Russia Research Articles

Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis based on Convolutional Neural Network in the Russian Population: A Multicenter Prospective Study.

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus and is one of the leading causes of vision impairment globally, which is also relevant for the Russian Federation. To evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of a convolutional neural network trained for the detection of diabetic retinopathy and estimation of its severity in fundus images of the Russian population. In this cross-sectional multicenter study, the training data set was obtained from an open source and relabeled by a group of independent retina specialists; the sample size was 60,000 eyes. The test sample was recruited prospectively, 1186 fundus photographs of 593 patients were collected. The reference standard was the result of independent grading of the diabetic retinopathy stage by ophthalmologists. Sensitivity and specificity were 95.0% (95% CI; 90.8-96.4) and 96.8% (95% CI; 95.5- 99.0), respectively; positive predictive value - 98.8% (95% CI; 97.6-99.2); negative predictive value - 87.1% (95% CI, 83.4-96.5); accuracy - 95.9% (95% CI; 93.3-97.1); Kappa score - 0.887 (95% CI; 0.839-0.946); F1score - 0.909 (95% CI; 0.870-0.957); area under the ROC-curve - 95.9% (95% CI; 93.3-97.1). There was no statistically significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between the group with isolated diabetic retinopathy and those with hypertensive retinopathy as a concomitant diagnosis. The method for diagnosing DR presented in this article has shown its high accuracy, which is consistent with the existing world analogues, however, this method should prove its clinical efficiency in large multicenter multinational controlled randomized studies, in which the reference diagnostic method would be unified and less subjective than an ophthalmologist.

Психологическое сопровождение социокультурной адаптации иностранных студентов в системе высшего образования: итоги проектно-аналитической сессии

The paper analyzes the experience of psychological support for the socio-cultural adaptation of foreign students at universities of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the work is due to the significant socio-cultural, psychological, and academic difficulties that foreign students face when studying at Russian universities and, in this regard, the need to replicate the successful experience of organizing measures to adapt this target group of students in the higher education system. The results of a monitoring survey of psychological services specialists conducted at the sites of 13 universities participating in the pilot testing of the psychological service model in the higher education system in terms of psychological support for foreign students are presented. The results of the design and analytical session organized by the Federal Resource Center for Psychological Services in the Higher Education System of the Russian Academy of Education are presented in order to further replicate successful practices of psychological support for foreign students at the university. A comprehensive program of measures for psychological support of foreign students at the university is proposed. Conclusions are drawn about the expediency of integrating individual measures to accompany and support foreign students into the overall structure of the psychological service of the university.

Application of the Foresight Method in the Educational Process of Higher Education

In conditions of increasing life expectancy, declining fertility, increased migration and other demographic changes, the Foresight method can help families and society prepare for new challenges and opportunities. For example, anticipating an increase in the number of elderly people may prompt the state to develop a support program for this category of the population, and forecasting an increase in migration may contribute to the development of integration programs for new immigrants. The Foresight method is relevant in the context of demographic changes, as it allows you to predict possible scenarios for the future development of the family and society based on the analysis of current data and trends. This will make it possible to make more informed decisions and develop new tools for the state to improve the demographic situation in the country. The Foresight method is also of great relevance in education, especially in the context of technological innovations. Thus, the purpose of the article is to study the demographic situation of the Russian Federation by the Foresight method in sociology classes. The authors believe that the interest in the Foresight method lies in the fact that it allows the students of the Faculty of Economics and Management of VSTU to develope strategic thinking and planning skills, to apply those in the field of demography as well as in their future professional activity. The article presents the results of a survey of first-year students of Volgograd State Technical University (VSTU) in relation to the demographic situation in the country. The positive and negative factors affecting the demographic situation are considered. Some measures to improve the demography of the Russian Federation are proposed. The proposed Foresight method in the educational process may be of interest to teachers and methodologists of higher education engaged in the development of new approaches to training students.

Introduction of a guaranteed basic income as a probable consequence of intellctual automation of labor

Objective: to form a holistic view of the unconditional basic income as a tool of social protection, taking into account the changes in the labor sphere and allowing to solve a number of growing problems associated with the consequences of the economy digitalization, as well as to assess the prospects of creating legal regulation on this issue. Methods: the study was conducted using both general and specific scientific methods, including analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method, systemic and comparative approaches, methods of legal forecasting and legal modeling. Results: unconditional basic income can become one of the elements of a new model of social security based on the unstable nature of labor relations, which begins to prevail over the model of sustainable employment traditional for industrial society. If established, this institution will be cross-sectoral within the labor law and social security law, providing social protection simultaneously to all members of society, most of whom in the near future will face an increased risk of being absorbed by technological unemployment. Unconditional basic income as an element of the social protection system will have to comply with the principle of the universal nature of protection based on social solidarity, on the one hand, and to take into account the need to balance the interests of the parties, on the other hand. As experimental models of basic income, which can be put into practice in the coming years, we can name the model of basic income as a measure of social support for persons involved in atypical forms of employment. This model will affect a number of existing provisions of labor legislation and will allow over time, in case of technological unemployment, to expand the circle of unconditional basic income recipients to all people. Scientific novelty: it consists in the fact that the unconditional basic income is analyzed from the viewpoint of its compliance with the fundamental principles of labor, employment, and social security. Practical significance: it consists in revealing the significance of basic income for the implementation of social policy and in forming recommendations for modeling experiments to introduce the unconditional basic income in the Russian Federation.

Newborns’ routing organization in subjects of the Russian Federation

Newborns’ routing organization in subjects of the Russian Federation

Variation of Soil Erosion Estimates when Using Different Maps of Arable Land of the Belgorod Region

Current medium- and small-scale estimates of soil erosion in Russia are very few. At the same time, a favorable situation has now developed for assessing the rates and volumes of soil erosion losses. Erosion models have been developed that are adapted to available digital elevation models, various farmland masks and climate databases have been created. The paper studies the accuracy of erosion estimates using various maps of arable land. Two maps are public (ESA WC, GLCLU), the third is the official Ministry of Agriculture (MA) of the Russian Federation, the fourth map is an author’s reference map of Alekseevsky district. It has been established that the map of the MA gives the most average arable land areas among the first three maps. Public access maps showed maximum and minimum estimates of arable land area. Comparison with the standard showed that the accuracy of the map of the MA does not exceed 90%, the remaining maps – 84 and 83%. The area of arable land in the Belgorod region varies slightly (from 1,445 to 1,586 thousand hectares); so the region is favorable for erosion modelling. Deviations from the average rates of soil erosion calculated using different maps of arable land in the region as a whole amounted to 7%, and in some areas reached 27%. Thus, today assessments of soil erosion at the regional level can be carried out with an error of at least 10–15% only as a result of the uncertainty in mapping the boundaries of arable land. In the Russia as a whole, data on the area of arable land varies significantly, from 80 to 132 million hectares. Consequently, the use of existing maps of arable land can lead to significant uncertainties in soil erosion estimates averaged at the level of districts and above.

НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ЗАКОНА «ОБ ОСНОВАХ СИСТЕМЫ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ ПРАВОНАРУШЕНИЙ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ» С УЧЕТОМ ПРИНЯТИЯ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ЗАКОНА «О ПРОБАЦИИ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ»

The adoption of the Federal Law “On Probation in the Russian Federation”, which has, among other things, a preventive nature, necessitates further development of legislation on combating crime on the example of the Federal Law “On the Basics of the crime prevention system in the Russian Federation”. The article, taking into account the introduction of the institute of probation in Russia, formulates the directions of development of this law: determining the forms of behavior of persons who are the subject of crime prevention, and the validity or unreasonableness of attributing to them non-fulfillment (evasion) of measures provided for by an individual program within the framework of probation; considering the extension of preventive measures to persons released from correctional institutions and correctional centers; comparative study of the legal status of persons in respect of whom measures of individual prevention of offenses are carried out, convicted persons and persons to whom probation is applied; expansion of the list of subjects of prevention and public organizations involved in this; etc. Separately, the need to study educational work as a means is highlighted: the prevention of offenses in accordance with the Federal Law “On the Basics of the crime prevention system in the Russian Federation”, the correction of convicts under the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the correction of social behavior of persons in accordance with the Federal Law “On Probation in the Russian Federation” (a similar situation is with the provision of psychological assistance).

РЕСОЦИАЛИЗАЦИЯ ОСУЖДЕННЫХ, ОСВОБОЖДЕННЫХ И ОСВОБОЖДАЕМЫХ ИЗ МЕСТ ЛИШЕНИЯ СВОБОДЫ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ УФСИН РОССИИ ПО КАЛИНИНГРАДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ)

The purpose of studying the experience of the resocialization of persons who have served a custodial sentence is to identify problems that exist in the organization and implementation of this work by institutions and bodies of the penal enforcement system, consider best practices and formulate conclusions and proposals. Currently, there is no any notion of resocialization in the penal enforcement legislation, however, in some normative legal acts, in particular, in the Federal Law №. 182 «On the basics of the crime prevention system in the Russian Federation» (23 June 2016), resocialization is understood as a set of socio-economic, pedagogical and legal measures carried out by subjects of crime prevention in accordance with their competence and persons involved in crime prevention in order to reintegrate into society persons who have served a criminal sentences in the form of imprisonment and (or) those who have been subjected to other criminal law measures. The importance of the process of resocialization of persons released from prison is inexorably emphasized by statistical figures. Thus, about 60 % of those, who have committed crimes, do it again, and one in three has already been punished. On January 1st, 2024, the Federal Law «On Probation in the Russian Federation» came into force, which specifies the resocialization, social adaptation and social rehabilitation of persons released from prison as the main directions of probation. Currently, the process of developing and adopting sublegislative acts is underway. However, the existing positive experience of some regions in organizing this work should be counted. In the article the author examines the practice of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in the Kaliningrad region. The author concludes that it is necessary to analyze and generalize the practices of various regions and develop a unified approach to this area of activity of the penal enforcement system in order to streamline it.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИСПОЛНЕНИЯ НАКАЗАНИЙ, НЕ СВЯЗАННЫХ С ИЗОЛЯЦИЕЙ ОСУЖДЕННЫХ ОТ ОБЩЕСТВА, В ОТНОШЕНИИ ЛИЦ БЕЗ ОПРЕДЕЛЕННОГО МЕСТА ЖИТЕЛЬСТВА В КОНТЕКСТЕ ВВЕДЕНИЯ ПРОБАЦИИ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The study analyzes certain provisions of Federal Law No. 10-FZ dated February 6, 2023 «On Probation in the Russian Federation» in order to assess the prospects for the execution of sentences without isolating convicts from society in relation to persons without a fixed place of residence. Based on the results of the analysis, a hypothesis has been formulated about the high potential of probation activities in achieving the goals of penal enforcement legislation in relation to this category of convicts. In addition, certain imperfections of legal regulation, possible conflicts of the Federal Law «On Probation in the Russian Federation» were found, and ways to eliminate them were proposed.

The war in Ukraine in light of international law

AbstractThe aggression and the ‘special military operation’ against Ukraine by the Russian Federation have, since their outset, implied not only the violation of fundamental customary and treaty norms of international law, but, at the same time also undermine the foundations of the contemporary international legal order. The ‘special military operation’ violates several universal international conventions in the elaboration of which the predecessor state of contemporary Russia, the Soviet Union had a definitive role; furthermore, it expressly breaches Russian undertakings concerning respect for the independence and sovereignty of Ukraine. Since in this case the aggressor state is a permanent member of the UN Security Council, thus, instead of the Council, the emergency special session of the UN General Assembly proceeds on the basis of the Uniting for Peace resolution and makes recommendations for collective measures to the Member States. The present study discusses the most important international norms breached with the aggression and during the war, the resolutions of the emergency special sessions of the UN General Assembly, the post-war situation, as well as the issue of remedy and reparation due to Ukraine.

Some Problems with the Legal Regulation of the Relations in the Field of Medical Tissue Technologies in the Russian Federation

This article substantiates the need for shaping a separate legal system to regulate the relations in tissue banking, as well as biomedical tissue and hybrid technologies. The key problems that have been faced by biomedical and cellular tissue technologies in Russia were analyzed. The major deficiencies and contradictions regarding organ and tissue transplantation in the current Russian legal system were pointed out. First, there have been no federal laws governing the activities of tissue banks. Second, the procedures of human biomaterial donation for medical use remain uncontrolled. Third, there has been no consistency in the retrieval, storage, and transportation of human biomaterials. Finally, the list and legal status of organizations engaged in relevant activities and the legal regime of biological material used for these purposes have not been defined. The study focuses on the practical problems of tissue banks and innovative biomedical technologies that require a legislative initiative. Possible ways to overcome the identified contradictions and problems were discussed.

The Institution of Compensation for Harm Caused by the Russian Federal Bailiff Service

The primary task of enforcement proceedings in civil cases is to ensure that court decisions are executed appropriately. Much of the responsibility to timely and effectively enforce court decisions falls on bailiffs. However, their behavior is not always legal. This article discusses the important issues of compensating for harm caused by the Russian Federal Bailiff Service. The legal regulations that apply to a bailiff’s actions or inactions were analyzed. The real legal cases were considered. The statistical data from the Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation were summarized. Based on the results obtained, the procedural aspects of handling such cases in both general jurisdiction and arbitration courts were identified. Finally, the emphasis was placed on predicting the development of Russian legislation and procedures in compensation for harm caused by the public authorities, including the Russian Federal Bailiff Service. The enduring relevance of the studied issues for further advancement of legal science and practice was highlighted.

Possibility of exon skipping therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy in Russian patients: present and future

Background. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in children, that occurs between one and three years of age. DMD is caused by pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in the DMD gene, which lead to a deficit of various isoforms of the dystrophin protein, the main protein of the muscle cytoskeleton. Drugs aimed at slowing the progression of the disease are being actively developed around the world. One of the perspective approaches to pathogenetic therapy is therapy using exon skipping. As a result of this treatment, the reading frame is restored due to the exon skipping enabling the production of truncated dystrophin.Aim. To evaluate the applicability of exon skipping therapy in Russian patients with DMD.Materials and methods. The applicability of therapy aimed at exon skipping was analyzed for a sample of 1519 patients admitted to the laboratory of DNA diagnostics of the Research Centre for Medical Genetics with a referral diagnosis of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy from October 1, 2018 to September 1, 2023.Results. As a result of the study and analysis of the spectrum of mutations in the DMD gene among patients with DMD in the Russian Federation, the theoretical applicability of exon skipping therapy was assessed: for 29.3 % of patients this approach to treatment is applicable. The proportions of patients for whom existing exon skipping therapies are available were also estimated. In total, skipping of frequent exons 51, 53, 45 is applicable for 14.6 % of patients. Conclusion. One of the effective and accessible types of therapy for DMD is exon skipping. This type of therapy is mutation-specific. In this regard, the assessment of applicability will allow us to estimate the proportion of patients for whom a particular exon skipping will be available.

КОНСТИТУЦИОННО-ПРАВОВЫЕ ОГРАНИЧЕНИЯ ИЗБИРАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРАВ ГРАЖДАН, ОТБЫВАЮЩИХ НАКАЗАНИЯ В ВИДЕ ЛИШЕНИЯ СВОБОДЫ

The article discusses issues related to legal restrictions on the active electoral rights of citizens of the Russian Federation serving sentences of imprisonment, substantiates the position on the need for broader provision of active electoral rights to persons serving sentences of imprisonment.

Constitutionalization of Arbitration

The number of arbitration cases handled by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation has steadily increased over the years. The evolution of social practices and judicial approaches to arbitration procedures has prompted the supreme body for judicial protection of the Russian Constitution to repeatedly review whether the legal concepts used to resolve civil disputes by arbitration courts and international commercial arbitrations align with the nation’s basic law. The outcome of this process is a set of legal principles that define the constitutional and judicial foundations of arbitration in Russia. The above trends have facilitated the use of the integrative concept of constitutionalism in arbitration. This study highlights the constitutionalization of both arbitration and its social application. From a standalone perspective, the problems of enhancing the constitutional and legal principles of arbitration were discussed, and the further progress of constitutionalism in Russian arbitration was predicted.

Взгляды военно-политического руководства США на защиту критически важных объектов от угроз кибернетического воздействия

The study examines the potential threats of cybernetic impact on critical U.S. facilities that support the activities of the armed forces, and the measures of the American administration to identify and neutralize them. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that the destructive impact on critical infrastructure undermines the military potential of the state and the combat capability of the armed forces. The multidimensional and cross-border nature of threats objectively necessitates the search for ways to prevent and eliminate such threats, as well as the development of interdepartmental and international cooperation in combating cyber threats. This requirement places a burden on state and military leaders to possess knowledge not only in the realm of military security but also in the field of national cybersecurity. Significant cross-industry risks are associated with energy infrastructure, particularly with the supply of gas to electricity producers. The most vulnerable parts of infrastructure are the energy systems that are utilized to supply electricity to military bases and other U.S. military facilities located abroad. A crucial aspect of ensuring the cyber security of energy infrastructure is the regulation of the supply chain for information technology products. Awareness of vulnerabilities within the cybersecurity framework of the U.S. defense infrastructure can be leveraged to refine the list of critical targets of a potential adversary and inform the planning and execution of information operations by the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

ОХРАНА ПРАВ РЕБЕНКА МЕРАМИ УГОЛОВНО-ПРАВОВОГО ХАРАКТЕРА

The article draws attention to the fact that in accordance with pt. 1 of art. 54 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, the terms “child” and “minor” are identical. Two vectors of the protection of the rights of the child by measures of a criminal law are considered: the child as a victim of a crime (victim); and the child as the subject of the crimes he commits. Emphasis is placed on the expediency of using terms in the criminal law that specify the age group of the child, which affects either the concept of the criminality of the committed act, or the establishment of a qualifying sign of the corpus delicti, or the imposition of punishment. Proposals have been made to change the approach to establishing in the law measures of a criminal nature for a minor.

ГАЗЕТА «КРАСНЫЙ ФЛОТ» В ГЕРОИЧЕСКОЙ ОБОРОНЕ СЕВАСТОПОЛЯ (1941–1942 ГГ.)

The article considers the coverage in the newspaper ‘Krasny flot’ of the heroic defense of Sevastopol 1941–1942 and the work of the newspaper’s correspondents in Sevastopol during the defense of the city. The article is based on the analysis of archival documents of the Russian State Archive of the Navy, the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Central Naval Archive – a branch of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (the Archive of the Navy, Gatchina town), a part of these documents is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The memoirs of the war correspondents themselves, who directly participated in the heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1941–1942, and materials published in the newspaper «Krasny flot» in 1941–1942, were also used.

Institutional Basis of International Development Assistance Policy

The article discusses the main characteristics and features of Russian International Development Assistance policy. This phenomenon is elaborated withing the theoretical part, based on Russian scientists’ expertise. Additionally, the article analyses the Concept of the State Policy of International Development Assistance. The authors emphasize the role of state-guided International Development Assistance as a direct manifestation of Russian foreign policy, as well as the reflection of national interests of the Russian Federation. The main part of the article presents the results of content analysis of International Development Assistance Comprehensive State Programme, conducted on open data basis. It is concluded that the data presented are insufficient to form a complete picture of the essence, composition and content of International Development Assistance. Moreover, it is mentioned, that the possibility to highlight the main directions and problematic issues of international assistance is clear.

Key Aspects of the Integration of the Donetsk People’s Republic into the Economic Space of the Russian Federation

The article considers the problems of integration of the new region - Donetsk People’s Republic into the economic field of the Russian Federation. The main tasks to be solved in the liberated territories are given. It is suggested to form a state programme aimed at solving these problems. It is revealed that one of the key problems limiting further economic growth, along with the ongoing military operations, is the outflow of able-bodied population. As a strategic goal of socio-economic development of the Republic for the next 10 years, it is proposed to restore infrastructure, modernize industry and structural reform of the economy, increase the population, as well as the quality and duration of life. To achieve this goal, three directions are considered: formation and accumulation of human capital; creation of space for human capital development; creation of appropriate economic environment. The stages for the realization of goals and tasks have been identified. It has been determined that industry should form the basis of the economy of the reviving Donbas. It is necessary to develop manufacturing industries, knowledgeintensive and complex production. It is of fundamental importance to improve the quality of economic growth - to build and move along the supply and value chains from the first links, with a low specific weight of added value in the price of goods, to the next links, with a higher specific weight of added value. Priority sectors of the Republic are identified. It was noted that the activation of economic development cannot be carried out without reforming the existing system of state administration in the Republic. An important task is to transfer the functioning of public authorities to the technology of strategic and programme-target planning and budgeting.