Word Formation Rules Research Articles

Analyzing Morphological Errors and Contextual Influence in Senior High School Students' Written Works: A Qualitative Study

Morphological skills are essential for developing linguistic competence, as they underpin various aspects of language acquisition, including reading comprehension and effective writing. This study examined morphological errors in the written works of 25 Grade 11 students in the Oral Communication course at Northern Abra National High School, exploring how these errors reflected their understanding of word formation rules and the influence of contextual factors like educational background and language exposure. Using a document analysis design, the research involved evaluating students’ assignments and essays to identify error types and frequencies. A systematic coding process categorized errors through qualitative content analysis, revealing themes related to inflectional, derivational, and compounding errors. The study identified common morphological errors in the written works of 25 Grade 11 students enrolled in the Oral Communication course. Inflectional errors were the most prevalent, comprising 40% of the total, with students frequently misusing verb conjugations and plural forms, indicating a fundamental misunderstanding of grammatical rules. Derivational errors accounted for 30%, highlighting confusion around suffix and prefix application. Compounding errors, at 20%, involved incorrect separation and formation of compound words, leading to clarity issues in writing. Affixation errors made up 10%, reflecting overgeneralization and misuse of affixes. Also, students from well-resourced families made 12% fewer morphological errors than those from under-resourced families, with dedicated language programs leading to a 20% reduction. Teacher expertise contributed to a 15% decrease in errors. Students exposed to multiple languages had 30% fewer errors, with those speaking three or more languages showing a 40% reduction, highlighting the benefits of multilingualism on language skills. Moreover, students with both quality education and extensive language exposure made 35% fewer errors than those lacking either factor. These findings emphasize the need for educational equity and multilingualism to enhance morphological skills. A combined approach integrating quality instruction with diverse language experiences is recommended to improve writing proficiency. Generally, the educational background and language exposure significantly impact Grade 11 students' morphological accuracy. Students from well-resourced schools made fewer errors, especially with effective language instruction, while multilingual students demonstrated enhanced writing proficiency. The synergy between quality education and diverse linguistic exposure is essential for improving students' linguistic skills. To address morphological challenges, educational policies should focus on integrating robust language programs and promoting multilingualism, fostering better writing outcomes for all students.

РОЛЬ КОНВЕРСИИ В СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

The Role of Conversion in Word-formation of Modern English Summary Conversion is considered a productive method in Modern English as one of the methods of word-formation. Due to the simplicity of its structure, new word-formation rules and patterns conversion is gradually replacing traditional word-building methods. Conversion exists in many European languages, but is more common in English due to its analytical structure and lack of morphological indicators of parts of speech. Key words: derivations, word-stock, morphological indicators, word-formation, parts of speech

Neologisms in Mass Media on Selected CNN TV Programs during Coronavirus Epidemic: A Morphological Analysis

This study aimed to investigate the neologisms used on selected CNN TV programs during the coronavirus epidemic. Adopting a descriptive method in analyzing the corpus of the study, we collected (286) neologisms. We analyzed them according to the types of word classes, their topics, and the morphological processes involved in forming these neologisms. The study revealed that 88 percent of the neologisms were nouns and the most prevalent morphological processes were compounding, affixation, and blending, respectively. The study also pointed out that 46 percent of the new words were medical neologisms. Findings revealed that the types of word classes and morphological processes abided by English word formation rules. Besides, all neologisms belonged to English open classes of words.

Language transfer in tense acquisition: new evidence from English learning Chinese adolescents

Abstract Distinct from English, Mandarin verbs are not inflected to encode Past Tense, but perfective aspect is typically marked by aspectual markers -le and -guo. Moreover, resultative verb compounds are often viewed as accomplishment verbs, denoting telicity of an event. This study attempts to examine whether such linguistic properties transfer to the acquisition of English. We tested 22 English learning Chinese adolescents in two experiments, respectively using a Story Restatements Task and an Elicited Production Task. Overall, the experiments generated three major findings. First, the participants marked irregular verbs 13 % higher than regular ones. Second, the participants used bare verbs to express English Past Tense 12 % of the situations. Third, the participants adopted Mandarin-like RVCs to denote English Past Tense 10 % of the cases. Taken together, the findings indicate that besides morphophonological transfer, English learning Chinese adolescents adopt Mandarin word-formation rules to encode English Past Tense, which is new evidence of cross-linguistic transfer. We discuss the implications of our findings.

Structural Errors Related to Word Formation among the Second Learners of English: A Case Study of Undergraduate Students of the Department of English and Literary Studies, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki

Structural errors related to word formation among the second learners of English pose serious problems to L2 users of English especially at the undergraduate levels of English Studies. The study aims to find out the structural errors related to word formation inEnglish and consider the pedagogical implications. The Item and Process (I.P.) Analytical theoretical framework is adopted while a descriptive research design method is deployed for the analysis. The finding showed that students have problems withdifferent morphological processes in English as a result of factors such as the inconsistency in the morphological rules, misapplication of some word formation rules, and mother tongue interference. The study, therefore, recommends that teachers of English in this area of study should endeavour to master the in-depth knowledge of these morphological rules and applications to be able to transfer the skills to the second learners of English.

The Use of Textism and Students’ Spelling Ability

Textism, or SMS language, is the abbreviated and informal language often used on digital communication platforms. While textism had gained popularity and efficiency in modern communication, its impact on language skills, particularly spelling abilities among students, had become a subject of interest for researchers. This study explored the relationship between textism and the spelling ability of Junior High School students during the School Year 2022-2023. The study used a descriptive-correlational research design involving 238 students selected through a stratified random sampling method. The data was collected using a Modified-Textism Questionnaire and a Researcher-made Spelling Ability Test. Mean, Standard Deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were the statistical tools used in the study. Results showed high textism usage regarding shortenings, contractions, clippings, acronyms and initialisms, letter and number homophones, non-conventional spellings, and onomatopoeic spellings. The students’ spelling ability was good, reflecting their mastery of word formation rules and conventions. The study found a significant relationship between contractions, homophones, clippings, and spelling ability, but no correlation was observed for shortenings, acronyms, non-conventional spellings, and onomatopoeic spellings. The study further revealed that heavy reliance on textisms could decrease spelling ability over time. Future studies may investigate additional linguistic aspects of textism, such as syntactic structures or grammar usage, to comprehensively understand its impact on students’ spelling ability.

ANTROPONIMELE ROMÂNEȘTI. DE LA STRUCTURI SIMPLE LA STRUCTURI COMPLEXE

Anthroponyms, in any area of the world they are found, can only be analysed in the context of the language to which they belong. Onomastics, from our country and elsewhere, has developed, over time, its own laws regarding the formation of the names of places or persons, beyond the laws that act at the level of the lexicon of that language. Moreover, as in the idiom which it belongs to, they also mingled in onomastics, through "cohabitation" (or through connections at a greater or lesser distance) with other idioms, a series of allogeneic elements. However, neither the laws of onomastics, nor the influences from different languages work solely in accordance with the tradition, the typology and the rules of word formation of the idiom it belongs to. In the current paper, it is analysed the manner in which the specificity of our language has left its mark on the internal structure of people's names: it is to be followed how extensive or how narrow this structure can be, given that the Romanian is a language of a derivative type; moreover, to where the influence of the language stretches, and from where the "freedom of action" of onomastics begins in the formation of anthroponyms, their structure in this case. We rely mainly on the anthroponymic material from Oltenia, but the analysis is extended, when thought necessary, on the names of people from other regions of the country as well.

ANoM STEMMER: Nazief & Andriani Modification for Madurese Stemming

Madurese is one of the regional languages ​​in Indonesia. This is a cultural property that needs to be preserved. With various uniqueness and word formation rules, the Madurese language can be used in information retrieval, namely stemming. The Madurese language has a close relationship with the Javanese language; in several studies, the stemming method is often used, such as the modification of the Nazief and Adriani method, which has good performance for the Javanese language, but there has never been any research on the Madurese language and it has not been proven successful. Previous studies also have not used morphophonemic rules that influence word formation in Madurese. Therefore, this research was developed by modifying Nazief and Adriani's algorithm for Madurese based on Madurese language morphology by removing affixes, namely ter-ater (prefix), panoteng (suffix), and morphophonemic rules. Corpus uses 1000 words from the Madurese language dictionary that have received affixes. The accuracy of the algorithm is 89% with 890 words that match; the prefix has an accuracy of 93.81%; the suffix has an accuracy of 83.78%; and the confix has an accuracy of 80.07%. As for the overall performance, it produces an accuracy of 89.0% with an error rate of 11%. Understemming is found in 104 words, and overstemming in 6 words. The time it takes to compile is 31.31 seconds.

Analysis of the role and use of prefixes in word formation in modern german compared to english

The aim of the paper is to formulate and summarise the research on word formation in German in comparison with English. The literature review made it possible to conduct a typological analysis of word formation rules in German and English to classify the scope of current research in this area. The results showed that the paradigm shift of recent years has led to increased attention to issues related to language use and empirical issues, theories, and methods of word formation not only from a synchronic perspective but also from a diachronic one. The fact that words are formed distinguishes them from a competing process, phrase formation, in which phrases, i.e., groups of words, form collocations rather than words, i.e., groups of words to verbalise concepts. Since a phrase verbalises a concept in the same way as a word, these two methods compete both at the intra- and inter-linguistic levels. We conclude that it is the potential of word formation that distinguishes modern language from primitive language. The comparative compilation of German and English word formation models has led us to the typology of language.

Word Formation Head and the Typology Analysis of the Word Formation Corpus in Albanian

Word formation in Albanian studies represents many problems that have been identified not only in university level but even in the pre-university one. This paper intends to examine the concept of the head as part of the word formation process, as this is a term, which is not encountered in the Albanian traditional studies. It will be introduced in this study from the perspective of the generative grammar theory. The aim of this paper is to discuss and argue about the similarity of the process and of the terminology when used at the syntactic and morphological level. Furthermore, there will be introduced some criteria based on which the head is defined at each level, and by providing arguments that some of these criteria are not applied at both levels. Then, it will be examined how the term head is applied at the morphological level, by describing its features when it is a derivational morpheme, or when it is the root/base form. Finally, two ways of approaching word-formation will be presented: one of them is based on the morpheme and it includes the concept of the head (morpheme-based morphology), and the other is based on the word (word-based morphology), where the concept of the head has not been excluded, while word-formation rules are being drafted. The approach of the study will be from an analytical and comparative perspective.
 
 Received: 22 August 2023 / Accepted: 27 September 2023 / Published: 5 November 2023

Frequency Analysis of the Top Ten Significant Words Derived with the Suffix -keit in the DeReKo: A Corpus-Based Study in the Context of German as a Foreign Language

The ability to know the rules of word formation in a language and to use these rules in the process of understanding and producing more complex words is part of language skills. In German, it is possible to derive words of different types and with various meanings with morphemes with suffixes such as -keit, -ung, -ig, -lich. In this study, mixed research method was used in which both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used together. The study aimed to answer the following questions: What are the top ten most frequent words derived with the morpheme -keit in the DeReKo corpus? What are the significant conclusions from the data obtained from the frequency analysis of the DeReKo corpus? What is the importance of frequency analysis in the context of German as a Foreign Language? What is the importance of corpus-based studies in the context of German as a Foreign Language? In this study, first of all, the frequency of words derived with the statistically significant morpheme -keit was investigated through frequency analysis in the DeReKo corpus. According to the results of the frequency analysis in DeReKo, the top ten words with the highest frequency are “Möglichkeit, Möglichkeiten, Öffentlichkeit, Tätigkeit, Schwierigkeiten, Aufmerksamkeit, Wirklichkeit, Unabhängigkeit, Fähigkeiten and Notwendigkeit”. Finally, the importance of corpus-based studies and frequency analysis for GFL is emphasized.

The Role of Modern Linguistics in the Learning of Arabic Language Skills

Modern linguistics plays an important role in learning Arabic language skills. So this study aims to describe the role of modern linguistics in learning Arabic language skills. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods with the type of library research. The results of this study indicate that modern linguistics has an important role in learning Arabic language skills, namely in phonological analysis, understanding, analyzing, and applying phonological principles in studying sound systems in Arabic; analysis of morphology and word formation, to understand morphological structures, word formation rules, morpheme meanings, morphological variations, and morphological patterns in Arabic; analysis of syntax and sentence structure, to analyze syntax and sentence structure in more depth; analysis of semantics and word meanings, to understand word meanings and semantic structures in language; and pragmatic analysis and use of language to understand how language is used in social and communicative interactions. So it can be concluded that modern linguistics plays an important role in phonological analysis, morphological analysis and word formation, analysis of syntax and sentence structure, analysis of semantics and word meanings, and pragmatic analysis and use of language.

Are Stylistic Neologisms More Neological? A Corpus-Based Study of Lexical Innovations of Women and Men

To deepen on the study of the concept of neologicity, an exhaustive review of the literature was carried out. Once the different parameters related to this concept were isolated, we realized that some of them were also used to determine the communicative function of neologisms. For this reason, first, we correlated the objective criteria to classify neologisms as prototypical of the denominative or the stylistic function with the parameters related to the neological quality. Second, we defined new criteria, both linguistic and chronological, to broaden the scope of our analysis. Afterwards, all the criteria were applied to a corpus of neologisms from newspaper articles and journalistic blogs in Spanish written by women and men. The results confirmed that neologisms with stylistic features tend to be more neological than denominative neologisms. Consequently, they are usually less frequent lexical units used in general or informal contexts. In addition, they tend to be the result of unproductive word formation rules that might contain subjective linguistic components and also tend to be more recent.

MORPHOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY OF ADJECTIVE-FORMING PREFIXES IN ENGLISH AT THE LEVEL OF WORD-FORMATION RULES

This paper studies the morphological productivity of adjective-forming prefixes at the level of word-formation rules. The productivity at the aforementioned level is the union of the productivity at the level of word-formation types and morphological types. The aim of the paper is to offer pieces of information on the interaction of different concepts within different word-formation types together with the morphological aspect through different morphological types. We find 267 examples of adjectives and analyse 31 prefixes interacting with various simple or complex adjectives in the corpus comprised of news, literary, academic and TV registers. After analytic, descriptive and statistical methods, we conclude that they fall into 5 different conceptual categories, i.e., wordformation type clusters (Quality, Location, Quantity, Time and State). The majority of clusters show that the stem is determining the conceptual category while prefixes refine it. The highest productivity rates are recorded with such word-formation types. The only exceptions are Quantity and Time where the conceptual category depends on the prefixes and stems equally. The results from the morphological analyses show that most of the prefixes are inserting additional semantic pieces of information, usually recording the highest PR and not changing the conceptual category of the stem and appearing within one or multiple clusters, with exceptions for Quantity and Time.

Potential Words in Indonesian Language:

The research aimed to identify potential words in the Indonesian language and sought to explain why these words were not included in Indonesian vocabulary lists or were difficult to realize in natural conversations. In order to achieve these goals, data were collected using introspection, documentation, and interview methods. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed using a generative morphology approach, mainly related to concepts of potential words. According to the approach, each language has (1) a List of Morphemes (LM), (2) Word Formation Rules (WFR), and (3) a Filter (F). WFR stated that every language was capable of producing new potential words, yet not all those potential words could easily pass through the filter to enter the lexicon of actual words used in real life. The potential words discussed in the research were restricted to those showing morpho-syntactic interconnection among Indonesian affixes. The results indicate that numerous potential words in the Indonesian language are constructed out of such affixal interconnection. However, the potential words do not surface in the lexicon for two reasons: first, because the words fail to compete with others that compensate for their absence; second, because the words are difficult to manifest due to their low frequency in everyday speech.

BASE FULL REDUPLICATION IN TOBA BATAK: A STUDY OF GENERATIVE MORPHOLOGY

The objective of this paper is to explore base full reduplication in Toba Batak from the perspective of generative morphology. The theory applied in this study is Halle’s model (1973). The basic principle in generative morphology is that the process of word formation can generate actual words and potential words. According to generative morphology, the mechanism of word formations will be postulated in the list of morphemes, word formation rules, filter, and dictionary. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive; it is a method that describes language phenomena naturally without any exception or manipulation. The results reveal that there are six types of base full reduplication in Toba Batak i.e. nominal base full reduplication, verbal base full reduplication, adjectival base full reduplication, adverbial base full reduplication, numeral base full reduplication, and interrogative base full reduplication. The process of forming the base full reduplication is by reduplicating the base lexemes. Therefore, the two base lexemes are put together side by side to generate base full reduplication. There are no processes that take place in the filter because the step-by-step processes find neither any idiosyncrasies such as phonological, semantics, and lexical idiosyncrasies. The processes of base full reduplication in this study are inflectional. The grammatical and lexical meanings of the base full reduplication vary, depending on the meanings of the reduplicated base lexemes.

The Impact of English Morphological Awareness on Vocabulary Enrichment: A Causal-Affect Relationship Research

Limited vocabulary is one of the most common difficulties faced by EFL learners in Indonesia. Ignorance of English morphological awareness prevents students from expanding lexical words. However, research on morphological consciousness is relatively rare. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of morphological awareness on EFL learners’ vocabulary. The study used a causal-effect relationship research design. The population consisted exclusively of students of the English and Management Studies program at Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar (N=1360). However, in this study, only 10% of the population (N = 136) was sampled using a systematic random sampling technique. There were two types of instruments: Instrument A was ten successful two-layer multiple-choice morphology tests and Instrument B was vocabulary completion tests. The data were then analyzed using statistical mediation regression and a series of independent-sample t-tests. The results indicated that the participants' perception of the derivation morphology was rated as "poor", which impacted their "poor" achievement. Morphological awareness significantly affected participants' vocabulary, with sig 0.000 < alpha (0.05) and tob (21.601) > tcv (1.667). Furthermore, morphological awareness did not differ by gender (t = 1.221, p = 0.224 > 0.05), but by study duration (t = 4.729, p = 0.000 < 0.05) and academic courses (t = 5.306, with sig 0.000 < 0.05). The results underline that explicit morphological instruction has a positive effect on EFL learners in predicting and promoting vocabulary. Therefore, through linguistic pedagogy, knowledge of English word formation rules has a much stronger and more positive effect on language competence and performance in EFL class than a purely non-linguistic approach.

MORPHOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY OF NOUN-FORMING SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH AT THE LEVEL OF WORD-FORMATION RULES

This paper studies the morphological productivity of noun-forming suffixes at the level of word-formation rules in a corpus comprised of news, literary, academic, and TV registers. The productivity at the aforementioned level is the union of the productivity at the level of word-formation types and morphological types, which implies showcasing the productivity rates of semantic and morphological interactions leading to conceptual categories. Presenting the productivity rates of these interactions is the main aim of the paper. After finding examples of complex nouns with various noun-forming suffixes, we then analyzed 1077 examples and categorized them into 6 different clusters (Action, Agent, State, Result, Instrument, and Object) using analytic, descriptive and statistical methods. The analysis of word-formation types shows that the highest productivity rates are achieved with word-formation types where the conceptual category of the stem was changed due to the semantic input the attached suffixes brought into the word structure, thus determining which clusters the formed nouns would fall into. The exceptions we found were [agent – agent] in Agent, [state – state] in State and [object – object] in Object where the interaction showed how conceptual categories of the stem were not changed but refined by the suffix. Morphological analysis shows the interaction of 37 different suffixes with simple or complex nouns, adjectives, and simple verbs. The only morphological type was stem + suffix, because we were primarily interested in the interaction of suffixes and stems and not in the analysis of the stem structure itself. The conclusions stemming from these analyses are the following: suffixes occur in one or multiple clusters, heavily influence the conceptual category of the stem, and can have the same or different meanings, confirming why they are effective mechanisms for inserting additional pieces of semantic information into the word structure, which was the initial hypothesis of the research.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0099/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

The obstacles to word formation processes in Kurdish Language

Word Formation is a wide and important process in Languages. Words can be coined in various ways and forms such as coining, inventing words, blending, etc. . These processes sometimes occur according to rules, but at other times they occur while violating the existing rules. In certain cases, some phonological, semantic, and usage factors hinder the process of word formation. Besides the introduction, conclusions, and the references list, this research consists of two major parts. In the first part, morphological structures in Kurdish language are explained; syntactic and lexicographical morphemes are introduced, roots and affixes are presented. In the second section, the morphology of word formation is generally discussed, then compounding, affixation, blending, and word borrowing processes are explained. In the second part, the classification of semantic features and in the second section, the word formation processes and rules are stated. In the third section the obstacles to word formation processes are analyzed. A summary about word formation based on rules and while violating rules is presented and finally, the concluding points and the references list are provided.

The Afixation in Karo Language

This study aims to reveal the process of affixation and potential forms in the Karo language at the Pancur Batu Traditional Market. The theory used in this paper is the theory proposed by experts in the field of morphology. The approach used is a generative morphological theory [1][2]. The basic units of the lexicon are "morphemes," and according to the lexicalist, Aronoff argues that "words" are the basis of all derivations. The morphophonemic process analysis consists of four subcomponents: 1) morpheme list, 2) word formation rules, 3) filter, and 4) dictionary. The data found verb-forming affixations, noun-forming affixations, adjective-forming affixations, reduplication with affixes, and potential forms in the Karo language. This study focuses on collecting and presenting qualitative data on affixation processes closely related to morphology. Therefore, this research is also called descriptive-qualitative research. In the potential formation of the Karo language, there are three possible forms: phonological, lexical, and semantic.