization and domestication as well as local strategies commonly occuring in Western translation studies.

Rosyjska wizja narodu ogólnoruskiego

The article offers a discussion of the Russian concept of the community to which Russians refer as ‘national’, ‘pan-Russian’, or the ‘threefold nation of Rus’. Focused on the Russian perception of the other two components of such a community, Ukrainians and Belarusians, the study draws on the latest sociological surveys, mainly those conducted by the Levada Centre, a Moscow-based independent research organisation respected for its quality opinion polls. The discussion also presents historically conditioned factors shaping the Russian perception of the two Slavic neighbours, which was greatly dependent on Russian self-awareness in terms of such dimensions as power (dynastic, feudal, autocratic, totalitarian), religion (Orthodoxy), history (Kievan Rus’), state (the supra-ethnic empire of Peter I), nation (state or ethnic nationalism), and culture (high culture characterised by an idea of superiority over societies with incomplete social structure). The significance of individual content elements of these categories was subject to historical evolution during the period under discussion.

"Pillars of the Nation": The Making of a Russian Muslim Intelligentsia and the Origins of Jadidism

Historians who study imperial Russia's Muslims have long used the term as well as the corresponding Turkic words such as ziyalilar and aydinlar (enlightened ones) to refer to or in relation to a turn of the 20th-century phenomenon that is otherwise known as (cedidcilik), which might loosely be interpreted as modernist or progressive reformism among the tsarist empire's Muslims. (1) The Kazan Tatar-origin Turkish scholar Akdes Nimet Kurat, for instance, describes Jadidism in a seminal 1966 article as a social and cultural movement with political implications that emerged from the introduction of usul-i cedid (the method), or modern education, among Russia's Muslims by the famous Crimean Tatar publisher and activist Isma'il Bey Gasprinskiy (1851-1914) in the 1880s. Thereafter, Kurat uses intelligentsia, ziyalilar, and aydinlar interchangeably to refer to a network (ktile, lit. mass) of activists who helped spread the new method or were products of it. (2) The eminent Kazan Tatar historian Mirkasym Usmanov concurs; he also uses ziyalilar and intelligentsiia interchangeably. (3) Edward Lazzerini uses to refer to educated elites while distinguishing between Islamic scholars as the religious and Jadidists as the (4) Danielle Ross further qualifies Lazzerini's with ideological designators such as liberal, nationalist, and revolutionary, (5) a position that I have also emphasized, although with less emphasis on the term (6) Thus the existence of a Russian Muslim intelligentsia, and its correspondence to or connections with Jadidism as a progressive reformist movement among Russia's Muslims, seems to be taken for granted in the literature with a few exceptions, which I discuss below. (7) However, while the conceptual history of the term has been a fruitful topic of research in the context of the Russian and especially the Polish intelligentsias, (8) a similar study in the context of Russia's Muslims has not yet been undertaken. Even the otherwise remarkable Tatar Encyclopedia does not offer an entry on intelligentsiia or its likely Turkic equivalent ziyalilar. (9) In this article, I trace the emergence and early evolution of the concept of intelligentsia among Russia's Muslims, with a focus on Russia proper as distinct from the later colonized territories of the Caucasus region and Central Asia. In addition to marking the birth of the Russian Muslim intelligentsia during the revolution of 1905, this conceptual history provides important insights about the self-perception and societal positioning of the Russian Muslim intelligentsia. Most important, it highlights how Muslim intellectuals modeled themselves after the Russian, Polish, and other intelligentsias in conceiving of themselves as an intelligentsia, partly due to Gasprinskiy's notable role in translating Russian conceptions of the intelligentsia into the Russian Muslim context. It also documents how the early Russian Muslim intelligentsia perceived itself as a secular societal force responsible for and in charge of bringing progress to Russia's Muslims and, which is important, as distinct from the ulama, the network of Islamic scholars. Therefore, although one might conceptualize the Russian Muslim intelligentsia for purposes of historical analysis as broadly including at least some Islamic scholars, this has to be done with caution, because the early 20th-century Russian Muslim language of practice designated the as a more specific cohort of lay activists. This designation did not automatically exclude individuals with an Islamic education--especially since opportunities for lay education remained significantly limited for most Muslims in the empire. For inclusion, however, it required commitment to a modernist and secularist mode of progress as promoted by Gasprinskiy, those like him, and their followers among Russia's Muslims. …

Dependability of technical items: Problems of standardization

This paper is concerned with problems blown up in the development of a new version of the Interstate Standard GOST 27.002 “Industrial product dependability. Terms and definitions”. This Standard covers a wide range of technical items and is used in numerous regulations, specifications, standard and technical documentation. A currently available State Standard GOST 27.002-89 was introduced in 1990. Its development involved a participation of scientists and experts from different technical areas, its draft was debated in different audiences and constantly refined, so it was a high quality document. However, after 25 years of its application it’s become necessary to develop a new version of the Standard that would reflect the current understanding of industrial dependability, accounting for the changes taking place in Russia in the production, management and development of various technical systems and facilities. The development of a new version of the Standard makes it possible to generalize on a terminological level the knowledge and experience in the area of reliability of technical items, accumulated over a quarter of the century in different industries and reliability research schools, to account for domestic and foreign experience of standardization. Working on the new version of the Standard, we have faced a number of issues and problems on harmonization with the International Standard IEC 60500-192, caused first of all by different approaches to the use of terms and differences in the mentalities of experts from different countries. The paper focuses on the problems related to the chapter “Maintenance, restoration and repair”, which caused difficulties for the developers to harmonize term definitions both with experts and the International Standard, which is mainly related to differences between the Russian concept and practice of maintenance and repair and foreign ones.

WRONGFUL TRADING: COMPARATIVE APPROACH (ENGLAND AND WALES, RUSSIA AND THE USA)

This paper is designed to discover legal rules addressing insolvency trading in three jurisdictions: England and Wales, Russia and the USA. Originally it was a master’s dissertation written under supervision of Ms. Sarah Paterson, who was extremely helpful and patient. The key jurisdiction for the research is England and Wales, whose wrongful trading provision apparently was the very first insolvency regulation in the field. Here, we will give particular attention to the factual circumstances of insolvency trading and research how the concept of wrongful trading addresses them. The next question will be how the American concept of deepening insolvency and the Russian concept of subsidiary liability are comparable with wrongful trading. Later, we will focus on the functions that should be performed by the regulations. Also, the effectiveness of wrongful trading and similar overseas provisions will be examined. Finally, this paper attempts to find obstacles to the wide application of wrongful trading provision.

WRONGFUL TRADING: COMPARATIVE APPROACH (ENGLAND AND WALES, RUSSIA AND THE USA)

This paper is designed to discover legal rules addressing insolvency trading in three jurisdictions: England and Wales, Russia and the USA. Originally it was a master’s dissertation written under supervision of Ms. Sarah Paterson, who was extremely helpful and patient. The key jurisdiction for the research is England and Wales, whose wrongful trading provision apparently was the very first insolvency regulation in the field. Here, we will give particular attention to the factual circumstances of insolvency trading and research how the concept of wrongful trading addresses them. The next question will be how the American concept of deepening insolvency and the Russian concept of subsidiary liability are comparable with wrongful trading. Later, we will focus on the functions that should be performed by the regulations. Also, the effectiveness of wrongful trading and similar overseas provisions will be examined. Finally, this paper attempts to find obstacles to the wide application of wrongful trading provision.

История понятий как политологическая дисциплина (к выходу перевода словаря основных исторических понятий)

History of concepts has influenced several political science disciplines: political philosophy, political theory, political history, history of social and political thought, even political analysis. Despite considerable interest of Soviet and post-Soviet humanities to the social and political vocabulary, for a long time this impact was not as noticeable in Russia as in the West. It was only in 2000‑2010s when active development of corresponding scholar approaches started and the key works of R. Koselleck, K. Skinner and other scholars were translated. After Russian readers studied achievements of the leading schools, German Historical Institute in Moscow issued a translation of selected articles from the German dictionary “Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland” (1972‑1997), edited by O. Brunner, W. Conze and R. Koselleck. This article reviews the translated book in the context of Russian studying of the history of concepts and the formation of this approach as a political sub-discipline. In accordance with the approach proposed by J. Farr, the methodological basis for the studying of social and political concepts should be “political theory of conceptual change” which deals with language as a political tool, and with conceptual changes as political changes. One of the characteristics of development of a scientific discipline is formation of a system of reference books. Russian scholars have already gained considerable experience in the study of social and political concepts, which allows to approach closely the issue of the preparation of reference books and systematic descriptions of Russian concepts.

Правовые Проблемы Эффективности Публичной Власти в Условиях Современного Экономического Развития Российской Федерации (Legal Problems of the Effectiveness of Public Authorities in the Conditions of Modern Economic Development of the Russian Federation)

Russian Abstract: Публичная власть представляет собой сложное многомерное явление, вызывающее в юридической, политической, и других науках многочисленные дискуссии по ряду гносеологических и методологических аспектов ее обоснования и определения. В непростых современных экономических условиях курс на развитие российской концепции сильного государства, способного эффективно выполнять как свои внутренние, так и внешние функции, становится особо актуальными проблема повышения эффективности публичной власти. Это требует разработки четкой и развернутой конституционно-правовой концепции эффективности механизма публичной власти, учитывающей связи между всеми ее элементами, а не только отдельными блоками, также ясного представления ее практического осуществления в определённых критериях ее эффективности.English Abstract: Public authority is a complex multidimensional phenomenon that causes legal, political, and other sciences numerous discussions on a number of epistemological and methodological aspects of the study and its definition. In the difficult current economic conditions in the course of development of the Russian concept of a strong state capable of effectively fulfill both its internal and external functions, it is particularly relevant the problem of increasing the efficiency of public authorities. This requires the development of clear and expanded the constitutional-legal concept of the effectiveness of the mechanism of public authority, taking into account the relationships between all of its elements, and not just individual units, and a clear idea of ​​its practical implementation in the specific criteria of its effectiveness.

Пирог и баница: сходство и различие лингвокультурных концептов

Целью статьи является установление лингвокультурного сходства и своеобразия русского концепта пирог и болгарского концепта баница. Сходство и различие концептов оценивается на уровне фактуального плана и путем сопоставления культурной составляющей как духовной ценностной основы формирования и развития моделей мировосприятия и нравственных ориентиров, кодируемых в семантике концепта.

Russian Concept of ‘Everyday Life’ and Two Types of Theory: Russian Formalism vs Bakhtin

Russian Concept of ‘Everyday Life’ and Two Types of Theory: Russian Formalism vs Bakhtin

Physical and economical aspects of Pu multiple recycling on the basis of REMIX reprocessing technology in thermal reactors

The basic strategy of Russian nuclear energy is propagation of a closed fuel cycle on the basis of fast breeder and thermal reactors, as well as the solution of the spent nuclear fuel accumulation and resource problems. The three variants of multiple Pu and U recycling in Russian pressurized water reactor concept reactors on the basis of REgenerated MIXture of U, Pu oxides (REMIX) reprocessing technology are considered in this work. The REMIX fuel is fabricated from an unseparated mixture of uranium and plutonium obtained during spent fuel reprocessing with further makeup by enriched natural U or reactor grade Pu. This makes it possible to recycle several times the total amount of Pu obtained from the spent fuel. The main difference in Pu recycling is the concept of 100% or partial fuel loading of the core. The third variant is heterogeneous composition of enriched uranium and uranium–plutonium mixed oxide fuel pins in one fuel assembly. It should be noted that all fuel assemblies with Pu require the involvement of expensive technologies during manufacturing. These three variants of the full core loadings can be balanced on zero Pu accumulation in the cycle. The various physical and economical aspects of Pu and U multiple recycling in selected variants are observed in the given work.

CHRISTIAN VALUES IN MODERN STUDENTS WORLDVIEW

Within psycholinguistic research conducted in the Ural Federal University in 2015, students were offered a set of values and meanings of Russian culture concepts. In a row words incentives the concepts reflecting traditional Christian values were included: God, belief, hope, love. The research involves identification of both conscious, and subconscious reactions of respondents. The analysis of the received results showed that concepts the love, belief and hope have the independent importance which isn›t connected with the concept God for respondents. There are considerable differences in a rational assessment of the valuable importance of concept belief on the gender basis, also found differences in the emotional evaluation of these concepts.

Across the Lines: National Self-Determination in the Baltic between the Russian, German and Allied Conceptions

This article offers a comparative analysis of how the First World War affected emerging Estonian,Latvian and Lithuanian nationalisms. There has been a clear tendency to treat the three statesdeclared by these national movements in 1918 as a single ‘Baltic’ grouping created as a result ofcommon factors and processes. Yet, such a characterisation downplays differences which arise dueto the position of the region at the very frontline of the war in the East, which brought a variety of jurisdictionsand political contexts. A further tendency has been to retrospectively portray the nationstateframework ultimately created in all three cases as the realisation of the long-cherished goal ofthe pre-1918 national movements. Such an understanding of national self-determination, however,only emerged much later, and federalist thinking continued to shape both external and internalconceptions of sovereignty during and immediately after the war. How statehood was conceived,moreover, had a lot to do with which side of the line a region was located during the conflict, withkey points of difference being discernible between the Estonian and Lithuanian cases in particular. Key words: Baltic States, federalism, statehood, autonomy, self-determination, national minorities. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ahuk.v31i0.1204

Exploring the impact of coteaching on pre-service music teachers

This study describes and analyses how coteaching affected undergraduate music education preservice teachers (PSTs). During an 8-week school placement, coteaching was used as a means of creating a reciprocal professional learning arrangement involving PSTs and primary school teachers. The theoretical framework draws on the Russian concept of obuchenie, which is a dialectical process of mutual adaptation between student and teacher. Music education PST participated as subject expert/pedagogy novice, while generalist classroom teacher occupied the role of pedagogy expert/music novice. Findings relate to the acquisition of four aspects of teacher professional agency, subject or content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, curricular knowledge, and pedagogical content knowledge. A thematic analysis was undertaken using data from interviews, PST reflective journals, observations, lesson plans, and researcher field-notes. In comparison with the traditional school placement, there was a radical improvement in the development of professional agency amongst the coteaching cohort.

SOCIO-EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE WORKING MAN FORMATION.

The paper analyzes a new for the Russian anthropology concept of the «working man», introduced in the Urals along with the propagation of a social and political movement «For the Working Man Protection»; the semantic content of the «man» and «labor» notions being observed as well as the process and problems of the working man formation in the modern world. The author emphasizes the asymmetry of the socio-economic and vocational educational infrastructure, along with the contradictions between the labor market demands for the technical and technological profile workers and the existing educational qualification structure of vocational schools. In author's opinion, the disorganization of labor training in comprehensive school and deficiencies of vocational education hinder the process of the industrial working man formation. The professional orientation system is criticized for being unable to meet the demands of modern economy and provide the young people with the adequate concept of the working career. For overcoming the above problems affecting the working man formation, the paper recommends modernization of the labor training system in comprehensive schools, reformation of vocational training, and renovation of professional orientation system. The special emphasis is given to the continuing training of the working man.