Rural Areas Of Cambodia Research Articles

Metabolic Resistance and Not Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Gene Mutation Is Associated with Pyrethroid Resistance of Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) from Cambodia.

(1) Background: In Cambodia, Aedes albopictus is an important vector of the dengue virus. Vector control using insecticides is a major strategy implemented in managing mosquito-borne diseases. Resistance, however, threatens to undermine the use of insecticides. In this study, we present the levels of insecticide resistance of Ae. albopictus in Cambodia and the mechanisms involved. (2) Methods: Two Ae. albopictus populations were collected from the capital, Phnom Penh city, and from rural Pailin province. Adults were tested with diagnostic doses of malathion (0.8%), deltamethrin (0.03%), permethrin (0.25%), and DDT (4%) using WHO tube assays. Synergist assays using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were implemented before the pyrethroid assays to detect the potential involvement of metabolic resistance mechanisms. Adult female mosquitoes collected from Phnom Penh and Pailin were tested for voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) kdr (knockdown resistance) mutations commonly found in Aedes sp.-resistant populations throughout Asia (S989P, V1016G, and F1534C), as well as for other mutations (V410L, L982W, A1007G, I1011M, T1520I, and D1763Y). (3) Results: The two populations showed resistance against all the insecticides tested (<90% mortality). The use of PBO (an inhibitor of P450s) strongly restored the efficacy of deltamethrin and permethrin against the two resistant populations. Sequences of regions of the vgsc gene showed a lack of kdr mutations known to be associated with pyrethroid resistance. However, four novel non-synonymous mutations (L412P/S, C983S, Q1554STOP, and R1718L) and twenty-nine synonymous mutations were detected. It remains to be determined whether these mutations contribute to pyrethroid resistance. (4) Conclusions: Pyrethroid resistance is occurring in two Ae. albopictus populations originating from urban and rural areas of Cambodia. The resistance is likely due to metabolic resistance specifically involving P450s monooxygenases. The levels of resistance against different insecticide classes are a cause for concern in Cambodia. Alternative tools and insecticides for controlling dengue vectors should be used to minimize disease prevalence in the country.

A Review on the Advantages of Home Garden for Khmer People in Rural Areas of Cambodia

Homesteading, also known as home gardens, is a long-standing food production practice worldwide. It involves cultivating vegetables around the home, with some families growing multiple varieties without proper management. The aim of this study is to express how important of home garden is for individual Khmer families and livelihood in Rural areas of Cambodia. Home gardens therefore feature species that are complementary to one another and are characterized by cheap capital input and basic technology. They can improve the variety of foods in a home, provide fresh vegetables, save money by not buying vegetables, and increase income by selling extra vegetables to neighbors and friends. This income can be used to pay for other foods, school fees, and other expenses. Gardening also helps families exercise and stay fit, diversifying their diet, and reducing daily expenses. It also provides livelihood opportunities for resource-poor families and delivers various ecosystem services. In conclusion, working in the garden encourages family exercise and fitness, raising the diet's level of diversity even more, lower daily costs, such as providing resource-poor families with a means of subsistence, and provide several ecosystem services.

Planning of an LVAC Distribution System with Centralized PV and Decentralized PV Integration for a Rural Village

Energy demand is continuously increasing, leading to yearly expansions in low-voltage (LV) distribution systems integrated with PVs to deliver electricity to users with techno-economic considerations. This study proposes and compares different topology planning strategies with and without PVs in a rural area of Cambodia over 30 years of planning. Firstly, the optimal radial topology from a distribution transformer to end-users is provided using the shortest path algorithm. Secondly, two different phase balancing concepts (i.e., pole balancing and load balancing) with different phase connection methods (i.e., power losses and energy losses) are proposed and compared to find the optimal topology. Then, the integration of centralized (CePV) and decentralized PV (DePV) into the optimal topology is investigated for three different scenarios, which are zero-injection (MV and LV levels), no sell-back price, and a sell-back price. Next, the minimum sell-back price from CePV and DePV integration is determined. To optimize phase balancing, including the location and size of PV, an optimization technique using a water cycle algorithm (WCA) is applied. Finally, an economic analysis of each scenario based on the highest net present cost (NPC), including capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) over the planning period, is evaluated. In addition, technical indicators, such as autonomous time and energy, and environmental indicator, which is quantified by CO2 emissions, are taken into account. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Concurrent and convergent validity of culture-specific psychopathology syndromes among Cambodian adolescents.

Psychopathology is defined in part by its impacts on life functioning (e.g., fulfillment of daily responsibilities at work or school, in family relationships). Relations to life functioning are particularly important in the validation of culture-specific syndromes (patterns of mental health symptoms specific to a particular culture), to demonstrate that culture-specific symptom patterns do in fact represent pathology. The current study's goal was to assess the construct validity of the Cambodian Somatic Symptom and Syndrome Inventory (CSSI). The study focused on the statistically unique effects of the CSSI on life functioning (i.e., effects of the CSSI on life functioning, controlling for Western psychopathology syndromes), to determine whether the CSSI contributes information beyond standard Western measures, which would support CSSI culture-specific convergent validity. Because adolescence is a key period when psychopathology often develops, study participants were 391 high-school students in one urban and one rural area of Cambodia. Participants completed the CSSI, the Western psychopathology surveys Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD-7), and life functioning measures assessing functional impairment, quality of life, and help-seeking. Results indicated strong CSSI concurrent validity (canonical correlation = 0.75) with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7, and CSSI total effects convergent validity on life functioning indicators. All CSSI statistically unique effects (controlling for the PHQ-9 and GAD-7) on life functioning measures were non-significant indicating that the CSSI, shown to be a valid assessment measure in the current study, does not add predictive information beyond standard Western measures. A key limitation that should be considered in interpretation of these results is that the life functioning measures, although reviewed by Khmer psychologists, were Western-based, thus potentially inflating relations with Western psychopathology measures.

Prevalence and factors associated with faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales among peripartum women in the community in Cambodia.

BackgroundIn Southeast-Asia, where many conditions associated with dissemination of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) in the community are met, data from the community are scarce but show high ESBL-E carriage prevalence. Maternal ESBL-E colonization is considered a risk factor for neonatal colonization, which is the first step towards developing neonatal sepsis. Despite this, ESBL-E carriage prevalence and its risk factors during pregnancy or postpartum remain undefined in Southeast-Asia.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of ESBL-E faecal colonization among peripartum women in the community of an urban and a rural area in Cambodia, to investigate ESBL-E genomic characteristics and to identify associated risk factors.MethodsEpidemiological data and faecal samples from 423 peripartum women were collected in an urban and rural areas in Cambodia (2015–16). Bacterial cultures, antibiotic susceptibility tests and ESBL gene sequencing were performed. Risk factor analysis was conducted using logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of ESBL-E faecal carriage was 79.2% (95% CI 75.0%–82.8%) among which Escherichia coli (n = 315/335, 94.0%) were most frequent. All isolates were multidrug resistant. Among 318 ESBL-E, the genes most frequently detected were blaCTX-M-15 (41.5%), blaCTX-M-55 (24.8%), and blaCTX-M-27 (15.1%). Low income, undernutrition, multiparity, regular consumption of pork, dried meat, and raw vegetables, were associated with ESBL-E faecal carriage.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of ESBL-E carriage observed among peripartum women in Southeast-Asia and the identified associated factors underline the urgent need for public health measures to address antimicrobial resistance, including a ‘One Health’ approach.

The impacts of climate change on food consumption, household income, and child nutrition in Boseth District, Kampong Speu Province, Cambodia

Climate change has become a most challenging issue for sustainable development in lower-income countries. Climate change has impacted food consumption and human health especially children’s nutrition. Malnutrition in children is caused by a combination of inadequate food intake and childhood infections that limit the capacity of the body to absorb nutrients from food. The degree of malnutrition experienced by infants and children is measured by one of three indicators: underweight, stunted, and wasted. This research applies a mixed-methods approach to study the impacts of climate change on child nutrition in a rural area of Cambodia, namely Borseth District, Kampong Speu Province. It was found that: 1) Climate change not only affects household incomes, but has multiple long-term impacts on child development due to health shocks and stressors, inadequate diets and protein intake, poor feeding practices, a lack of best-practice care for women and children, and other household burdens; 2) Villagers who have incomes that are below the poverty line can face food shortages any time but are especially vulnerable during periods of climate-related shocks and stressors. Household food consumption that is below national food consumption guidelines is the most significant factor causing persistently high levels of underweight, stunted, and wasted children; 3) Procedures for ensuring adequate care and feeding practices are crucial from birth to the age of five years to promote improved nutrition that adequately develops a child’s immune system. However, the study found that villagers who focused on securing a sustainable livelihood become distracted from the factors that improve child nutrition during this crucial phase of child development. Thus, mitigating the impacts of climate change on child nutrition should focus on improving both household food consumption, and household income. These factors have the most significant potential to address the four main elements of the problem of child malnutrition, namely: inadequate food intake, the capacity of the body to absorb nutrients, childhood diseases, and inadequate care.

Public perceptionsabout the management ofplastic consumptionin Kang Meas District,Kampong Cham Province

This paper analyzes the knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with the management of plastic consumption in Kang Meas District, Kampong Cham Province. It describes the negative environmental impacts of plastic consumption and advocates for improved plastic waste management in rural areas of Cambodia. A cohort of 235 households in Kang Ta Noeng and Roka Ar communes was selected to participate in this research. A significant correlation between plastic consumption and indicators such as household income was found. For instance, the higher the household income, the more plastic that each household consumed. To reduce plastic consumption, an adaptation study is required to set an appropriate price for plastic bags that may be enforced by small businesses. Littering on the road or in other public places such as rivers or canals was found to be driven by people's behaviour and lack of knowledge. Households demand better support to meet national policies for waste management, collection and disposal. It is recommended that the management of plastic waste is improved by 1) awareness-raising about issues linked to plastic consumption to improve the attitudes, behaviours and practices of local people 2) the designation and provision of waste disposal sites by local authorities, including community campaigns to manage plastic waste on a commune or village basis, 3) supporting a policy to discourage the use of plastic bags nationwide by charging a fee for their use, 4) providing sufficient budgets for local authorities properly collect and separate plastic for recycling, and 5) include knowledge about the management of plastic consumption in the school curriculum to raise awareness and plastic consumption from an early age.

Factors influencing the retention of secondary midwives at health centres in rural areas in Cambodia: the role of gender\u2014a qualitative study

BackgroundRetention of skilled midwives is crucial to reducing maternal mortality in rural areas; hence, Cambodia has been trying to retain at least one secondary midwife who can provide basic emergency obstetric care at every health centre even in rural areas. The factors influencing the retention of midwives, but not solely secondary midwives, have been identified; however, the security issues that affected female health workers during the conflict and the post-conflict years and gender issues have been unexplored. This study explores these and other potential factors influencing secondary midwife retention and their significance.MethodsSequential two-stage qualitative interviews explored influential factors and their significance. The first stage comprised semi-structured interviews with 19 key informants concerned with secondary midwife retention and in-depth interviews with eight women who had deliveries at rural health centres. Based on these interview results, in-depth interviews with six secondary midwives who were deployed to a rural health centre were conducted in the second stage. These midwives ranked the factors using a participatory rural appraisal tool. These interviews were coded with the framework approach.ResultsLiving with one’s parents or husband, accommodation and security issues were identified as more significant influential factors for secondary midwife retention than current salary and the physical condition of the health centre. Gender norms were entrenched in these highly influential factors. The deployed secondary midwives who were living apart from one’s parents or spouse requested transfer (end of retention) to health centres closer to home, as other midwives had done. They feared gender-based violence, although violence against them and the women around them was not reported. The health workers surrounding the midwives endorsed the gender norms and the midwives’ responses. The ranking of factors showed similarities to the interview results.ConclusionsThis study suggests that gender norms increased the significance of issues with deployments to rural areas and security issues as negative factors on female health workforce retention in rural areas in Cambodia. This finding implies that further incorporating gendered perspectives into research and developing and implementing gender-responsive policies are necessary to retain the female health workforce, thereby achieving SDGs 3 and 5.

Availability, affordability, and quality of essential anti-seizure medication in Cambodia.

ObjectiveEpilepsy is a major neurological disorder that requires long‐term medical treatment. Once epilepsy is diagnosed, people with epilepsy face many difficulties in accessing treatment (treatment gap). Our objective was to assess the situation regarding the availability, price, affordability, and quality of anti‐seizure medication (ASM), which are major determinants of access to treatment.MethodA cross‐sectional study was performed in provincial/district hospitals and private pharmacies in urban and rural areas in Cambodia. Data on ASM availability and price were obtained through drug suppliers. Affordability was estimated as the number of day wages the lowest‐paid government employee must work to purchase a monthly treatment. Samples of ASM were collected, and the quality of ASM was assessed through Medicine Quality Assessment Reporting Guidelines.ResultsOut of 138 outlets visited, only 72 outlets (52.2% [95% CI 43.5‐60.7]) had at least one ASM available. Phenobarbital 100 mg was the most available (35.5%), followed by carbamazepine 200 mg (21.7%), phenobarbital 50 mg (11.6%), sodium valproate 500 mg (9.4%), and phenytoin 100 mg (9.4%). In provincial/district hospitals, ASM was provided free of charge. In private pharmacies, affordability for phenobarbital 50 mg and 100 mg was the best, with 0.6 and 0.5 days, respectively, compared to phenytoin 100 mg (1.8 days), and other ASM. No counterfeit ASM was found in this study. Phenytoin sample presented the worst quality (33.0%) compared to carbamazepine (27.8%), and other ASM.SignificanceA lack of access to affordable and effective ASM due to low availability and poor quality of ASM was identified. Our research highlights the need for future policy efforts to ensure the quality of ASM and improve their availability. This can be achieved by involving the calculation of their annual needs for these drugs and increasing the national production of ASM.

Impacts of improvements in rural roads on household income through the enhancement of market accessibility in rural areas of Cambodia

Rural areas in low-income countries often face severe poverty typically caused by insufficient accessibility to basic facilities. Improvements in rural roads are expected to reduce poverty although the mechanism has not been investigated sufficiently. This study empirically analyzes the impacts of rural road improvements implemented from 2012 to 2014 in Cambodia, highlighting local residents’ accessibility to local markets. This study assumes two causal relationships: rural road improvements have upgraded the accessibility and travel frequency to local markets, and the upgraded accessibility and travel frequency to local markets have led to a growth in local residents’ income. The hypotheses are statistically tested with a dataset developed through a questionnaire survey conducted in three areas in 2016. The dataset contains responses from 400 local residents to questions concerning their social attributes, livelihoods, travel modes, travel frequency, and time/cost of travels to the basic facilities. The quasi-experimental design incorporating a difference-in-differences design and an inverse possibility of treatment weighting approach revealed that the improvements in rural roads did not affect travel time nor travel cost but significantly enhanced travel frequency to local markets, and that an increase in the travel frequency to local markets and travel time savings significantly contributed to the households’ income growth. The results suggest that the improvement of seasonal reliability in accessing local markets through an introduction of all-weather roads could be critical to enhance household income, particularly in areas where agriculture is a leading industry and weather conditions are unstable across seasons.

Association between Early Childhood Caries and Maternal Factors among 18- to 36-month-old Children in a Rural Area of Cambodia.

To investigate the associations between early childhood caries (ECC) and maternal factors among 18- to 36-month-old children in one rural province of Cambodia. 121 mother-child pairs (male = 67, female = 54; mean age = 25.18 ± 6.24 months) were recruited at several villages in Stueng Trang district, Kampong Cham province. ECC and maternal caries experience were recorded following WHO guidelines. Maternal factors such as literacy and socioeconomic status, as well as child-rearing behaviours, were assessed through an interview questionnaire of the mothers. ECC and maternal caries prevalence were 54.5% and 84.3%, respectively. Statistically significant associations were found between ECC and: breast-feeding after 18 months; sugary food and beverage intake for the child (p < 0.05); maternal caries experience; illiteracy; night-time breastfeeding, bottle feeding, and late introduction of toothbrushing for the child (p < 0.01). A logistic regression revealed that ECC was more common in children whose mothers had DMFT > 0 (OR = 4.08; 95% CI =1.13-14.75; p = 0.032), children whose mothers were illiterate (OR = 8.21; 95% CI = 1.67-40.85; p = 0.009), children who had night-time breastfeeding after 18 months (OR = 2.76; 95% CI = 1.06-7.19; p = 0.037), and children for whom toothbrushing was introduced after 18 months (OR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.03-7.97; p = 0.042). The findings of this study suggest that maternal caries experience and illiteracy, as well as a range of child-rearing behaviours including prolonged night-time breastfeeding and late introduction of toothbrushing were indicators for ECC in this population.

Early childhood caries status and its associated factors among young children in a rural area of Cambodia

BackgroundThe purpose of this cross-sectional study was to measure prevalence and severity of early childhood caries (ECC), and its associated factors among 1- and 2-year-old children in Kampong Cham province, Cambodia. Materials and methodsData, from a representative sample of 128 children (69 males, 59 females; mean age = 22.98 ± 7.68 months), were collected at seven villages in Khpob Ta Nguon district, Kampong Cham province from May to October in 2018. The dental caries status was recorded following WHO guidelines. The socio-economic status, dietary habits and oral hygiene habits of the children were assessed through an interview questionnaire administered to their primary caregivers. ResultsECC prevalence was 50.0%. The mean dft was 2.46 ± 3.08, and 100% of cavitated lesions were untreated. A logistic regression revealed that 1-year-old children who continued night breast-feeding after 12 months were more likely to have ECC (OR = 5.32, 95%CI = 1.33–21.30), whereas the 2-year-old children who continued night breast-feeding beyond 12 months (OR = 13.36, 95%CI = 2.14–82.31), bottle-feeding after 12 months (OR = 6.10, 95%CI = 1.56–23.87), and children who did not adopt tooth brushing by the 1st birthday (OR = 32.23, 95%CI = 4.51–230.54) were more likely to have ECC. ConclusionThe findings of this study indicate that ECC prevalence and severity among this group of rural Cambodian children were high. Oral health programs focusing ECC prevention from an early age should be conducted in this population.

Health disparity toward noncommunicable diseases among residents in rural Cambodia: a descriptive study.

Objective: Regional disparities in health services is a crucial problem in Cambodia. Particularly, a number of NCD risk factors are more common among the rural poor. Fortunately, 80% of NCDs are preventable and cost-effective interventions exist. Therefore, health care needs assessments regarding NCDs in poor rural areas are vital. The object of this pilot study was to identify health care needs regarding NCDs among residents in poor rural areas in Cambodia.Materials and Methods: A medical health check-up and questionnaire survey were conducted with 208 rural residents who participated in a free health check-up and doctor consultation in Kaoh Peam Reang.Results: One hundred sixteen (55.8%) females were included in the total sample size of 208 participants; the majority (52.9%) were between 35 and 65 years of age. Twenty-five participants (12%) were current smokers, and 44 (21%) were current alcohol drinkers. Eighty (38.5%) participants had hypertension and 44 participants (21.2%) had a body mass index over 25. Alcohol drinking and smoking habits were more common among men. The five most frequent medical complaints were headache (18.3%), lower back pain (14.4%), foot and hand pain (13.9%), joint pain (10.1%), and difficulty breathing (10.1%).Conclusions: The medical need for doctor consultations regarding chronic disease and chronic pain might be higher in poor rural areas in Cambodia.

Profitable Management Styles of Small-Scale Pig Farming in Rural Areas of Cambodia

Profitable Management Styles of Small-Scale Pig Farming in Rural Areas of Cambodia

Factors Causing Deficits in Traditional Rice Liquor Production in Rural Areas of Cambodia

Factors Causing Deficits in Traditional Rice Liquor Production in Rural Areas of Cambodia

Differences in knowledge about epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs among pharmacy-dispensing workers in Cambodia and in Lao PDR

Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder encountered in primary care in Southeast Asia. People with epilepsy require long-term therapy management. Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has been identified as a major factor in suboptimal control of epilepsy. Pharmacies offer patients a first-line point of contact with the healthcare system. Many pharmacies operate with limited or nonqualified human resources that can lead to insufficient knowledge, inappropriate supply of medicines, and insufficient counseling. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the qualification and knowledge concerning epilepsy and AEDs among pharmacy-dispensing workers who sell drugs to people with epilepsy. MethodA cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted in public and private pharmacies, in both urban and rural areas of Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). The knowledge was collected through a questionnaire. ResultsA total of 180 respondents from 123 outlets in the two countries were included in this study. A proportion of 40.8% (31) of respondents in Cambodia and 38.5% (40) in Lao PDR were pharmacists, followed by sellers who did not received any healthcare training with a proportion of 18.4% (14) in Cambodia compared to 20.2% (21) in Lao PDR. Head trauma was cited as the main cause of epilepsy by 72.4% (55) in Cambodia and 27.2% (28) in Lao PDR (p < 0.001). Epilepsy was considered as a contagious disease by 6.6% (5) of respondents in Cambodia compared to 18.4% (19) in Lao PDR (p = 0.03). Eighty-seven percent (66) of respondents in Cambodia knew at least one long-term AED versus 67.3% (70) in Lao PDR (p = 0.003). Phenobarbital was mentioned in more than 90.0% of cases in both countries. In overall, 15.4% (21) thought that if seizures are controlled for some months, people with epilepsy could stop taking their AEDs. Only one respondent from Lao PDR was aware of drug–drug interaction between AEDs and oral contraception. ConclusionAn educational intervention should be implemented to improve the knowledge of epilepsy and AEDs for pharmacy-dispensing workers. This could include advice for all pharmacy-dispensing workers in order to improve AED management and follow-up of therapeutic adherence.

Changes in Individual Economic Activities and Regional Market Structures Caused by Rural Road Improvements in Cambodia

In rural areas of developing countries, most individuals engage in farming of staple foods and trading them in their local markets for daily earnings. If a road is improved, what would happen to those markets and the local populations’ economic activities? This study aimed to examine the effects of rural road improvements on local economic activities and market structures in rural areas of Cambodia using quantitative and qualitative data collected from face-to-face interviews. The data included both individual economic status and households’ travel behavior around their markets. This study showed that improving road conditions helps low-income individuals visit a market frequently and releases rice farmers from the time and cost burdens of transporting their rice to markets or enables customers to now approach them directly for trades. The enhancement of economic activities was also confirmed among local populations on the roadsides, particularly groups with economic capacities, and this effect was distributed to markets even beyond the roadsides. Our findings suggest that rural road improvements enhance the economic status of individuals who engage in dominant economic activities along the improved roads and that these benefits extend beyond roadside markets themselves. However, such positive impacts were not realized by households that did not own any land for rice farming and whose economic status remained poor. Instruments should be integrated into future rural road improvement projects to include households of small economic capacities in the local economic development process.

Oral health-related quality of life in young Cambodian children: a validation study with a focus on children with cleft lip and/or palate.

Oral Health-Related Quality-of-Life (OHRQoL) measures have been developed and cross-culturally validated for use in many populations in recent years. Their use in children with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP), however, is not as well established. This study aimed to validate two OHRQoL instruments for use with Cambodian children and to describe the OHRQoL of a sample of Cambodian children with CLP, compared with other children in the same cohort. A convenience sample of 133 children aged 2-8 years and their families was recruited from two NGO health services in urban and rural areas of Cambodia. Children were assigned into clinical groups of cleft, malocclusion, severe caries (PUFA ≥ 1), and dentine caries. OHRQoL was measured using the Parental-Caregivers Perception Questionnaire (P-CPQ-16) and Family Impact Scale (FIS-8). The validity of the instruments was acceptable with an expected gradient in both scale scores being evident across self-reported oral health ratings. Children with CLP and their families experienced significantly greater impacts on OHRQoL, and the pattern of these impacts differed among the clinical groups. This study has confirmed the validity of the P-CPQ-16 and FIS-8 for use with young Cambodian children. The results impart advocacy for needed improvements in the care of children with CLP and provide a foundation for future epidemiological research of oral health in Cambodia.

Classification by Characteristics of Farm Management for Development Aid in Rural Area of Cambodia

Classification by Characteristics of Farm Management for Development Aid in Rural Area of Cambodia

Improving and Expanding the Quality of Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care Services in Rural Areas of Cambodia.

Dear Editor, The available global estimates indicate that each day more than 825 women die owing to preventable causes associated with pregnancy and childbirth.[1] In fact, owing to the lack of coordinated efforts and shortcomings of the health sector, most nations failed to accomplish the targets proposed under the Millennium Development Goals (MDG)……………