Rural Non-farm Sector Research Articles

Child Labour in a Rural Non-Farm Sector – A Study of the Silk Reeling Industry

Child labour must not be tolerated in any form and must be prevented and eliminated. It is imperative to abolish the most exploitative and intolerable forms of child labour as a first priority. - The UN System in India Silk reeling is one of those small scale hazardous industries in which child labour is dominant in India. A detailed study made in Ramanagaram, a reeling centre in Karnataka, shows that about 50 per cent of the workers are children below 14, working for a pittance, a major human tragedy. The responsibility for this tragedy lies both with the parents and the owners of the reeling units. Most of the children are eager to go to school and with the help of the state government and some NGOs, a bridge course has been started to help them fulfil their desires. Some live case studies document the facts uncovered.

Land Ownership Structure and Literacy among Scheduled Castes in Rural India: An Exploratory Data Analysis

The review of issues that bring out the historical and regional dimensions complements the analysis on land ownership structure and literacy among Scheduled Castes (SCS) in rural India in early 1990. The various scenarios help us better understand the composite index that combines inequality in land distribution (Gini) and illiteracy. If literacy is a potent tool and an alternative to landlessness then from the correlation exercise one can infer that it has been less effective for SCs than for total population. While giving policy prescription, a little detour is inevitable, rather necessary. Given the limits to land, propagating literacy a tool with intrinsic and instrumental value and providing alternative income generating assets in the rural non-farm sector becomes essential. Till that materialises one proposes the need to work out the viability and modality of giving illiterate, landless, and assetless agricultural iabourers (females and males) property rights to water.

Non-farm employment for rural households in Jharkhand region of Bihar: Evidence and prognosis

Expansion in avenues of rural non-farm sector is one of the major ways of diversification of the rural economies. It has gained currency in recent years due to inability of the agriculture sector along to provide the ultimate answer for rural and under-employment in peasant economies. The paper, on the basis of primary data, tries to discuss the nature and magnitude of non-farm sector prevalent in tribal region of highly backward State of Bihar. Study reveals that agriculture, in the region, is the main source of livelihood and almost all household participate in it. However, the cultivation at subsistence level, is not able to provide sufficient income to the workers and so, participate in other activities also as their ‘Survival strategy”, non-farm sector constitute of a whole range of activities from collecting tree twigs which is used as a tooth brush to teaching in schools. However, most of them are traditional and low technology based. They have very poor linkage with agriculture or non-farm sector in the urban areas. The Government's effort to train the youth under TRYSEM to enable them to establish their own non-farm activity has not been able to serve the purpose satisfactorily. Multiprong steps must be taken to increase the productivity of the sector as well as to establish forward and backward linkage with other sectors of the economy.

Enterprise ownership, enterprise organisation, and worker attitudes in Chinese rural industry: some new evidence

China’s Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs) have performed remarkably well during the post-1979 period. However, agreement on their organisational and behavioural characteristics and the reasons for their success remains elusive. For some, TVEs are simply private enterprises in disguise and behaviourally equivalent; for others, TVEs represent a unique form of enterprise organisation based on collective ownership, the success of which poses a serious challenge to the conventional prescriptions favouring privatisation. This paper reports findings from a small survey of private and collective rural enterprises in Heilongjiang, north-east China. We find strong evidence that differences in ownership are reflected in different forms of organisational behaviour, residual payment stuctures, and in different worker attitudes and degrees of commitment to the enterprise. Casual observation shows, however, that the majority of rural collectively-owned firms are de facto privately-owned firms. (Kornai, 1992, p. 442) China’s experience shows that community ownership can be an effective way of overcoming market failure for an important segment of the rural non-farm sector. Privatisation proved to be an unimportant part of the explanation for the accelerated growth of this sector. (Nolan, 1995, p. 222)

The Rural Non-Farm Sector in Asia

The Rural Non-Farm Sector in Asia

RURAL NON-FARM ENTERPRISES: A VEHICLE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA? / NIE-LANDBOU ONDERNEMINGS IN LANDELIKE GEBIEDE: 'N MOONTLIKE VOERTUIG VIR LANDELIKE ONTWKKELZNG IN SUID-AFRIKA

There is a need to determine the extent to which the development and promotion of small scale rural non-farm enterprises can be a vehicle to promote rural development and alleviate poverty. As a first step in developing an analytical framework to study the link between rural development and the rural non-farm sector in South Africa, this paper provides an analysis of the diversity and behaviour of non-farm enterprises in the rural areas of the Northern and Northwest provinces. From the analysis provided in this paper, it seems that there is a lack of diversity in the rural non-farm economy with a complete domination by trading and service related enterprises and a virtual absence of small-scale rural industries.

APPROACHING THE TURNING POINT?: LABOR MARKET CHANGE UNDER INDONESIA'S NEW ORDER

APPROACHING THE TURNING POINT?: LABOR MARKET CHANGE UNDER INDONESIA'S NEW ORDER

RURAL POVERTY, WELFARE ELIGIBILITY, FARM PROGRAMS, AND THE NEGATIVE INCOME TAX

This paper develops four models depicting types and causes of rural poverty in the United States. The recent farm financial crisis has exacerbated rural poverty problems, and many farmers who were not in poverty a few years ago are now in poverty. Policy options for dealing with rural poverty among those farmers who only recently became poor, as well as policy options for dealing with the persistently poor subsistence farmers, are discussed. Implications and options for dealing with poverty within the rural nonfarm sector are also stressed.

The Transition from an Agricultural to an Industrial Economy in East Asia

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Transition from an Agricultural to an Industrial Economy in East AsiaHarry T. OshimaHarry T. Oshima Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 34, Number 4Jul., 1986 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/451559 Views: 24Total views on this site Citations: 17Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1986 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Terry McGee Desakota (1991), (Sep 2022): 393–413.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56398-1_25Tirthankar Roy Why geography matters to the economic history of India, Australian Economic History Review 61, no.33 (Sep 2021): 273–289.https://doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12229Muhammed Muqtada Alternative Approaches to Full Employment in Bangladesh: Role of the Rural Non-farm Sector, (Nov 2020): 175–212.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7614-0_6Talan B. İşcan Redistributive Land Reform and Structural Change in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 100, no.33 (Jan 2018): 732–761.https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aax093Wanki Moon, Doo Bong Han, Hyeon Joon Shin International Political Economy, the National Food Security of South Korea and the Governance of Global Agriculture in the Post-Doha Era, Journal of Comparative Asian Development 15, no.22 (Jul 2016): 255–275.https://doi.org/10.1080/15339114.2016.1196142Richard Grabowski Agricultural Productivity and Industrialization, Forum for Development Studies 40, no.22 (Jun 2013): 309–325.https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2013.775965Josef Falkinger, Volker Grossmann Oligarchic land ownership, entrepreneurship, and economic development, Journal of Development Economics 101 (Mar 2013): 206–215.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.11.003William E. James, Shiela F. Camingue Asia’s Role in the New United States Export Economy, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1814463Amrita Sharma The Changing Agricultural Demography of India, International Journal of Rural Management 3, no.11 (Jul 2016): 27–41.https://doi.org/10.1177/097300520700300102Kenneth Pomeranz Beyond the East-West Binary: Resituating Development Paths in the Eighteenth-Century World, The Journal of Asian Studies 61, no.22 (Mar 2010): 539–590.https://doi.org/10.2307/2700300Larry L Burmeister Dismantling Statist East Asian Agricultures? Global Pressures and National Responses, World Development 28, no.33 (Mar 2000): 443–455.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00133-3Syed Tariq Anwar Trends in international business thought and literature: Reviewing east asia's miracle, its economic dynamism, and future issues, The International Executive 39, no.11 (Jan 1997): 83–109.https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060390108Scott M Fuess, Hendrik Van den Berg Transactional activities and total factor productivity growth in Taiwan, Journal of Asian Economics 7, no.44 (Dec 1996): 635–650.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-0078(96)90059-7Clifton Pannell China's Urban Transition, Journal of Geography 94, no.33 (Sep 2007): 394–403.https://doi.org/10.1080/00221349508979342David Felix Import substitution and late industrialization: Latin America and Asia compared, World Development 17, no.99 (Sep 1989): 1455–1469.https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(89)90086-7Steven G. Cochrane, Daniel R. Vining Recent Trends in Migration between Core and Peripheral Regions in Developed and Advanced Developing Countries, International Regional Science Review 11, no.33 (Jul 2016): 215–243.https://doi.org/10.1177/016001768801100301 Harry T. Oshima Human Resources in East Asia's Secular Growth, Economic Development and Cultural Change 36, no.S3S3 (Oct 2015): S103–S122.https://doi.org/10.1086/edcc.36.s3.1566540

Operating characteristics of rural non-farm enterprises in Central Province, Kenya

The ILO has identified seven characteristics which describe the operation of informal sector enterprises. These operating characteristics are assessed using survey data on rural non-farm enterprises located in market centers in Central Province, Kenya. Two characteristics (family ownership and small scale of operation) appear to be entirely true, but the remaining five are in need of qualification. Not all activities use labour-intensive technologies, indeed some require fairly large capital inputs. Indigenous resources are not important in many rural non-farm activities. Some important business skills are acquired inside the formal school system. There are not insignificant barriers to entering the more profitable non-farm enterprises. And these barriers, in conjunction with other factors, limit competition in some activities in many of the market centres. It appears that the operators of the more profitable and technically more advanced enterprises are forming a rural petty bourgeoisie. Thus contrary to the ILO interpretation, growth of the rural non-farm sector may be associated with greater income inequalities.

Planning African Development

1. Raising Nutritional Levels and Rural Development in Kenya 2. Land-Use Competition at the Margins of the Rangelands: An Issue in Development Strategies for Semi-Arid Areas 3. The Rural Non-Farm Sector and the Development Process in Kenya 4. Towards a Locational Policy for Manufacturing Industry in Kenya 5. Coordinating Operating and Investment Procedures: The Need for Balance in Planning and Budgeting 6. Intra-Programme Resource Allocation: the Case of Hospitals in Kenya 7. Accounting Prices for Project Appraisal in Kenya 8. Planning and Evaluation of Rural Electrification in Kenya.

Rural Nonfarm Employment in Developing Countries

Discussions of rural development policy are for the most part focused on the tenurial, institutional, technical, infrastructural, and economic aspects of agricultural development. In contrast, nonfarm activities in agricultural regions receive little attention, and a number of models of agrarian economies with nonfarm activities have even predicted a decline of such activities with agricultural development.' In this paper we show that nonfarm activities in agricultural regions expand quite rapidly in response to agricultural development and merit special attention in the design of rural-and also of urban-development strategies. The poorest groups of the world's rural population include those who depend on nonfarm activities as a source of employment and income. Nonfarm activities also supply a range of goods and services to agriculture and the rural population, contributing to the growth of agricultural output and the improvement in living conditions in rural areas. Finally, the concentration and growth of nonfarm activities in rural towns localizes employment opportunities for people who leave agriculture and acts to stimulate a degree of decentralization of urban growth.