Rural Condition Research Articles

Effects of commercial layer feed supplementation on haematological and reproductive parameters of indigenous duck in rural area

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of supplementation of commercial layer feed on body weight, egg production and haematological profile of the laying ducks rearing under the rural condition of Bangladesh. Twenty indigenous ducks (Khaki Campbell x Local duck) of 24 weeks old was selected from a farm and randomly divided into four equal groups (n=5) and numbered as group T0, T1, T2 & T3. The different amount of feed was supplied into four groups for three months. The all four groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3) were fed with routine feeding in scavenging condition. But T1 group supplemented with 120 gm, T2 group 60 gm and T3 group 30 gm of commercial feed. Significant differences were found in both egg production and haematological profile of ducks in compared to control group. Egg production was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T1 group compared to other groups. During the study the body weight gain were shown the same pattern being significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 group compared to T0, T2 and T3 groups. On the other hand, the values of total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), haemoglobin content (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) increased significantly (P<0.05) in the groups of T1 and T2 compared to the control group (T0). But the value of MCV, MCH and MCHC of T1, T2 & T3 groups decreased significantly (P<0.05) than that of the control group. Results of the present study revealed that the amount of supplementation of commercial layer feeds was very important for improving the haematological profile and egg production of ducks. So, the additional commercial layer feed supplementation may be beneficial for duck farming.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(1) 35-40

DRINKING WATER SUPPLY TO THE POPULATION OF THE WATER SCARCE REGION THE ORENBURG REGION

In the article a problem of providing with qualitative drinking water of the population of the Orenburg region which is one of water scarce regions of Russia is considered. The current condition of water systems is caused by existence of a significant amount of sources of pollution and semi-arid climate of the region. And namely this aspect accents a problem of research of quality of drinking water in this region. Main reasons for unsatisfactory quality of drinking water are opened. Except the natural polluting factors, the anthropogenic activity on catchment areas of water objects associated with plowing of lands, use of herbicides and fertilizers, a construction of roads, bridges and gas and oil pipelines has a great influence on quality of water. The presence of these constructions produces an increase in concentration of pollutants, its accumulation along routes with the subsequent washout by drains of rain and thawed snow in water objects. Environmental stress is increased by cross-border transfer of harmful pollutants from Chelyabinsk region, the Republics of Bashkortostan and Kazakhstan. Surface water quality practically of all water objects doesn't meet standard requirements of economic and drinking and fishery appointment. This is due to fact that in most parts of the region there are no facilities for water purification and disinfection. In rural settlements technical condition of water distribution networks is unsatisfactory. There are no water disinfection systems and this fact often leads to the emergence of infectious diseases. The main actions in order to optimize the system of providing the Orenburg region population by standard quality drinking water and in sufficient quantity are offered.

Rabbit production under intensive system in rural condition

A total 20 (sixteen female and four male) growing rabbits aged 120 days have been distributed at each farmer’s level in 5 location of Bangladesh; F1 (Dhaka-Pollobi), F2 (Savar-Parbotinagor), F3 (Magura-Boralidhaho), F4 (Magura-Pannandualli), F5 (Magura-Radhanagor) to know the production response and cost effectiveness under intensive in rural condition. The rabbits were reared in their own arrangement. Age of sexual maturity, age of first kidding, percentage of does kidded, gestation period, litter size, weaning period, breeding ratio were not significantly different (P>0.05) among the locations. Feed cost per month was Tk. 903, Tk. 732, Tk. 772, Tk. 1221.96 and Tk. 976 for F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 respectively for 20 rabbits rearing. Monthly consumption of rabbit meat per family was 4.5kg, 3kg, 2.4 kg, 6.0 kg, in F1, F2, F3, and F5 respectively. Kid mortality (0-10 days) was significantly different (P<0.01) among the locations and this value was recorded 8.47%, 11.11%,12.00%, 8.82% and 13.11% in F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 respectively. Farmer earned some money by selling their rabbit which was Tk 10200, Tk7600, Tk8400, Tk12400 and Tk7200 /batch and can earn profit around the 49,564; 39,316; 38,536; 62,336 and 35,688 Tk/year in rearing (7batchs/year) 20 rabbit at in F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5, respectively. Rabbit production could be an important micro-livestock component to produce for meeting up extra demand of the country.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 107-111, Jan-Dec 2012

Identify and Explaining the Social and Economic Factors Affecting Rural Women Empowerment (Case Study: Rostam County)

Identify and Explaining the Social and Economic Factors Affecting Rural Women Empowerment (Case Study: Rostam County)

Development of an Integrated Forecasting and Warning System for Abrupt Natural Disaster using rainfall prediction data and Ubiquitous Sensor Network(USN)

The objectives of this research have been focussed on 1) developing prediction techniques for the flash flood and landslide based on rainfall prediction data in agricultural area and 2) developing an integrated forecasting system for the abrupt disasters using USN based real-time disaster sensing techniques. This study contains following steps to achieve the objective; 1) selecting rainfall prediction data, 2) constructing prediction techniques for flash flood and landslide, 3) developing USN and communication network protocol for detecting the abrupt disaster suitable for rural area, & 4) developing mobile application and SMS based early warning service system for local resident and tourist. Local prediction model (LDAPS, UM1.5km) supported by Korean meteorological administration was used for the rainfall prediction by considering spatial and temporal resolution. NRCS TR-20 and infinite slope stability analysis model were used to predict flash flood and landslide. There are limitations in terms of communication distance and cost using Zigbee and CDMA which have been used for existing disaster sensors. Rural suitable sensor-network module for water level and tilting gauge and gateway based on proprietary RF network were developed by consideration of low-cost, low-power, and long-distance for communication suitable for rural condition. SMS & mobile application forecasting & alarming system for local resident and tourist was set up for minimizing damage on the critical regions for abrupt disaster. The developed H/W & S/W for integrated abrupt disaster forecasting & alarming system was verified by field application.

Rural Online Distance Education based on Content Delivery Network in Beijing

The paper proposed the research on rural online distance education (RODE) based on the Beijing rural network condition, which aimed at helping farmers to get agricultural technology more effectively and sufficiently. This is the first platform that was applied to large-scale rural distance education, which combined with peer to peer (P2P) and content delivery network (CDN). What’s more, it initiates network video transmission into the RODE platform, which could save 80% of the bandwidth. In addition, MD5 encryption algorithm, content pre-reading technology and data logic chip technology were used to ensure the security of video data. It has the following advantages: easily deployed, highly scalable and low-cost.

Study and Assessment of Rural Roads Network in Agriculture Productivity

The Rural road contributes more to our nation development. It contains 59% in the overall country road length. Rural road is the Major factor in the agriculture productivity. Statistic and much study clearly explain Relationship between rural road and agriculture productivity. In India Top five agriculture producing state like Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttra Pradesh and Gujarat has good road density. The road density play importance role in the agriculture productivity. This paper attempts to identify the present condition of rural roads, Farmers need for improve the agriculture productivity, Relationship between road density and agriculture production, compare the road density of Uthiramerur and Madurandagam Taluk with National and State road density. A thorough literature review was done and also expert opinion from developing countries were taken, through which rural road contribute more to agriculture productivity. In number of factors were short-listed to be made part of the survey questionnaire and the survey was conducted with farmers in the village of Uthiramerur and Madurandagam taluk. This study indicated that the present rural road condition not in appreciable position. Government give more attention to agriculture development and Rural road maintenance. The road density found in Uthiramerur and Madurandagam are more than the national and state average road density. The good road density improves the agriculture productivity.

Evaluation of the Effect of Rural Road Condition on Agricultural Produce Transportation

Road condition affects the operations and costs of vehicles that use the infrastructure. Various models of vehicle operating cost provide an indication of the effects of road roughness on fuel consumption, additional damage to a vehicle, and tire wear. These models do not include the effect of road conditions on the condition of and potential damage to transported freight. Such potential damages are mitigated through the use of improved vehicle technologies or packaging. In agricultural transportation, packaging often is not a solution because the use of older vehicle technology on mostly rural roads with lower levels of riding quality is a main contributor to the problem. This paper evaluates quantified effects of the riding quality on low-volume roads on the level of damage to tomatoes in California. The paper is partly based on a study that focused on vehicle–pavement interaction and its effects on the broader California economy. Vehicle responses to road conditions were measured during operations on a range of rural routes. Laboratory experiments were developed to replicate the dominant vibrations of the trucks and to measure the stresses that tomatoes typically undergo at these vibration levels. The damage and failure levels for the tomatoes during transportation were determined, and these damage levels were used to calculate typical costs to agricultural suppliers that are due to road conditions. The problem thus could be quantified and input data provided for a cost–benefit evaluation of the potential maintenance and improvement of various routes used to transport tomatoes.

Survey and Field Measurement on Residential Lifestyle and Energy Use in Rural China

In the middle of May to September 2014, the research team conducted survey and field measurement on rural residential energy consumption and environment condition in China’s local city in order to grasp the lifestyle pattern and its correlation on energy use in the demand side. In this paper, the analyses of people lifestyle and summer energy consumption will be presented through statistical analyses based on data which collected from questionnaire survey. The results of questionnaire were presented and discussed. Based on the questionnaire results, we classified the housing types into several groups then compared the energy use of each type. The major influential factors on housing energy consumption were analyzed and the results were discussed. The results of field measurement during summer which conducted to several types of houses were also discussed. Finally, the results will propose some strategies on lowering housing energy use in the village. Further, the results will give conceptual layout to find the correlation between environmental quality, thermal condition, and energy consumption.

Nutrient status of scavengable feed resources in crop and gizzard contents of three genotypes of ducklings

An investigation was carried out with 54 scavenging ducklings of three genotypes belonging to three age groups (6, 10 and 14 weeks) taking from 3 areas reared under two feeding regimes. The birds were sacrificed from farmer’s house between 4.0 and 5.0 P.M. They were dissected to identify crop and gizzard contents (CGC). Cereal grains, bran, green forages, insects and worms were the main CGC and their composition varied significantly (p<0.01) with genotypes and feed. CGC were collected for chemical analysis. The CGC was processed and analyzed for proximate components, calcium (Ca) and total phosphorus (TP). It contained 88.06% DM, 10.15% CP, 13.65% CF, 2.89% EE, 15.51% Ash, 57.80% NFE, 1.42% Ca, 0.40% TP and 2264 kcal/kg DM TME. Genotypes and feed had significant effect (p<0.01) on CP, CF, EE, Ash, Ca and TP at 6 weeks of age but genotypes and feed showed no significant variations (p>0.05) on TME for the same period. It may be concluded that the scavenging feeds are deficient in CP, Ca and TP but excess in crude fibre. So, the concentration of the nutrients (except CF and ash) available to the scavenging ducklings under rural condition may be treated as below the suggested nutrient requirements for ducklings.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i3.21646 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (3): 185-191

Serum Biochemical Levels of Repeat Breeder Cross Bred Cows under Rural Condition of Satara District of Maharashtra

Present investigation was carried out on 28 repeat breeding cross bred cows during their post-partum period in their second to seventh lactation from different villages of Satara district. Serum was separated from collected blood samples and analyzed for certain biochemical parameters viz. protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, calcium, and phosphorus and blood urea nitrogen. These serum biochemical constituents were compared with serum levels in normal cyclical and repeat breeding cattle reported by various researchers.

Education for Rural Transformation in Thailand: Perspectives on Policies and Practices

To engage meaningfully on the subject of "Education for Rural Transformation," it is essential first to understand the concept of the "Rural Condition" as well as of "Education" -- which is influenced by social, economic, political, technological and cultural factors. There are two additional complexities in that the "Rural Condition" itself is not something stable and absolute but is indeed in perpetual flux across Time and Place; and that the rural condition is inconceivable without at the same time understanding the "Urban Condition."<br /> Concomitantly, "Education" itself will have to undergo transformation to serve as the lever of rural and urban transformations. Rural and urban transformations today have come to acquire one globally-focused mission, dealing with three objectives: <em>mitigation of global warming</em>, pursuing <em>sustainable development</em> and committing to <em>poverty alleviation</em>, in both rural and urban habitations.<br /> For "Planned Action" informed by the general conceptual framework constructed here, the general must be <em>contextualized</em> in each particular setting of time, space and locality – responding to a specific "Political Economy"; to policy processes such as formulation, planning, mobilization, implementation and evaluation; and configurations of agents and adopters of planned actions. Finally, the "Logic of Action" must come from the dialectics between the <em>structural</em> and the <em>instructional</em>.

Influence of Different Sizes of Brooding Box Made of Clay and Bamboo Basket on the Hatchability of Chicken Eggs Through Broody Hen

An experiment was conducted to hatch chicken eggs in two different types of brooding boxes made of clay and bamboo basket by using broody hen. Three different size boxes were used under each type which were large(48 × 33 × 18 cm), medium (43 × 28 × 18 cm) and small (38 × 23 × 18 cm) (i.e. diameter of upper portion × diameter of lower portion × height of brooding boxes). The objective was to identify the optimum size of the brooding box used for natural hatching and to identify the appropriate material for brooding box used for incubation of eggs under rural condition. The fertility was not significantly affected by the type and size of boxes. Hatchability, Chicks not pipped and dead in germ were not significantly affected by types of boxes made of clay and bamboo basket but significantly affected by the size of boxes (p<0.05). The dead in shell was significantly affected by types and sizes of brooding box made of clay and bamboo basket (p<0.05). The percentage of dead in shell increased with the decreasing size of brooding box. Finally, it was concluded that hatchability of Deshi chicken eggs incubated by broody hen can be affected by both materials and size of brooding box. The study has shown that hatchability increased with increased size of the box up to a certain level. On the other hand, clay box gives more hatchability than bamboo basket.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v18i2.18168 Progress. Agric. 18(2): 123 - 133, 2007

LYNCHING IN RUSSIAN COUNTRYSIDE (late XIX-early XX)

Research actuality is due to the frequent attempts of extrajudicial killings of criminals in the country as a result of the citizens' law enforcement distrust, their doubt of deserved retribution. Such phenomenon of legal life of the Russian countryside as a lynch mob is studied in the article on the basis of a wide range of archival and ethnographic sources. The author analyzes the crimes for which the perpetrators are arbitrarily subjected to massacre in the village. The role of the peasant community in the punishment implementation of criminals was found out. The causes of the stability of this tradition in rural society were set. Lynching played an effective means of suppression of unlawful acts of the peasants. The collective nature of the spontaneously created killings of criminals was the result of mutual responsibility of community members and rural solidarity preservation condition. According to farmers gathering verdict gave legal force to massacre and left no doubt about the justice of the decision. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2218-7405-2013-8-1

The distribution of food insecurity in Mexico

ObjectiveTo estimate the proportion of Mexican households those suffer food insecurity and their association with some interest variables.MethodsData comes from the National Nutrition Survey in Mexico. We used the Latin American and Caribbean household food Security measurement scale (ELCSA) and their association with an index of welfare conditions, allowing categorize households by poverty level, also we included if the head of household or spouse speak an indigenous language.ResultsInformation from 40,809 ‐that nationwide expanded represents 29,099,600‐ households was included. From this data we classify 41.6% of such households in the mild food insecurity (FI) category, 17.7% as moderate and 10.5% as severe. Adding the ciphers from the two lowest categories (moderate and severe) it is observed that in the three months prior the interview date, about 8,322,486 households had to reduce the consumed food amount, or in the worst scenario an adult or a children in such house was left without any food throughout the day. Analyzing the data by urban and rural condition we found a 34.5% and 26.2% of moderate and severe food insecurity respectively. Four out of ten households classified as indigenous and belonging to the lower tertile of welfare conditions index reported suffering moderate or severe food insecurity in the three months prior to the scale application.ConclusionsThe proportion of FI in Mexico is high. It is necessary to analyze and redesign the strategies implemented by the State in order to ensure food security in Mexico.

Research on Residual Current Protective Device Based on Micro-Controller of MSP430

A residual current protector based on high performance micro-controller MSP430 is introduced. The micro-controller MSP430F149 is used as the main controller in the device, which can detect the real-time residual current value. And the residual current operating value can be switched automatically according to the present condition of the power system. When the protection is occurred, the residual current protective device has the inverse time lag function, ideal time delay and the automatic reclosing function. So the residual current protective device can be used at all kinds of complicated rural grid and climatic condition, and the safety and the reliability of the power supply can be ensured.

UDDER-HALVE-WISE COMPARATIVE PREVALENCE OF CLINICAL AND SUB-CLINICAL MASTITIS IN LACTATING GOATS WITH THEIR BACTERIAL PATHOGENS AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERNS IN BANGLADESH

Goats are the major parts of subsidiary economy of the rural people in Bangladesh. Dairy animals including lactating goats are prone to the intramammary infection (IMI) and associated with a lot of economic impact on the farmers but the reports on caprine mastitis are very limited in inland literature. This study was undertaken to determine the udder-halve-wise comparative prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical caprine mastitis with their associated bacterial pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity patterns during the period from January to May 2010. The teat and udder of a lactating population of 1025 Black Bengal goats maintained under rural (village) condition in two different districts (Joypurhat and Mymensingh) of Bangladesh were physically examined, of which 54 (5.27%) goats had clinical mastitis which constituted as experimental animals for this study. Of the 54 selected goats, 59 (54.63%) udder-halves were affected with clinical mastitis whereas the remaining 49 (45.37%) udder-halves of the selected goats were found physically normal. Out of 59 udder-halves, 49 (90.74%) were unilaterally and 5 (9.26%) were bilaterally affected with clinical mastitis. The prevalence of clinical mastitis was found significantly (p < 0.01) higher in left udder-haves (H = 47; 79.66%) in comparison to the right (H = 12; 20.34%) udder-halves. Milk samples collected from all the 108 udder-halves were examined bacteriologically, of which 102 (94.44%) udder-halves had bacterial infection. No significant differences was observed on the status of bacterial pathogens between clinically (H = 55; 93.22%) and sub-clinically (H = 47; 95.92%) affected udder-halves, and between the single (CH = 45; 76.27% and SCH = 35; 71.43%) and mixed (CH = 10; 16.95% and SCH = 12; 24.49%) bacterial infections in both the clinical and sub-clinical mastitis udder-halves. The major bacterial pathogens isolated were Staphylococcus spp. which showed to be highest frequency (38.98%), followed by Escherichia coli (27.12%) and Bacillus spp. (10.17%) as a single clinical IMI whereas mixed IMI were also detected in both clinically and sub-clinically affected udder-halves. Antibiotic sensitivity results showed a relatively high level of resistance to ampicillin, amoxycillin and streptomycin, whereas gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were found to be the most effective drugs. These results indicate the high prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis in apparently normal quarters of lactating goats than those had clinical mastitis in other udder-halves, and therefore, there is a need for the prudent use of antibacterial in animal health and production through bacteriological and antibiogram studies in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13456

Gentrifying the Rural? Planning and Market Processes in Rural Ireland

Rural gentrification represents an emerging research agenda in the context of social transformation of rural localities. Having as a case study the Republic of Ireland, which provides a case of a laissez-faire planning system, this paper first addresses supply-side factors that have provided key preconditions for gentrification to take place. Then, using survey data in case study localities, we examine the extent that gentrification is a factor in rural residential mobility. We argue that the changing rural condition of Ireland provides essential preconditions for gentrification to take place. However, the gentrification literature provides only a partial angle of rural residential mobility, given the nature of rural in-migration observed in our case studies (that is blue-collar and return rural in-migration) during a period of substantial rural housing growth.

Is China unique? Exploring the behaviour of Chinese and European firms in the Cameroonian logging sector

SUMMARY China’s growing presence in Africa’s extractive industries has been the subject of much debate in recent years, reflecting concerns about both environmental sustainability and the governance of resource wealth for long-term benefit. In Cameroon, since 2000 the largest timber concession in the country has been held by a Chinese company. This provides an opportunity to take a deeper look at corporate practices in the extractive industry and explore the extent to which corporate behaviour varies between Chinese and non-Chinese companies. Through a general analysis of Cameroonian timber production and trade, and a detailed analysis of two European companies (one FSC-certified) and one Chinese company (without FSC certification), this paper assesses the effects of Chinese capital and China-related trade on rural livelihoods and forest condition in the Cameroonian forestry sector. Our findings suggest that while the Chinese market shapes the trade patterns and management activities of logging companies, it does so irrespective of the companies’ nationality. Also, findings suggest that nationality of firms has a weak influence on the impacts on local livelihoods around the sampled logging concessions in Cameroon.

Estimation of post-vaccination antibody titre against goat pox and determination of protective antibody titre

Goats maintained in farm/under rural condition by individual owners with definite history of vaccination were vaccinated with Freeze Dried Tissue Culture Goat Pox Vaccine and antibody titre was determined up to 1 year post-vaccination period. A few experimental goats were vaccinated and subsequently challenged with isolated virulent field virus and antibody titre of vaccinated animals observed at different intervals was compared with the antibody titre observed in the experimental goats. Post-vaccination serum neutralizing antibody titre was 1:32 at 1 year post-vaccination. All the vaccinated experimental goats withstood virulent field virus challenge on 21st day with serum neutralizing antibody titre of 1:16.