Translation Rules Research Articles

Translation system from Tunisian Dialect to Modern Standard Arabic

SummaryNowadays, Tunisian Dialect (TD) is widely used in social media such as Facebook and Twitter to communicate and express opinions. However, the absence of a TD translator prevents comprehension and communication for non‐Tunisian users. Thus, Tunisian translator becomes an important task to overcome these problems. In this article, our main objective is to create a translator from TD to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). In this context, we are carrying out an in‐depth linguistic study in order to better choose the translation rules which are applicable on the TD sentences. This study guarantees the best quality to obtain MSA sentences. Indeed, our proposed method is based on a linguistic approach. In addition, the method consists of the elaboration of a set of dictionaries and the construction of inflectional, morphological, and syntactic grammars using finite‐state transducers. Then, our method is implemented and tested with new technologies provided by the NooJ linguistic platform. To evaluate our constructed tool, we apply it to two different test corpora containing more than 15,000 words. The obtained results are promising and do highlight our proposed method.

Ribosome Fate during Decoding of UGA-Sec Codons.

Decoding of genetic information into polypeptides occurs during translation, generally following the codon assignment rules of the organism’s genetic code. However, recoding signals in certain mRNAs can overwrite the normal rules of translation. An exquisite example of this occurs during translation of selenoprotein mRNAs, wherein UGA codons are reassigned to encode for the 21st proteogenic amino acid, selenocysteine. In this review, we will examine what is known about the mechanisms of UGA recoding and discuss the fate of ribosomes that fail to incorporate selenocysteine.

Translation of Proper Nouns During Periods of Interwar and Soviet Lithuania: The Case of “The Tartuffe” by Molière

Summary Translation is not an isolated field of activity. It is closely related to the certain historical, political, ideological, socio-cultural, and sociolinguistic context of a country, i.e., translation depends on polysystems of a particular period of time. The article examines two different translations of Moliere’s play “The Tartuffe” into Lithuanian. “The Tartuffe” was first translated by Čiurlionienė-Kymantaitė in 1928 and later in 1967 by Churginas. This research is based on the polysystem theory of Even-Zohar and Toury’s theory of norms in translation. For the analysis of the translations of the theatre play, proper nouns were chosen as the object of the research. The analysis was done using comparative, linguistic descriptive and quantitative methods. These methods assisted in comparing decisions of translation used to translate proper nouns of “The Tartuffe”. Moreover, the analysis reveals the tradition of translation of proper nouns and the changes during the Interwar and Soviet Lithuania periods. In order to achieve the aim of the research, the objectives are as follows: to discuss the activity of translation as a part of the polysystems, to select and classify proper nouns of the research material according to translation decisions chosen by each translator, to review its validity and to discuss translation changes of Lithuanian translation tradition from the beginning to the end of XX century. After a comparative study of the translation of personal nouns in the research material, the author identifies and discusses five translation decisions: phonetic adaptation, omission, grammaticalization of the authentic form, replacement into another proper noun and actualization. Both translators mainly used phonetic adaptation, i.e., linguistic application of proper nouns. Looking towards both translations from the perspective of the social norms theory of Toury and the theoretical concept of polysystemical and binary oppositions of Even-Zohar, it can be assumed that translating Moliere’s play “The Tartuffe”, which belongs to the world literature canon, both translators (Čiurlionienė-Kymantaitė and Churginas) accepted the translation challenges of classical literature, understood the value of the work and the importance of maintaining the uniqueness of this theater play which belongs to Classicism. A comparative analysis of translation of the proper nouns allows identifying the dynamic formation of the tradition of proper nouns translation and its changes in Lithuania starting from quite diverse decisions of translation during the Interwar period, which was characterized by a free translation market, unrestricted selection of translations and their adaptation to the sociocultural and linguistic expectations of the readers, to the development of centralized and institutionalized norms in translation during the period of Soviet Lithuania, which was marked by unanimously applied rules of translation of the proper nouns and norms of the standard Lithuanian language. The results of the comparative research of the translation of the proper nouns allow us to confirm that the first translation, published in 1928, introduced Molière’s play to the Lithuanian culture of translation but became obsolete. Thus, almost forty years later, in 1967 there was a need for a new version of translation of “The Tartuffe” that would be adapted to a contemporary period in which cultural systematic knowledge and the usage of cultural elements and language differed from the first translation version.

Design considerations for analyzing protein translation regulation by condensates.

One proposed role for biomolecular condensates that contain RNA is translation regulation. In several specific contexts, translation has been shown to be modulated by the presence of a phase-separating protein and under conditions which promote phase separation, and likely many more await discovery. A powerful tool for determining the rules for condensate-dependent translation is the use of engineered RNA sequences, which can serve as reporters for translation efficiency. This Perspective will discuss design features to consider in engineering RNA reporters to determine the role of phase separation in translational regulation. Specifically, we will cover (i) how to engineer RNA sequence to recapitulate native protein/RNA interactions, (ii) the advantages and disadvantages for commonly used reporter RNA sequences, and (iii) important control experiments to distinguish between binding- and condensation-dependent translational repression. The goal of this review is to promote the design and application of faithful translation reporters to demonstrate a physiological role of biomolecular condensates in translation.

Extended overstress model and its implicit stress integration algorithm: Formulations, experiments, and simulations

AbstractThe extended overstress model is formulated based on the subloading surface model with the smooth elastic‐inelastic transition, which is called the subloading‐overstress model. Therein, the rigorous translation rules of the elastic‐core and the similarity‐center, the limitation in the expansion of the subloading surface, and so forth are incorporated. The model possesses the basic structure capable of describing the monotonic/cyclic loading behaviors at the general rate of deformations from the quasi‐static to the impact loading. The experiments were conducted using the spheroidal graphite cast iron under the various loading conditions. It was verified that the experimental results can be simulated accurately by the subloading‐overstress model. Further, the complete implicit stress integration algorithm based on the return‐mapping projection is formulated for the present subloading‐overstress model and implemented into Abaqus through UMAT. Then, the deformation analyses of the R‐notched cylinder were performed by the present algorithm. Consequently, the performability of the present algorithm is verified by the analyses of the boundary‐value problem under the cyclic loadings.

Interval type-2 fractional fuzzy inference systems: Towards an evolution in fuzzy inference systems

Following type-1 fractional fuzzy inference systems presented recently as the new generation of fuzzy inference systems, interval type-2 fractional fuzzy inference systems (IT2FFISs) as a leap further ahead in the evolution of fuzzy inference systems (FISs) are introduced in this article. The IT2FFISs, which are outlined in this article, add to the armamentarium of FISs some particular concepts such as interval type-2 fractional membership functions, type-2 fractional translation rule, type-2 fracture index, the concept of switching, the entanglement, the degeneracy concept, and so forth. An IT2FFIS exploits not only the tolerance for the uncertainty in the interpretation of the meaning of a word, but also the relevance between the quality and quantity levels of the given information to infer an answer to an inference query. The IT2FFISs make an increase in machine intelligence quotient possible by an increase in the range of FISs order rather than their type. Moreover, the synergy of the concepts coming with various modes of IT2FFISs such as the aggressive mode opens a gate to a space of fuzzy systems outputs which used to be indiscoverable. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that as the type-2 fracture index approaches zero, the space of IT2FFISs outputs contracts and eventually it coincides the space of IT2FISs output when the fracture index is equal to zero. It is also proved that, provided a particular order of the IT2FFIS is taken into account, independent of the problem in question, a typical IT2FIS never leads to results which are more satisfactory than those obtained by the IT2FFIS corresponding to the typical IT2FIS.

La traduction des œuvres littéraires en langue turque : tensions et adaptations culturelles

The proposed study focuses on identifying the processes of cooperation of cultural aspects on the border “West-East” and strategies of literary translation in the Turkish-speaking space. The use of methods of comparative and translational analysis of texts has effectively influenced the identification of vivid examples of the use of Turkish translators’ techniques of domestication and foreignization. The article presents factual material from the works of famous Western artists (W. Shakespeare, Moliere, D. Swift) in comparison with Turkish translations and interpretations, and for the first time presents a detailed analysis of excerpts from P. Zahrebelnyi’s novel “Roksolanа” in comparison with Turkish translation. As a result of the study, the fact of the advantage of domestication over foreignization and its causes was established, namely the desire of the Turks to maximize the preservation of national values and protect them from external influences. Turkish translators resort mainly to such methods of translation as omission, lexical substitution, substitution of realities, abbreviations, paraphrases, thus “domesticating” the foreign context. However, in some cases, when it is not a question of possible “encroachment” on national values, Turkish translators fully adhere to the translation rules and techniques. The originality of the revealed results lies first of all in the fact that there is clear evidence of systematic (from the second half of the XIX – to the beginning of the XXI century) partial resistance of the Turkish nation to cultural globalization in the religious and social spheres. This has been and continues to be the case in the Republic of Turkey through “protective modernization”, which allows it to keep pace with Western trends without fundamental changes in the traditional cultural space.

Advances and Challenges for Model and Data Engineering

Advances and Challenges for Model and Data Engineering

Proposing a Typology of Ludification as a Translation Technique for PC, Console, Mobile and Online Games

Translation technique typology indicates a lack of specific technique to evoke playful nuance – ludification. We argue that ludification might also serve as a translation technique in video game translation context. This research attempts to prove the presence of ludification translation technique. To do so, we analyzed nine PC, console, mobile, and online games from various genres and developers under the umbrella of qualitative design. The theories of lability and merrines by Huizinga, ludification of digital media by de Lange et al, and skopos by Reiss and Vermeer were applied in the analysis. The findings reveal that ludification as a translation technique is existent. This type of translation technique is made possible due to the carte blanche of video game translators. The findings also indicate that ludification as a translation technique has a distinctive typology, making it different from the other translation techniques. First, it breaks translation rules and standards to generate contextual merriness. Second, it has explanative and expressive functions. Third, it has subtypes, namely emojization, referencing, and para-localization. This study implies that the scholars of translation studies might apply this typology not only on game translation context but also audiovisual context like subtitling especially fansub, where carte blanche and creativity are required to deal with the space restriction.

Elaborated subloading surface model for accurate description of cyclic mobility in granular materials

The description of the cyclic mobility observed prior to the liquefaction in geomaterials requires the sophisticated constitutive formulation to describe the plastic deformation induced during the cyclic loading with the small stress amplitude inside the yield surface. This requirement is realized in the subloading surface model, in which the surface enclosing a purely elastic domain is not assumed, while a purely elastic domain is assumed in other elastoplasticity models. The subloading surface model has been applied widely to the monotonic/cyclic loading behaviors of metals, soils, rocks, concrete, etc., and the sufficient predictions have been attained to some extent. The subloading surface model will be elaborated so as to predict also the cyclic mobility accurately in this article. First, the rigorous translation rule of the similarity center of the normal yield and the subloading surfaces, i.e., elastic core, is formulated. Further, the mixed hardening rule in terms of volumetric and deviatoric plastic strain rates and the rotational hardening rule are formulated to describe the induced anisotropy of granular materials. In addition, the material functions for the elastic modulus, the yield function and the isotropic hardening/softening will be modified for the accurate description of the cyclic mobility. Then, the validity of the present formulation will be verified through comparisons with various test data of cyclic mobility.

Programmed Deviations of Ribosomes From Standard Decoding in Archaea.

Genetic code decoding, initially considered to be universal and immutable, is now known to be flexible. In fact, in specific genes, ribosomes deviate from the standard translational rules in a programmed way, a phenomenon globally termed recoding. Translational recoding, which has been found in all domains of life, includes a group of events occurring during gene translation, namely stop codon readthrough, programmed ± 1 frameshifting, and ribosome bypassing. These events regulate protein expression at translational level and their mechanisms are well known and characterized in viruses, bacteria and eukaryotes. In this review we summarize the current state-of-the-art of recoding in the third domain of life. In Archaea, it was demonstrated and extensively studied that translational recoding regulates the decoding of the 21st and the 22nd amino acids selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, respectively, and only one case of programmed –1 frameshifting has been reported so far in Saccharolobus solfataricus P2. However, further putative events of translational recoding have been hypothesized in other archaeal species, but not extensively studied and confirmed yet. Although this phenomenon could have some implication for the physiology and adaptation of life in extreme environments, this field is still underexplored and genes whose expression could be regulated by recoding are still poorly characterized. The study of these recoding episodes in Archaea is urgently needed.

Abducted ground: The ineffaceable Beaduric’s Island

This article illustrates some typical occupational modalities of drawing by abductive processes, involving the design of ecologies through chance and discovery – perhaps through radical innovations – in architecture. First described by the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, abductive processes start with an observation or set of observations, then seek to reach the simplest and most likely conclusion from those observations. To design an ecology is to design a system of parts from things, creating a new kind of contextualism. This may not seem radical nor innovative, but the principle of symbiotically designing an ecology for a range of scaled interventions over time using the same context starts to become interesting. From drawing and sketching what you can see in the actual context for a design proposal, to then redrawing and composing the observational drawing in a studio, to the time taken to experience and reflect on the spaces drawn towards making physical objects from the forms resonating as the drawing develops, many modalities occupy a drawing as architecture. These could be viewed as a form of ‘possible worlds’, anticipations, opportunities to shape the drawing world and act in it. It could be of help in prefiguring the risks, possibilities and effects of the architect as the editor of situations in the architectural drawing, and in promoting or preventing broad rules of translation. Creating ethics means creating the world and acting in it, in different (real or abstract) situations and problems. In this way, events and situations can be reinvented, either as opportunities or as risks that lead in new directions. The second part of the article describes some of the ‘26 rules for translation’ through drawing related to the design of ecologies through chance and discovery.

STYLISTIC APPROACHES OF LITERARY TRANSLATION

This paper is devoted to stylistic approaches of literary translation rendered in extralinguistic approaches. The peculiarities of origin text, the author’s style and expressions,stylistic approaches of the text include the transmission to target language. Thetranslator’s attitude towards the cultural-bound stylistic units of the source literary text and their translation to target language. The preservation of linguacultural,phraseological and socio-cultural words from one language to another according to translation rules.

Translating England into Russian: The Politics of Children's Literature in the Soviet Union and Modern Russia by Goodwin Elena (review)

SEER, 99, 2, APRIL 2021 344 The book, oddly, lacks a conclusion, which would have been helpful in tying all the strings of Russian-influenced British modernism together. Another frustrating aspect, which appears most prominently in the final chapter, is the number of conjectures (‘possible’, ‘might’) regarding influence for which there is no definitive proof. While intellectually exciting, the pondering of various possibilities is ultimately unproductive, though it does reflect the authors’ meticulousness as they truly leave no stone unturned. Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures Tatiana Kuzmic Harvard University Goodwin, Elena. Translating England into Russian: The Politics of Children’s Literature in the Soviet Union and Modern Russia. Library of Modern Russia. Bloomsbury Academic, London and New York, 2019. xii + 256 pp. Illustrations. Appendices. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £85.00. Soviet children’s stories were written by avant-garde writers and illustrated by avant-garde artists. This literature also served as historical material designed to teach a young generation about Communism. In a similar vein, English children’s stories, as Elena Goodwin traces, for almost a century, ‘supported and promoted educating and bringing culture to the masses, starting from childhood’. Goodwin’s book explores how Russian translations of British children’s literature construct a literary narrative of England and its culture. ‘Translating England’, as Goodwin explores, involves several components. To begin, the notion of Englishness is set apart from the notion of Britishness. Englishness, in many children’s books, is depicted as ‘Merry England’, translated as dobraia staraia Angliia, and appearing mostly in classics of British children’s literature published between the late-Victorian-Edwardian period and the end of World War Two. Russian translations captured this concept as symbolizing comfort and calm, traditions and conservatism, law and order, with attributes such as aristocracy and castles, ladies and gentleman, and hats. Goodwin’s study focuses mainly on works published between the late-Victorian-Edwardian periods and the end of the Second World War. In her study, Goodwin finds that the way Englishness is represented varied according to changes in the political situation in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia, and that political ideology played a significant role in the Soviet Union. Her book explores what criteria led to certain books being translated into Russian. Secondly, it explores the literary transfer of images of Englishness from British children’s literature to Russian translation during the Soviet period and how those literary images were preserved or misrepresented in the translated texts. REVIEWS 345 Finally, Goodwin focuses on the reception of history of the translated books in Russia by drawing on media reviews. Chapters one and two present the historical background by highlighting the political, social and cultural environment in which Russian translations of English children’s books were formed. Chapter three includes a larger contextual picture of British books written for children and translated into Russian, in particular those books published between the late-Victorian period and the Second World War. Chapters four to eight analyse the translations in case studies such as Rudyard Kipling’s Puck of Pook’s Hill (1906), Kenneth Grahame’s The Wind in the Willows (1908), J. M. Barrie’s Peter and Wendy (1911) and P. L. Travers’s Mary Poppins (1934). These chapters also include the analysis of pictorial representations of Englishness. One of the central claims of Goodwin’s book is that children’s literature in the Soviet Union was not immune to ideological influences in literary translation. Concerning translation theory, I would like to bring into this study of children’s stories the fact that the USSR was the first place to develop translation theory partly because there had to be one correct way of translating a text. Just as there were conferences that met to discuss Socialist Realist literature, there were also conferences that met in the early Soviet period to discuss rules for translation. Soviet translations reflect the conflict between free and literal translation, which is a major topic in translation studies. It was not literal but free translation that prevailed in the 1930s, allowing the translator to adapt the text to Soviet contemporary audiences (and ideas of Socialist Realism). The meaning of the original should be translated, but the translator should also...

The Translation Brief as a Tool of Communication among the Participants of the Translation Process

The present research focuses on theoretical and practical aspects of the translation brief viewed as a tool of communication among the participants of the translation process. A review of literature on the subject, which includes theoretical papers and normative documents regulating the sphere of translation and interpreting services, demonstrates a number of differences in understanding of the terms translation process and translation brief. In translation theory, translation process refers to either individual intellectual operations of a translator in making translation decisions or to stages of translation performance. The concept of the translation brief, developed within the functionalist theory of translation, is currently interpreted by functionalist scholars as a set of instructions which help translators to produce a target text in full compliance with clients’ needs and expectations. Therefore, a translation brief should provide a translator with the information about the target text addressees, the prospective time and place of text reception, the medium over which the text will be transmitted, and, sometimes, the intended purpose of the translation. In this country, the problem of the translation brief is mostly studied in the context of technical translation and is termed as the requirement description or technical specifications. According to normative documents regulating the sphere of translation services, clarification of the requirement description or technical specifications is seen as an integral component of organizing any translation services or translation projects. The practical aspect of this research is connected with the study of the status and the content of the translation brief as it now stands and functions in the translation industry. The analysis of information presented on websites of large translation agencies about the organization of the translation process as well as of available samples of technical specifications has shown that the content of a translator’s instructions may include very diverse material, from extended sections on translation norms taken from translation theory to references to the rules of translation specified in corresponding national quality standards. The results of our case study show that the basic components of technical specifications typically include the source text, terms of payment, and the deadline, while a translator’s instructions are normally associated with specific style guides provided by the client.

Transcript Regulation of the Recoded Archaeal α-l-Fucosidase In Vivo.

Genetic decoding is flexible, due to programmed deviation of the ribosomes from standard translational rules, globally termed “recoding”. In Archaea, recoding has been unequivocally determined only for termination codon readthrough events that regulate the incorporation of the unusual amino acids selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, and for −1 programmed frameshifting that allow the expression of a fully functional α-l-fucosidase in the crenarchaeon Saccharolobus solfataricus, in which several functional interrupted genes have been identified. Increasing evidence suggests that the flexibility of the genetic code decoding could provide an evolutionary advantage in extreme conditions, therefore, the identification and study of interrupted genes in extremophilic Archaea could be important from an astrobiological point of view, providing new information on the origin and evolution of the genetic code and on the limits of life on Earth. In order to shed some light on the mechanism of programmed −1 frameshifting in Archaea, here we report, for the first time, on the analysis of the transcription of this recoded archaeal α-l-fucosidase and of its full-length mutant in different growth conditions in vivo. We found that only the wild type mRNA significantly increased in S. solfataricus after cold shock and in cells grown in minimal medium containing hydrolyzed xyloglucan as carbon source. Our results indicated that the increased level of fucA mRNA cannot be explained by transcript up-regulation alone. A different mechanism related to translation efficiency is discussed.

Stylistic approaches of literary translation

Abstract This paper is devoted to stylistic approaches of literary translation rendered in extra-linguistic approaches. The peculiarities of origin text, the author’s style and expressions, stylistic approaches of the text include the transmission to target language. The translator’s attitude towards the cultural-bound stylistic units of the source literary text and their translation to target language. The preservation of linguacultural, phraseological and socio-cultural words from one language to another according to translation rules.

A novel model based on Sequential Adaptive Memory for English–Hindi Translation

Machine-based language translation has been certainly picking up. Still, machines lag behind the cognitive powers of human beings. Neural Machine Translation (NMT) methods require huge datasets and computational power for high-quality translation. A novel Sequential Adaptive Memory (SAM) cognitive model-based machine translation system for English to Hindi translation, was proposed. This model is an augmented version of the Cortical Learning Algorithm (CLA). The SAM is based on the architecture of the neocortex region of the brain, where speech and language comprehension and production take place. The proposed model is capable of learning with smaller datasets. This model employs the sequence to sequence learning approach, which provides better quality translation. It enables the creation of word pairs, dictionaries, and rules for translation. The results of the proposed approach are compared with the traditional phrase-based SMT approach as well as with the state-of-the-art NMT approach. The results are comparable with the results of the conventional approaches. We illustrate that the limitations of the approaches are won over by the proposed SAM approach. It is observed that SAM is capable of exhibiting satisfactory quality translation for low resource languages as well.

Neutron: an attention-based neural decompiler

Decompilation aims to analyze and transform low-level program language (PL) codes such as binary code or assembly code to obtain an equivalent high-level PL. Decompilation plays a vital role in the cyberspace security fields such as software vulnerability discovery and analysis, malicious code detection and analysis, and software engineering fields such as source code analysis, optimization, and cross-language cross-operating system migration. Unfortunately, the existing decompilers mainly rely on experts to write rules, which leads to bottlenecks such as low scalability, development difficulties, and long cycles. The generated high-level PL codes often violate the code writing specifications. Further, their readability is still relatively low. The problems mentioned above hinder the efficiency of advanced applications (e.g., vulnerability discovery) based on decompiled high-level PL codes.In this paper, we propose a decompilation approach based on the attention-based neural machine translation (NMT) mechanism, which converts low-level PL into high-level PL while acquiring legibility and keeping functionally similar. To compensate for the information asymmetry between the low-level and high-level PL, a translation method based on basic operations of low-level PL is designed. This method improves the generalization of the NMT model and captures the translation rules between PLs more accurately and efficiently. Besides, we implement a neural decompilation framework called Neutron. The evaluation of two practical applications shows that Neutron’s average program accuracy is 96.96%, which is better than the traditional NMT model.

Semantic peculiarities of translation of military ranks in the Vietnamese language

The process of translating nomenclature concepts is quite complicated, which prompts the translator to find realias in their native language. Accurate translation and finding proper equivalents require standardization and unification of the systems of nomenclature concepts of military terms in the original and target languages. An attempt is made to standardize and explain the rules of utilization and translation of the system of military ranks based on their semantic peculiarities in the Russian and Vietnamese languages. The author makes brief notes on the translation of military ranks and spoken forms of military greetings. Despite the sufficient coverage of the topic of semantic peculiarities of terminology, it retains relevant. The question of translating military ranks along with other nomenclature terms in the Vietnamese language, raises some questions. The author provides a general overview of the system of military ranks, determines similarities and differences, and attempts to develop a unified approach towards translation of these nomenclature concepts in the original and target languages. The article employs the comparative and descriptive methods of research. The acquired results demonstrate that the question of translation equivalence should be explored only through comparative analysis. The presented materials can be applied in lexicography and translation practice.