Running Training Program Research Articles

Training responses of plasma beta-endorphin, adrenocorticotropin, and cortisol

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three different run training programs on plasma responses of beta-endorphin (beta-EP), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), and cortisol to maximal treadmill exercise. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three training groups: sprint intervals (SI) (N = 8), endurance (E) (N = 10), or combination (C) (N = 7). Training was monitored for 10 wk, and maximal treadmill exercise tests were administered pre-training and after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wk of training. Blood samples were obtained (pre-training and after 10 wk) before, immediately after, and 5 and 15 min following the maximal exercise tests. All groups significantly (P less than 0.05) increased maximal oxygen consumption values at 8 and 10 wk of the training period. Significant exercise-induced increase in plasma beta-EP, ACTH, cortisol, and blood lactate were observed for both pre- and post-training tests in all training groups. The SI group demonstrated significant post-training increases in beta-EP, ACTH, cortisol, and 5 min post-exercise blood lactate concentrations in response to maximal exercise. No training-induced hormonal changes were observed for the E group. While exercise-induced increases were observed, the C group exhibited significant post-training reductions in plasma responses of beta-EP, ACTH, and blood lactate concentrations in response to maximal exercise. Still, resting and post-exercise increases in plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in magnitude in the post-training test. Lactate was significantly correlated with beta-EP (r = 0.72), ACTH (r = 0.70), and cortisol (r = 0.64).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Fast axonal transport of labeled proteins in motoneurons of exercise-trained rats

In this study, the fast orthograde axonal transport of radiolabeled proteins was measured to determine the effects of endurance-running training on transport velocity and amounts of transported proteins in rat sciatic motoneurons. Female rats were subjected to a progressive running-training program for 10-12 wk. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, rats underwent right L4-L5 dorsal root ganglionectomy. The next day, 20 microCi of [3H]leucine was injected bilaterally in the vicinity of the motoneuronal cell bodies supplying the sciatic nerve, to study axonal transport parameters. Results showed that peak and average transport velocities of labeled proteins were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased by 22 and 29%, respectively, in the deafferented nerves of the runners as compared with controls. Moreover, the amount of total transported protein-bound radioactivity was increased in both left (40%) and right (37%) sciatic nerves of the runners. An exhaustive exercise session reduced (P less than 0.05) peak displacement (8%) and total transported protein-bound radioactivity (36%) in the sciatic nerves of control rats, whereas no changes were noticed in trained animals. The data suggest that chronic endurance running induces significant adaptations in the fast axonal transport of labeled proteins.

Influence of exercise and Dianabol on the degradation rate of myofibrillar proteins of the heart and three fiber types of skeletal muscle of female guinea pigs.

The influence of methandrostenolone (= Dianabol = 17-beta-hydroxy-17-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one) and of a running training program on the degradation rate of myofibrillar proteins of the heart, soleus, red portion of the vastus lateralis, and white portion of the vastus lateralis of female guinea pigs was studied by measuring the time-dependent decrease of radioactive-labeled proteins. The following results were obtained: No alteration of absolute muscle or body weight An increased heart-to-body weight relation in the trained and in the trained group receiving Dianabol A significantly higher myofibrillar protein concentration in the skeletal muscle types than in the heart An increased concentration of myofibrillar proteins in all muscle types in the trained group receiving Dianabol and in the heart of the untrained group receiving Dianabol The degradation rate of the myofibrillar proteins decreased in all muscle types in the trained group receiving Dianabol and in the heart of the untrained group receiving Dianabol and in the trained group.

Endurance training decreases the alkaline proteolytic activity in mouse skeletal muscles.

Alkaline and myofibrillar protease activities of rectus femoris, soleus, and tibialis anterior muscles and the pooled sample of gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles were analyzed in male NMRI-mice during a running-training program of 3, 10, or 20 daily 1-h sessions. The activity of citrate synthase increased during the endurance training, reflecting the increased oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles. The activities of alkaline and myofibrillar proteases continually decreased in the course of the training program in all muscles studied. Instead, the activity of beta-glucuronidase (a marker of lysosomal hydrolases) increased in all muscles. The highest activities were observed at the beginning of the training program. Present results, together with our earlier observations, show that the type of training, running as opposed to swimming, modulates the training responses in alkaline protease activities. Further, diverse adaptations in the activities of alkaline proteases and a lysosomal hydrolase suggest difference in the function of different proteolytic systems.

Bacteriuria Diagnosis and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing in a Group Practice by Dipslide Techniques

In group practice, screening for bacteriuria and antibacterial susceptibility testing of bacteria in urine specimens were performed by dipslide methods (Uricult and Sensicult, Orion Diagnostica) and the results were evaluated with respect to conventional cultivation of urine specimens and standardized susceptibility testing by the disc diffusion method at a bacteriological laboratory. Bacteriuria diagnosis by screening by the Uricult method seemed to be satisfactorily performed except for some streptococcal strains. In the case of direct susceptibility testing by the Sensicult dipslide method, however, the results obtained by personnel at the surgeries and by trained bacteriologists displayed unacceptable disparities, despite the fact that a continuously running training programme was established.

Effects of a Competitive Endurance Training Program on Self-Concept and Peer Approval

Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a cardiovascular fitness program on the self-concept and peer approval of seventh grade boys. Thirty-seven low self-esteem Ss were randomly divided into a control group (participated in no formal physical education activity) and an experimental group (participated in a special running training program). At the end of an 18 week training program the two groups were significantly different in cardiovascular endurance, indicating the efficacy of the experimental treatment. There was an increase in self-concept from pretest to posttest for the experimental group only. Neither group had a significant change in peer approval.