Rural Land Research Articles

Urbanization of a Subtropical Island (Okinawa, Japan) Alters Physicochemical Characteristics and Disrupts Microbial Community Dynamics in Nearshore Ecosystems

Subtropical and tropical islands are undergoing rapid urbanization as the human population expands globally. Urbanization disrupts coastal ecosystems through several pathways—including the replacement of natural habitats with concrete structures that increase runoff pollution—but it remains difficult to isolate and characterize specific impacts of urbanization on marine ecosystems. The historical gradient in urbanization on the subtropical island of Okinawa, Japan, sets up a natural laboratory to study urbanization effects on nearshore ecosystems. Physicochemical parameters and bacterial community composition were assessed every 2 weeks for 1 year at two nearshore sites adjacent to watersheds with > 70% urban land use and two nearshore sites adjacent to watersheds with > 70% rural land use. Urbanization increased freshwater input and nutrient loading—indicated by decreased salinity and elevated nitrate + nitrite, ammonium, and phosphate at urban sites—despite the urban sites being more open to flushing due to land reclamation projects filling in the coral lagoon. Urbanization significantly altered microbial community composition by increasing diversity through the addition of fecal indicator and pathogenic bacteria—eight orders of bacteria were only detected in urban samples, whereas only Verrucomicrobiales was unique to rural samples. The change in microbial community composition at urban sites persisted throughout the seasonal cycle, suggesting a regime change or sustained disturbance. The altered physicochemical conditions and microbial communities at urban sites could degrade nearby coral reefs and their ecosystem services, highlighting the importance of coastal land management in marine conservation efforts.

Land Policies and Institutions for Equitable and Resilient Growth in Africa

AbstractIn coming decades, Africa's urban populations will expand, and the effects of climate change be more keenly felt. Land policies and institutions will be key for urban dwellers to be able access productive jobs, breathe clean air, and live in decent housing; for entrepreneurs, especially women, to leverage land for productive investment; and for farmers to diversify, insure against shocks, and accumulate capital. Yet, many African land registries perform poorly, command little trust, and have failed to capitalize on opportunities to improve quality, relevance, and outreach via digital interoperability, use of earth observation, and connectivity. Literature highlights scope for regulatory and institutional reforms to (a) expand property taxation and land value capture and to improve urban service delivery, planning, and land use regulations; (b) increase quality and affordability of land services and access to land price and ownership data; (c) guide issuance of rural land use rights to reduce barriers to rural factor markets, including by spatially enabling farmer registries to improve subsidy targeting and effectiveness; and (d) demarcation and transparent decentralized management of public land to attract investment, including in climate finance, without fueling corruption, and to manage disputes before they escalate into ethnic violence.

Digital Economy Development, Rural Land Certification, and Rural Industrial Integration

Digital Economy Development, Rural Land Certification, and Rural Industrial Integration

Determinants of share of land allocated to Eucalyptus tree and its livelihoods contribution to rural farm households: empirical evidence from Gurage Zone, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Smallholder farmers are increasingly planting eucalyptus trees as an important farm product in many rural areas of Ethiopia including the study area - Gurage Zone. This study analyzed the contribution of eucalyptus trees to rural households’ livelihood and factors that influence the share of land allocated to eucalyptus by smallholder farmers in the study area. The study mainly used household survey, key informant interviews as well as Focus Group Discussions to generate the required data for the study. The descriptive analysis indicated that eucalyptus tree is an important farm product as a source of households’ energy in addition to other economic and social benefits. In addition to being the most reliable source of finance during times of emergency, it was found to contribute almost 31% of total annual household income. Furthermore, the fraction logit estimation indicated factors such as total household income, household heads’ perception towards eucalyptus trees, livestock holdings as well as distance from main roads to be important factors in determining the share of land allocated to eucalyptus trees. We recommend government officials and experts to assist smallholder farmers to use rural land in the most sustainable way by developing and implementing appropriate land use policy.

Rural And Urban Land And Building Tax Calculation Application (PBB-P2)

The PBB-P2 application, which focuses on the case study of Cangkuang Wetan Village, is specifically created to streamline and enhance the inputting and managing of rural and urban land and building taxes. The data-gathering methods employed, including thorough observation, comprehensive interviews, and extensive literature review, ensure the accuracy and reliability of the system. The system design was created with descriptive techniques and the object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) development methodology, employing, which involves a process of analysis, system design, and object-oriented implementation outlinas ed by the Unified Modeling Language (UML). This design aims to provide benefits to Cangkuang Wetan Village by automating the tax computation process, managing citizen data, and generating time-saving reports.

Research on the Standardization of the Separation of the "Three Rights" in Rural Land Transfer and the Protection of Farmers' Rights and Interests: Based on a Survey of More than 50 Village level Units in Gansu Province

Research on the Standardization of the Separation of the "Three Rights" in Rural Land Transfer and the Protection of Farmers' Rights and Interests: Based on a Survey of More than 50 Village level Units in Gansu Province

PENGARUH PENERIMAAN PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN TERHADAP OPTIMALISASI PENCAPAIAN TARGET PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH KOTA BANDUNG TAHUN 2017-2021

This research aims to find out how much influence the Rural and Urban Land and Building Tax (PBB-P2) has on regional original income (PAD) in the City of Bandung. Based on target data and the realization of the effectiveness and contribution of regional taxes to Bandung City's original regional income, there is a decrease in the realization of achievements from year to year. This is influenced by less than optimal land and building tax collection in the urban and rural sectors. The data processing is based on the realization of land and building tax targets as well as regional original income data with an observation period from 2017 to 2021 and secondary data in the form of monthly data for 5 years. The results show that the average contribution of land and building tax to local revenue only produces a ratio of 16%. From the results of hypothesis testing, there is a significant influence between PBB-P2 and the Bandung City PAD

Impacts of Rural–Urban Labour Transfer and Land Transfer on Land Efficiency in China: A Analysis of Mediating Effects

In the midst of China’s ongoing rural–urban integration and development, a pivotal transformation involving the realignment of labour dynamics and land utilisation is underway. This paradigm shift has substantial implications for rural land use and agricultural productivity. Drawing from the field survey conducted in Zhejiang Province in 2019, this study puts non-agricultural employment, land transfer, and land efficiency into one econometric model and establishes a comprehensive framework to explain the mechanisms. Unlike existing research, this paper delves into the impact of different land-transfer behaviours, namely inflow and outflow, on land efficiency. The findings indicate that non-agricultural employment has no significant impact on land efficiency. Rural households acquiring land significantly enhance land efficiency, whereas relinquishing land shows no significance, thus addressing the gap in existing literature regarding the study of different transfer behaviours. Furthermore, to explore the underlying mechanisms, we investigate the mediating effect of land inflows on land efficiency, finding that it operates through plot size. In light of this, we propose that, in guiding land inflows, more emphasis should be placed on the integration and reorganisation of fragmented land rather than simply expanding the total land area, aiming to create large, well-managed areas of arable land by achieving concentrated and contiguous transferable land parcels.

Coupling of Changing Trends in Population and Construction Land in Traditional Rural Areas and Spatial Patterns in Urban–Rural Development, 2016–2021: A Case Study of Heilongjiang Province, China

Coupling of Changing Trends in Population and Construction Land in Traditional Rural Areas and Spatial Patterns in Urban–Rural Development, 2016–2021: A Case Study of Heilongjiang Province, China

IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN BUPATI NOMOR 29 TAHUN 2019 TENTANG PENGHAPUSAN DENDA SANKSI ADMINISTRASI PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN DI KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI

Implementation Regulation Regulation Number 29 Of 2019 Concerning Deletion Of Fine Taxes And Building Administration Taxes In Banyuwangi Distric (Study of Implementation of Regent Regulation Number 29 Year 2019 In Efforts to Increase Community Compliance Paying Taxesat Revenue Agency Office of Banyuwangi) This study aims to determine the application of the Regent's Regulation Number 29 of 2019 concerning the Elimination of Sanctions for the Administration of Land and Building Taxes for Rural and Urban Land in the context of the National Day and Banyuwangi Anniversary for the period 1994 to 2018. The researcher also wants to know the effect of the policy of eliminating sanctions. land and building tax administration in rural and urban areas towards the level of community compliance in paying taxes. This research was conducted at the Regional Revenue Agency Office of Banyuwangi Regency. In collecting data researchers used observation techniques, interviews and accompanied by documentation from the data sources studied. The data that researchers obtain both primary and secondary data are categorized according to the type of data required. Then the data were analyzed using qualitative methods the results of which will be described in a description. The results showed that the application of the policy of eliminating fines for administrative sanctions on land and building tax in rural and urban areas had gone well. An increase in public compliance in paying taxes. This can be seen from the increase in land and building tax revenue in rural and urban areas, especially the United Nations tax receivables compared to the previous year's UN tax receivables

Local government behavior in rural construction land marketization in China: An archetype analysis

There are various rural construction land marketization (RCLM) patterns in China. Explorations on the factors influencing the differences between patterns can provide policy inspirations for establishing a unified land market in China. Archetype analysis enables us to reveal the structural relationships between various factors and elucidate reappearing patterns in the cases. Based on 29 cases, this study analyzes the effects of different factor combinations on the behavioral choices of local governments using the archetype analysis approach. Six archetypes are extracted, and the main findings from the archetype analysis are as follows: 1) The combination of active rural land markets and the effective operation of village autonomy or informal dialogue mechanisms led by rural elites promote the emergence of self-organization models for RCLM. Local governments mainly play guiding, supervisory, and service roles. 2) When the self-organization model is challenging to sustain, local governments participate in the process of RCLM with different mechanisms due to social benefits orientation. 3) In certain well-developed rural areas with a high level of industrialization and limited land resources, extensive government intervention has emerged as a new governance model to achieve regional coordinated development goals. Our work reveals the mechanisms through which local governments play a role in the reform and innovation of RCLM, and it contributes to a better understanding of local government positioning in the future RCLM reform process.

Catch me if you can: informal tourism employment of locals in scenic-oriented rural communities

ABSTRACT The expansion of the tourism industry has generated a plethora of informal job opportunities. However, existing literature has not thoroughly explored the extensive involvement of local residents in rural areas in informal tourism employment. This study focuses on the Fujian Tulou villages in China and employs the fieldwork method to investigate the phenomenon of informal tourism employment among local residents in scenic-oriented rural communities. The findings indicate that the dearth of employment prospects in rural areas, coupled with China’s distinctive rural land ownership system and the support from the rural social network, are the primary drivers motivating locals to participate in informal tourism employment. Locals employ tactics such as camouflage, tacit collusion, lurking, and covert actions to engage in informal tourism employment while navigating the regulations imposed by scenic area management. In efforts to standardize management within scenic areas, both local governments and tourism management companies are implementing measures such as offering formal employment opportunities and profit-sharing arrangements to incentivize the regularization of local employment in the tourism sector.

ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS DAN KONTRIBUSI PENERIMAAN PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN PEDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN TERHADAP PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH KABUPATEN TAPANULI UTARA

This research aims to find out how much effectiveness and contribution to rural and urban land and building tax revenue in Tapanuli Utara Regency. The population in this study is target data and realization of rural and urban land and building tax revenues in the Tapanuli Utara Regency Regional Revenue Agency from 2009 to 2022. The sample in this study is the target and realization of rural and urban land and building tax revenues in 2018- 2022. The research method used is descriptive analysis with formulas for level of effectiveness and level of contribution. The results of this research, it shows that the level of to rural and urban land and building tax revenue effectiveness in 2018-2022 has an average of 89.24%. With the "quite effective" category. And the to rural and urban land and building tax revenue contribution to local own-source revenue for 2018-2022 has an average of 2.20% and is classified as "very low". And the level of rural and urban land and building tax contribution to local own-source revenue in 2013-2017 has an average of 1.92%. In the "very poor" category. The level of contribution of rural and urban land and building tax revenue to local own-source revenue during the 5 years of research, namely 2018-2022, has increased from the 5 years before the research, namely 2013-2022.

Are there interactions between the urban and rural construction land use transition? Evidence from Jiangsu province in China

The interactive feedback between the transition of urban construction land (UCL) and rural construction land (RCL) lies at the forefront of land use transition (LUT) research, and can shape the intrinsic driving forces for land system sustainable transition and urban-rural integrated development. This study innovatively investigated the interactive feedback between UCL and RCL transition. First, a theoretical analytical framework was proposed. Second, a spatial simultaneous equation model (SSEM) was employed to examine the interactive feedback between UCL and RCL transitions in Jiangsu Province, China, from 2000 to 2020. The main findings were as follows: The interactive feedback between UCL and RCL transitions followed two paths. The first interactive feedback path was driven by the interaction of urban and rural factors, whereas the second was driven by the integrated management of urban and rural land. UCL and RCL transition witnessed a positive interactive feedback relation. Specifically, a 1% increase in UCL transition led to a 0.535% increase in RCL transition, and a 1% increase in RCL transition resulted in a 0.579% increase in UCL transition. The two aspects exhibited complex spatial interaction effects. The UCL transition in the subject city had positive and negative effects on the UCL and RCL transitions of neighboring cities, respectively. The RCL transition had positive effect on the RCL transition in neighboring cities. The key to regulation is to make the mutual feedback pathways unobstructed through innovative policies in terms of both direct and indirect regulation. This study contributes to advance research on LUT and provides scientific evidence for urban–rural integrated development.

Heterogeneity measurement of the impact of the rural land three rights separation policy on farmers’ income based on DID model

IntroductionAs is well known, the policy of separating three rights is another important milestone in China’s land system reform. This policy has been in effect for 10 years and is of great significance to the livelihoods of rural families. In the implementation of policies, some farmers have obtained more land management rights, but some farmers have temporarily lost their land management rights. Existing research has shown that there is no consensus on the effect rural land three rights separation on increasing farmers’ income, especially in terms of heterogeneity research, which is more scattered.MethodsWe will use the latest national fixed observation point data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs from 2011 to 2020, as well as data from Peking University Treasure Database, West Lake Law Library Database, China Statistical Yearbook, and China Rural Statistical Yearbook. This paper matched the unbalanced panel data of 9,846 rural household samples from 30 provinces except Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Xizang, and conducted an empirical study using the multi time point DID method.ResultThe overall result shows that the policy of three rights separation of rural land can improve the income of farmers, and the impact is more obvious after the promulgation of relevant laws. From the perspective of farmers’ heterogeneity, farmers with more training, food crop planting farmers, and farmers with relatively large land scales are more significantly affected by the policy’s income increase effect.DiscussionScholars have yet to find a good explanation for how the rural land three rights separation affects farmers’ income. In this article, it appears that the three rights separation policy has promoted the increase of farmers’ income through intermediary mechanisms such as investment level, credit level, and non-agricultural employment level.

Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Rural and Urban Land and Building Tax Revenue (PBB-P2) in Central Maluku District

Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Rural and Urban Land and Building Tax Revenue (PBB-P2) in Central Maluku District

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Transformation Regulation Strategies of Rural Residential Land on the Grand Canal (China)

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Transformation Regulation Strategies of Rural Residential Land on the Grand Canal (China)

Exploring Issues and Strategies of Rural Land Use and Environmental Protection

Land resources play a crucial role in the overall development of society, but the irrational exploitation and use of these resources have significant adverse effects on the natural ecological environment, which is detrimental to the effective construction of a harmonious society. There is an inseparable relationship between rural land use and ecological security, and in current rural land use practices, environmental protection issues are increasingly emphasized. In some rural areas, in pursuit of short-term economic benefits, the importance of environmental protection is often overlooked, leading to excessive development and use of land resources, posing a great threat to the sustainable development of rural society. The reduction of vegetation signifies a deterioration of the ecological environment, and soil erosion leads to a decrease in land resources and a decline in land productivity, while soil degradation directly affects the growth of crops and the income of farmers. Therefore, it is essential to integrate environmental protection concepts throughout the entire process of rural land use. In the development and utilization of land resources, environmental protection requirements must be fully considered, adopting scientific and reasonable planning and measures to ensure the full utilization of land resources and achieve sustainable development of rural society.

Mapping the Key Actors of Rural Land Conflicts in Bangladesh

Conflicts over rural land have plagued Bangladesh since its independence. Rural land issues continue to remain unresolved, and violence related to land is still on the rise. The investigation of those engaged in these disputes and the dynamics of their relationships, however, has received very little attention. The current study maps those involved in land conflicts and their relational interplay in the context of rural Bangladesh. The study utilizes qualitative method of data collection including KII interviews, focus group discussions, and expert interviews. Through purposive sampling, key informant interviews and focus group discussions involved a group of relevant stakeholders in land conflicts in the study areas who provided needed information, ideas, and insights on land issues in the area. The study finds that the power structure of the village affects benefit distribution and the resolution of land disputes. Local political leaders and "Matbors" have an impact on how disputes are resolved. Law enforcement authorities are ineffective at resolving violent conflicts, and corrupt land office staff are also of no help, prolonging such conflicts. The study suggests holding workshops on empathy-building, digitizing land management, and enhancing the court system to lessen disputes amongst stakeholders in rural Bangladesh.

Experimentalist governance under hierarchy through leading small groups: a solution to power fragmentation?

ABSTRACT Taking policy experimentation in several selected pilot sites as test beds prior to the implementation nationwide has emerged as a notable phenomenon amidst China’s reform trajectories. However, the country’s combined party-state authoritarian governance structure and relatively fragmented bureaucratic system have presented challenges to this experimentation process. This paper investigates the dynamic interplay between experimentalist governance and hierarchy in China by examining how hierarchical controls facilitate the implementation of experimentalist practice in the case of Wujin rural land reform. It reveals that the establishment of leading small groups (LSGs) at each administrative layer has aided in the materialization of local experimentation by enhancing the bargaining power of lower-level governmental entities and streamlining the vertical communication process across the lengthy administrative hierarchies. This mechanism also mitigates regulatory gaps among different branches of governmental departments responsible for land resources management. The political design of LSGs manifests the Chinese central government’s strategic commitment to promoting experimentalist governance while exerting careful control over the varied sub-national implementation practices, exemplifying the increasing feature of top-level design in China’s current policy experimentation and governance efforts.