Running Events Research Articles

Management of Solid Waste from Phuket International Marathon Running Event

Management of Solid Waste from Phuket International Marathon Running Event

Participant engagement in running events and why it matters who else takes part

ABSTRACT Research question The competitive landscape facing branded running events demands insights into how to increase brand loyalty amongst participants. This study examines how participants need to engage with branded running events to stimulate brand loyalty; and how the social environment (i.e. the presence of other unacquainted participants), encourages participants to engage more with the event brand. Research methods Data, collected via personally administrated survey, from 246 participants of the closing event of ‘Cairo Runners' were analysed by means of Partial Least Squares Structural Equations Modelling. Results and findings Self-brand identification is enhanced by cognitive, behavioural and emotional engagement with the event brand. To encourage Word-of-Mouth requires emotionally and socially engaged participants. As a social stimulus, perceived similarity with other unacquainted participants acts as a major driver of social, behavioural and cognitive engagement. Positive perception of other participants’ physical appearance stimulates cognitive and emotional engagement but hinders social engagement. Suitable behaviour of other participants encourages social engagement. Implications Theoretically, this is the first study on participatory sport events including the full spectrum of participant engagement with an event brand; highlighting the unique role the different ways of engagement play in stimulating aspects of brand loyalty. The findings quantify the largely overlooked stimulus effect created by the sheer presence of unacquainted participants on participant engagement. We highlight the central role of perceived similarity amongst participants as a driver of participant engagement. Event organisers are encouraged to identify alternative criteria that resonate with participants to create a sense of similarity amongst participants.

How to Identify and Assess Risk Factors for Large-scale Running Events: The Organizers’ Perspective

Marathon is one of the fastest growing sports disciplines and it generally boasts a large number of participants from around the world. As the organization and management of large-scale running events poses a real challenge, risk evaluation should always precede the decision-making regarding the safety and precautionary measures.

Men’s and Women’s Style of Living and Motivation to Run in Charity Events

Running has been very popular for years, especially in organized mass runs. Various running events take place all over the world, at different distances and locations, including charity running events. However, there has not been any research on the social impact of these events on participants to date. This article/paper is an attempt to remedy this situation. The authors conducted their research by the diagnostic survey method using standardized interview technique during the 6th Santa Claus Run organized in Poznan on the day of Santa Claus. A sample of 136 runners: 49 male respondents and 87 female respondents participated in the event voluntarily and completed a questionnaire. Therefore, the main goal of the study was to recognize the relationship between the lifestyles of men and women in the context of participation in a charity running event, in order to evaluate the differences between them. The specific goal was to discern the motives to take part in such kind of an event, as well as to find out what influence the participation in a charity run has on the respondents, both those leading an active and passive lifestyle. The most important result and the only one statistically significant difference in the conducted study was the indication that women have more empathy and participate more often than men in charity runs.

Medical Encounters in a 90-km Ultramarathon Running Event: A 6-year Study in 103 131 Race Starters-SAFER XVII.

To determine the incidence and nature of illness-related medical encounters (MEs) at a 90-km, ultramarathon, mass, community-based, endurance running event. Retrospective, descriptive epidemiological study. Comrades Marathon (90 km), South Africa. One lakh three thousand one hundred thirty-one race starters over 6 years (2014-2019). Incidence of moderate and serious/life-threatening MEs. All MEs were recorded by race medical doctors on race day each year. Medical encounters were recorded by severity, organ system, and final specific diagnosis (2019 consensus statement definition on mass community-based events). Incidences (I: per 1000 starters; 95% confidence intervals) were calculated for MEs. There were 1971 illness-related MEs, with an overall incidence of 19.1 (range, 18.3-20.0). The incidence for serious/life-threatening MEs was 1.8 (range, 1.6-2.1). Incidences of MEs by organ systems affected were as follows: fluid/electrolyte (8.8; 8.3-9.4), central nervous system (4.0; 3.7-4.5), and gastrointestinal system (2.9; 2.6-3.2). Dehydration (I = 7.5: 7.0-8.1) and exercise-associated muscle cramping (I = 3.2: 2.9-3.6) were the 2 most common specific diagnoses. The incidence of MEs in the 90-km Comrades Marathon was one of the highest incidences of MEs reported in an endurance running event (1 in 52 starters and 1 in 556 starters for serious/life-threatening MEs). Preventative measures to reduce MEs are needed, and further investigations into the risk factors associated with MEs could assist in managing the risk and better prepare athletes, race organizers, and medical directors.

Effect of Advanced Shoe Technology on the Evolution of Road Race Times in Male and Female Elite Runners.

The influence of advanced footwear technology (thickness of light midsole foam and rigid plate) on distance running performances was analyzed during an 8-year period. Analysis of variance was used to measure effects of time, gender, shoe technology, and East African origin on male and female top 20 or top 100 seasonal best times in 10-kilometer races, half-marathons, and marathons. In both genders and three distance-running events, seasonal best times significantly decreased from 2017, which coincided with the introduction of the advanced footwear technology in distance running. This performance improvement was of similar magnitude in both East African and non-East African elite runners. In female elite athletes, the magnitudes (from 1.7 to 2.3%) of the decrease in seasonal best times between 2016 and 2019 were significantly higher than in their male counterparts (from 0.6 to 1.5%). Analyses of variance confirmed that the adoption of the advanced footwear technology significantly improved the top 20 seasonal best times in female half marathons and marathons and male marathons, with the improvements being more pronounced in females and in long-distance running events. The adoption of this new shoe technology improved female marathon time by ~2 min and 10 s, which represents a significant increase in performance (1.7%).

Validation and utilisation of a digital version of the survey instrument for natural history, Aetiology and Prevalence of Patellofemoral pain studies (eSNAPPS)

ObjectiveThis study validated the newly adapted electronic SNAPPS (eSNAPPS) against the original paper SNAPPS. Subsequently, the study estimated the prevalence of PFP in running participants and spectators attending three mass-participant running events in the United Kingdom by using the eSNAPPS tool. DesignThis study had two parts. Firstly, a validation of the original paper version of the SNAPPS tool. Secondly, if validation was achieved, eSNAPPS was used in a prevalence study. ParticipantsA convenience sample of running participants and spectators aged 18–40 years attending the mass participation running events. Main outcome measureThe 12-month prevalence of PFP.Results: eSNAPPS was valid in identifying those with PFP (ICC 0.99 for Overall agreement, p < 0.0001). In the prevalence study, a total of 1080 running participants and spectators completed the eSNAPPS. The overall prevalence of PFP was 17.4% (95%CI: 15.2%, 19.8%); 20.5% of males (16.5, 24.9) and 15.7% of females (13.1, 18.7) had PFP. Prevalence was 17.4% (15.2, 19.8) in spectators and 16.7% in running participants (14.5, 19.0). ConclusionThe overall PFP prevalence in this study was slightly smaller than those previously reported in the literature. Findings also show that there were similar prevalence estimates in spectators and running participants.

Pacing in Long-Distance Running: Sex and Age Differences in 10-km Race and Marathon.

Background and objective: The recent availability of data from mass-participation running events has allowed researchers to examine pacing from the perspective of non-elite distance runners. Based on an extensive analysis of the literature, we concluded that no study utilizing mass-participation events data has ever directly compared pacing in the 10-km race, with other long-distance races. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess and compare pacing between 10-km runners and marathoners, in regards to their sex and age. Materials and methods: For the purpose of this study, official results from the Oslo marathon (n = 8828) and 10-km race (n = 16,315) held from 2015 to 2018 were included. Results: Both 10-km runners and marathoners showed positive pacing strategies. Moreover, two-way analysis of variance showed that women were less likely to slow in the marathon than men (9.85% in comparison to 12.70%) however, not in the 10-km race (3.99% in comparison to 3.38%). Finally, pace changing is more prominent in youngest and oldest marathoners comparing to the other age groups (12.55% in comparison to 10.96%). Conclusions: Based on these findings, practitioners should adopt different training programmes for marathoners in comparison to shorter long-distance runners.

Why Stop With Only One Run Event?

Why Stop With Only One Run Event?

Differential impacts of trail and ultra-trail running on cytokine profiles: An observational study.

Endurance running events are known to cause inflammation and result in increased cytokine production. However, the effects of ultramarathons on cytokine profiles are not well characterized. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the effects of a trail (40 km) race and an ultra-trail (171 km) race on leukocyte concentrations and cytokine profiles. The study was conducted during the Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc® ultra-marathon running event, and included 11 runners who completed the 40 km trail run and 12 runners who completed the 171 km ultra-trail. Blood samples were taken before and after the races. Leukocyte concentrations significantly increased after both races. Circulating levels of IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and IFN-γ were significantly higher after the longer race compared to the shorter race. Furthermore, while both races resulted in significant increases in IL-6 and IL-8, only the longer race resulted in significant increases in MIP-1β, IL-7, IL-17a, and IL-4. These results illustrate that a 171 km ultra-trail race results in greater modulations in cytokine profiles than a traditional trail race.

Characterization of age-dependent decline in spontaneous running performance in the heart failure Tgαq*44 mice.

In this study we characterize the impact of aging on the spontaneous running performance of the Tgαq*44 mice (transgenic murine model of chronic heart failure) as compared to the wild-type FVB mice. In 166 mice we have recorded the following parameters of their physical activities in the running wheels: the total distance covered during the experiment (Dsum), the maximal distance covered in single-effort (Dmax), mean time spent on running per 24 h (Tmean), mean running speed (νmean), the maximum instantaneous speed of run (νmax) and the number of efforts (i.e. the number of running events undertaken by the mice) during 54 days, in four age groups ~4, ~10, ~12 and ≥12.5 months of age. The level of spontaneous running performance of the FVB mice remained essentially unchanged, but a strong impact of aging in the Tgαq*44 mice on their running performance was found. Namely, the Dsum, Dmax, Tmean and νmean in the Tgαq*44 mice at the age of ≥12.5 months decreased by ~50%, when compared to its level corresponding level at the age of ~4 months, with far lesser effect of aging on their Vmax. Surprisingly, the number of attempts to perform running by the Tgαq*44 mice at the age of 4 - 12 months remained essentially unchanged. This suggests that the exercise intolerance of the aging heart failure (HF) mice seems to be more dependent on deterioration of heart and muscles function linked to HF than on a possible ageing-related impairment of the 'willngness' to initiate running, generated by the central nervous system.

Heat Acclimatization, Cooling Strategies, and Hydration during an Ultra-Trail in Warm and Humid Conditions.

The aim of this study was to assess the history of exertional heat illness (EHI), heat preparation, cooling strategies, heat related symptoms, and hydration during an ultra-endurance running event in a warm and humid environment. This survey-based study was open to all people who participated in one of the three ultra-endurance races of the Grand Raid de la Réunion. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were 18.6 ± 5.7 °C (max = 29.7 °C) and 74 ± 17%, respectively. A total of 3317 runners (56% of the total eligible population) participated in the study. Overall, 78% of the runners declared a history of heat-related symptoms while training or competing, and 1.9% reported a previous diagnosis of EHI. Only 24.3% of study participants living in temperate climates declared having trained in the heat before the races, and 45.1% of all respondents reported a cooling strategy during the races. Three quarter of all participants declared a hydration strategy. The planned hydration volume was 663 ± 240 mL/h. Fifty-nine percent of the runners had enriched their food or drink with sodium during the race. The present study shows that ultra-endurance runners have a wide variability of hydration and heat preparation strategies. Understandings of heat stress repercussions in ultra-endurance running need to be improved by specific field research.

Pacing behaviour of middle-long distance running & race-walking athletes at the IAAF U18 and U20 World Championship finals

ABSTRACT The current study analysed the pacing behaviour of athletes competing in the middle-long track event finals of the IAAF Under 18 and Under 20 World Championships between 2015 and 2018. Official finishing times, 1000-m split times and positioning data of 116 female and 153 male athletes, competing in the middle-long distance running (3000 m, 5000 m and 10,000 m) and race walking (5000 m and 10,000 m) events, were gathered. Repeated measures analysis of variance, with 1000-m speed as within-subjects factor and final ranking (medallist, Top 8 or Top 12, rest of the field) as between-subjects factor, was performed to compare the pacing behaviour between athletes. Positioning of the athletes was analysed by Kendall tau-b (Tb) correlation between the intermediate position and final position. Overall, medallists increased their speed throughout a race, with the exception of the 5000 m running event, in which a parabolic pacing behaviour was exhibited. The 1000-m segment in which a significant (P > 0.05) difference in speed was exhibited between differently ranked athletes coincided with a strong (Tb > 0.7) correlation between intermediate and final positioning. These combined results point towards a separation between the athletes during the race, as the Top 8 or Top 12 and the rest of the field are unable to match the speed of the medallists. The distance, discipline, sex, age category and behaviour of competitors all influence the pacing behaviour of young track athletes during international level competition, emphasising the importance and complexity of developing adequate pacing behaviour in track athletes. Highlights The distribution of effort over an exercise task (i.e. pacing) is an important factor in endurance exercise competition. The pacing behaviour of athletes is determined by many aspects, such as the biomechanical characteristics of the task, the exercise environment and the age of the athlete Sport specific competition data from youth athlete sports events can provide insight into the pacing behaviour of developing athletes. These insights could assist in the optimalisation of the development of pacing behaviour of young athletes in the future. The current study analysed the 1000-m split times and positioning data of athletes competing in the running (3000 m, 5000 m and 10,000) and racewalking (5000 m and 10,000m) finals of the U18 and U20 IAAF world-championship. The difference in final ranking impacted the pacing behaviour of the athletes, with the medallists increasing their speed throughout the race and the other athletes separating from the medallists either early (rest of field) or later in the race (Top 8 or Top 12 athletes).

Recommendations on Youth Participation in Ultra-Endurance Running Events: A Consensus Statement.

Participation in ultra-endurance running (UER) events continues to grow across ages, including youth athletes. The 50- and 100-km are the most popular distances among youth athletes. Most youth athletes are between 16-18years; however, some runners younger than 12years have successfully completed UER events. Parents, athletes, coaches, race directors, and medical professionals often seek advice regarding the safety of youth athletes participating in these events, especially with regard to potential short and long-term health consequences. UER may impact key organ systems during growth and development. We propose a decision-making process, based on current knowledge and the experience of the consensus group that addresses age regulations, medical and psychological well-being, training status and race-specific factors (such as distance, elevation change, remoteness, ambient temperatures, level of medical assistance, and type of provisions provided by the race organizers) to use until evidence of long-term consequences of UER in youth athletes is available. These recommendations are aimed at safe participation in UER events for youth athletes with a proper and individualized assessment.

English

Introduction: The adherence on endurance running events is increasing exponentially around the World in both previously untrained men and women, thus the incorporation of more appropriate and individualized training approaches are required. It is not known if male and female untrained runners differ in the responses to endurance running training on performancerelated variables. Objective: We aimed to compare performance-related responses to an endurance running training program between untrained men and women. Material and method: Sixteen participants (8 men and 8 women) were paired in the baseline by age, body mass index, and percentage in which time to complete 5 km (t5km) represented from the average of best 50 runners t5km in the greatest regional race for each gender. They completed an 11-week training protocol alternating high-intensity interval training and moderateintensity continuous running, three times per week, in a running track. In the week 1 and 11 of the protocol (baseline and post-training weeks), peak running velocity at treadmill (Vpeak), time limit (tlim) at 100% Vpeak, t5km, and the index rMSSD of heart rate variability (HRV) were measured for cardiac autonomic function. Baseline gender-differences were accounted in the analysis. Results: Male and female significantly improved Vpeak (9.4 ± 1.7% and 7.2 ± 1.7%, respectively) and t5km (-13.0 ± 1.8% for both), and no gender-related differences for the adaptations in these two variables were observed. The tlim at 100% Vpeak and rMSSD did not change across the training period in both groups. Percentage of change for men was “moderately” higher than for women for rMSSD (33.4 ± 40.7% vs. 13.9 ± 21.4%), although statistically non-significant. Conclusion: Men and women responses to training were similar with regards to their running performance and cardiac autonomic function. With regards to practical application, Vpeak and its tlim can be applied in exercise settings for the prescription of moderate- to high-intensity running training with similar benefits regardless of the biological gender

High-Intensity Warm-Up Increases Anaerobic Energy Contribution during 100-m Sprint.

Simple SummaryCertain exercise performances or movements cause sudden changes (or increases) in metabolic response. Track and field running events that require explosive energy in the shortest time, such as a 100-m sprint, need an immediate energy supply. Referring to the relevant studies to date, metabolic responses to submaximal exercise have been well documented, while information on the metabolic responses of short-term sprint performance is relatively insufficient. In this regard, based on the evidence that the human body relies on anaerobic energy metabolism during intense, short-term exercise, we investigated anaerobic energy contributions following the acute effect of a high-intensity warm-up during a 100 m-sprint. The main finding of our study revealed that a high-intensity warm-up (HIW) increases the contribution of the anaerobic system, probably by activating key regulatory enzymes related to anaerobic energy metabolism, compared to a low-intensity warm-up, for a 100-m sprint. Therefore, an HIW is effective in increasing anaerobic energy contribution during a 100-m sprint, which can be a useful strategy for coaches and athletes in the field.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of warm-up intensity on energetic contribution and performance during a 100-m sprint. Ten young male sprinters performed 100-m sprints following both a high-intensity warm-up (HIW) and a low-intensity warm-up (LIW). Both the HIW and LIW were included in common baseline warm-ups and interventional warm-ups (eight 60-m runs, HIW; 60 to 95%, LIW; 40% alone). Blood lactate concentration [La−], time trial, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured. The different energy system contribution was calculated by using physiological variables. [La−1]Max following HIW was significantly higher than in LIW (11.86 ± 2.52 vs. 9.24 ± 1.61 mmol·L−1; p < 0.01, respectively). The 100-m sprint time trial was not significantly different between HIW and LIW (11.83 ± 0.57 vs. 12.10 ± 0.63 s; p > 0.05, respectively). The relative (%) phosphagen system contribution was higher in the HIW compared to the LIW (70 vs. 61%; p < 0.01, respectively). These results indicate that an HIW increases phosphagen and glycolytic system contributions as compared to an LIW for the 100-m sprint. Furthermore, an HIW prior to short-term intense exercise has no effect on a 100-m sprint time trial; however, it tends to improve times (decreased 100-m time trial; −0.27 s in HIW vs. LIW).

Cardiac Morphology Changes Occur at the Preparatory Stage of Periodization Training among the Male and Female Athletes Involved in Different Running Events

This research aimed to determine the influence of certain cardiac morphological variables in novice trainingathletes on the volume and intensity at the Preparatory stage of the training period. present study wasconducted to determine the changes occurs in cardiac variables of (LVEDD, LVPWD, LVEF, LVEDV,LVESV) at Preparatory stage of periodization training in different athletic events such as middle distanceand long-distance running from the male and female novice athletes in athletic training center at maychew,Tigray region, EthiopiaMaterials and Method: In this qazi-experimental study, 18 athletes selected from different phases oftraining at maychew athletic training center in Ethiopia. The novice athletes of male and female wereselected by their performance in the regional wise, as they are novice athletes in the training center they usedto go for more than a year training however the researcher wanted to know the cardiac parameters changesoccurs before the athletes used to engage in a specific period of training. To analyze the cardiac parameterthe subjects were taken to the comprehensive specialized regional hospital then, Echocardiography was performed by VIVID E-19 (General Electric) undertaken using a 2.5MHz probe are used to calculate several cardiac-related parameters the values of cardiac parameters were recorded at intervals. The recorded data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software, using independent t-test, Inconclusion, while comparing the male and female novice athletes male athletes are dominating in and longdistance then female athletes were as female athletes are dominating only in middle distance running eventsas cardiac morphology variables concerns.

Relationship between duty factor and external forces in slow recreational runners

ObjectivesRecreational runners show a large interindividual variation in spatiotemporal characteristics. This research focused on slow runners and intended: (1) to document the variance in duty factor (DF) between runners in...

Changes of Hemodynamic Parameters at the Preparatory Stage of Periodization Training among the Male and Female Athletes Involved in Different Running Events

The present study was conducted to determine the changes occurs in hemodynamic variables of (HR, LVSD,LVESD, Stroke volume, Cardiac output) at different training phases of periodization in athletic events suchas, middle distance and long-distance running between the male and female novice athletes in athletictraining center at maychew, Ethiopia.Materials and Method: In this qazi-experimental study, 18 athletes selected from different phases of trainingat maychew athletic training center in Ethiopia. The novice athletes of male and female were selected by theirperformance in the regional wise, as they are novice athletes in the training center they used to go for morethan a year training however the researcher wanted to know the hemodynamic parameters changes occursbefore the athletes used to engage in specific period of training. To analyze the hemodynamic parameterthe subjects were taken to the comprehensive specialized regional hospital then, "Echocardiography was performed by VIVID E-19(General Electric) undertaken using a 2.5MHz probe "are used to calculate several hemodynamic parameters the values of hemodynamic parameters were recorded at intervals. The recorded data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software, using independent t-test, it is concluded that while comparing the male and female novice athletes male athletes are dominating in longdistance then female athletes are dominating in middle distance running events.

Doping in amateur sport on the example of mass running events

Recent years of general life well-being have significantly affected for the perception of free time by rich societies. In the second half of the 20th century, active recreation and caring about health weren't be the main pillar necessary to maintain physical and mental health. Sport was treated only as work, and only professionals athletes did it. In the 21st century, the situation changed radically. Some people started saying that active recreation allow maintain mental and physical balance, which contributes to more effective work in other aspects of life. Interest in sport in free time started increase, what contributed to the emergence of new industries, which are sport services. Organizing mass running events, opening new fitness clubs and coaching services have become a job for many former professional athletes. With the growing popularity of amateur sport, it started to be a part of the professional sport, and eventually became a part of it. Health improvement has stopped be the basic motivational factor of an amateur athlete, it has been replaced by the desire to achieve good sports results, which is associated with increased interest in prohibited substances in this environment. Therefore, main goal of this article is to check the knowledge of doping issues in sport amateur enviroment and to verify commonness of doping in mass running events. Another important aspect is a anti-doping secure in mass running events. Correct functioning of anti-doping prevention during competitions is necessary to expand knowledge about doping in general society.